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Presidential elections in the Philippines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list of presidential elections in the Philippines includes election results of both presidential and vice presidential elections since 1899 with the candidates' political party and their corresponding percentage.

The offices of the president and vice president are elected separately; hence a voter may split their vote. The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the position.

There had been 17 direct presidential elections in history: 1935, 1941, 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1981, 1986, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2016 and 2022. When referring to "presidential elections", these 17 are usually the ones being referred to. All of these also included vice presidential elections, except for 1981.

There had also been two indirect elections: 1899 and 1943. Both were elected by the legislature (The Malolos Congress in 1899 and the National Assembly in 1943), and both resulted in unanimous and uncontested votes.

There had been two presidential referendums, in July 1973 and 1977. All in all, there had been 21 presidential ballots in Philippine history.

Since 1992, the elections have been held on the second Monday of May and every six years thereafter. The next presidential and vice presidential elections are in May 2028.

History

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During the Philippine Revolution, several leadership elections for the Katipunan were later on described as precursors of presidential elections. One example of this is the Tejeros Convention of 1897, where Emilio Aguinaldo successfully removed erstwhile Katipunan leader Andres Bonifacio. From that point on, it was Aguinaldo who would lead the revolution, declare independence from Spain, and convened the Malolos Congress. The Malolos Congress elected Aguinaldo as president on January 1, 1899, passed a constitution on January 22, and Aguinaldo and the First Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899. The First Republic existed until Aguinaldo's capture by the Americans on March 23, 1901.

The first presidential election by popular vote was on September 15, 1935, after the ratification of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines; Manuel Quezon of the Nacionalista Party emerged as the victor, defeating previous president Emilio Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo was elected president by the Malolos Congress). As a commonwealth then of the United States, the constitution decreed that the president shall have one term of six years without reelection. In 1940, it was amended to allow one reelection, but with the term shortened to four years; this setup was first used in the second election in 1941 with Quezon being reelected.

However, World War II intervened and thus suspended the elections of 1945. The Empire of Japan set up the Second Philippine Republic that elected José P. Laurel as president by the National Assembly in 1943. After the Japanese were defeated, Congress rescheduled the much-delayed election in 1946. Manuel Roxas of the newly formed Liberal Party won the election a few weeks prior to the granting of independence by the United States. In 1949, the first election for the newly independent republic was held with President Elpidio Quirino winning; Quirino succeeded Roxas, who died while in office. Thereafter, elections were held every four years every second Tuesday of November of the election year, with the winning president and vice president inaugurated on December 30 succeeding the election. The alternation between the Nacionalistas and the Liberals characterized an apparent two-party system of the Third Republic.

In the operation of the 1935 constitution, there were nine presidential elections; excluding the first election where there were no incumbents, the incumbent was beaten four times (1946, 1953, 1961, 1965), the incumbent won upon ascending to the presidency from a vacancy twice (1949, 1957), and two incumbents won a second term after being elected to a first term as president (1941, 1969).

In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law and ruled by decree. At this time, a new constitution was ratified in 1973 in which the office of the vice president being abolished. and that the president shall be elected by the National Assembly amongst themselves, although once elected, the president will cease to be a member of the National Assembly and any political party (similar to the British Speaker of the House of Commons). With the members of the National Assembly having no term limits, the president may serve indefinitely. Before parliament was elected referendums in 1973 and 1977 affirmed that Marcos will stay as president and prime minister even after parliament has been organized.

In 1981, via constitutional amendment, the president is again elected via popular vote, with a term of office of six years starting at the thirtieth of June of the year of the election. In the succeeding election on June 16, 1981 (third Monday of June); Marcos was again elected, with much of the opposition boycotting the election. In addition, the amendment also renamed the National Assembly into its Filipino translation as "Batasang Pambansa." In 1984, another amendment reinstated the office of the vice president. The election of the vice president is similar to the United States presidential election, in which a vote for the president is also a vote for the vice president, although this was later changed to a separate vote for each position. Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement or KBL) won every presidential election of the Fourth Republic until 1986.

In 1986, Marcos called for an early or "snap" election (the next scheduled election was in 1987) and was, including his running mate Arturo Tolentino, declared the winners. The People Power Revolution erupted that drove Marcos out of power, and Corazon Aquino, the runner-up, assumed the presidency. A new constitution was ratified in 1987 that was essentially identical with the provisions of the amended 1973 constitution as long as the election of the president and vice president is concerned, with the presidential election occurring at the second Monday of May and the inauguration every June 30 of the election year. The 1992 election was the first election under the new constitution and elections are held every six years thereafter. Fidel V. Ramos won the 1992 election with just 23% of the vote, the lowest plurality in history; it also ushered in the multi-party system of the Fifth Republic. Thereafter, no winner has won via a majority, although each has had an increasing percentage of votes with every succeeding election. Joseph Estrada won in 1998 in what was described as landslide, getting just under 40% of the votes, while second place Jose de Venecia getting 16%. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who succeeded Estrada at the outcome of the 2001 EDSA Revolution, was the first sitting president to run, and defeated Fernando Poe, Jr. in the closest margin in history. Benigno Aquino III won in 2010 with 42% of the vote in what was also called as a landslide, defeating Estrada who had 26% of the vote, and seven others. Rodrigo Duterte won with just under 40% of the vote, but with a 14% margin of victory from second-placer Mar Roxas in 2016. In the 2022 election, under the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP), Bongbong Marcos won by a landslide and received nearly 59% of the votes, becoming the first to be elected by a majority since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1986.

In the operation of the 1987 constitution, incumbents who have in office for more than four years are barred to defend their seats, but all but one (1992) candidate endorsed by the incumbent lost, and one defended the seat after ascending to the presidency (2004).

Summary

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Manner of election Constitution Term of service Reelection Election day Inauguration Elections implemented
President Vice president
Majority of the members of the Malolos Congress none Malolos Constitution Four years None January 1 January 23 1899
Popular vote Popular vote 1935 Constitution Six years No Second Tuesday of November December 30 1935
Popular vote Popular vote 1935 Constitution as amended Four years Once Second Tuesday of November December 30 1941, 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969
Majority of the members of the National Assembly none 1943 Constitution Six years No varies December 30 1943
Majority of the members of the National Assembly none 1973 Constitution Six years Unlimited varies "Not be later than three days after his proclamation by the National Assembly, nor in any case earlier than the expiration of the term of his predecessor" None
Popular vote none 1973 Constitution as amended Six years Unlimited Second Tuesday of June June 30 1981
Popular vote Together with the president 1973 Constitution as amended Six years Unlimited As provided by law June 30 None
Popular vote Popular vote 1973 Constitution as amended Six years Unlimited As provided by law June 30 None
Popular vote Popular vote Batas Pambansa Bilang 883 Six years Unlimited February 7, 1986 "Ten days after proclamation by the Batasang Pambansa" (February 25, 1986) 1986
Popular vote Popular vote 1987 Constitution Six years No for the incumbent president Second Monday of May June 30 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2016, 2022

Results summary

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  • Boldface: Incumbent
  • Italics: Nominee of the ruling party, or supported by the incumbent
  • Only candidates from third parties whose votes surpassed the margin between the winner and the best loser are included.
Year Type President-elect Incumbent won? Total candidates Vice president-elect Incumbent won? Total candidates Winners came from the same ticket?
1899 Indirect Emilio Aguinaldo 1
1935 Direct Manuel L. Quezon 3 Sergio Osmeña 3 Yes
1941 Direct Manuel L. Quezon Yes 8 Sergio Osmeña Yes 5 Yes
1943 Indirect Jose P. Laurel 1
1946 Direct Manuel Roxas No 3 Elpidio Quirino 3 Yes
1949 Direct Elpidio Quirino Yes 3 Fernando Lopez 3 Yes
1953 Direct Ramon Magsaysay No 3 Carlos P. Garcia No 2 Yes
1957 Direct Carlos P. Garcia Yes 7 Diosdado Macapagal 5 No
1961 Direct Diosdado Macapagal No 6 Emmanuel Pelaez No 4 Yes
1965 Direct Ferdinand Marcos No 12 Fernando Lopez No 6 Yes
1969 Direct Ferdinand Marcos Yes 12 Fernando Lopez Yes 4 Yes
1973 Referendum Ferdinand Marcos Yes
1977 Referendum Ferdinand Marcos Yes
1981 Direct Ferdinand Marcos Yes 13
1986 Direct Ferdinand Marcos Yes 4 Arturo Tolentino 4 Yes
1992 Direct Fidel V. Ramos No 7 Joseph Estrada No 7 No
1998 Direct Joseph Estrada No 10 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo No 9 No
2004 Direct Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Yes 5 Noli de Castro No 4 Yes
2010 Direct Benigno Aquino III No 9 Jejomar Binay No 8 No
2016 Direct Rodrigo Duterte No 5 Leni Robredo No 6 No
2022 Direct Bongbong Marcos No 10 Sara Duterte No 9 Yes

For president

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Year President-elect Losing candidates* Valid votes
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate(s) Votes %
1935 Manuel L. Quezon 695,332 67.99% Emilio Aguinaldo 179,349 17.53% 2 others 148,168 14.49% 1,022,849
1941 Manuel L. Quezon 1,340,320 80.14% Juan Sumulong 298,608 17.85% 6 others 33,278 1.99% 1,638,928
1946 Manuel Roxas 1,333,392 53.93% Sergio Osmeña 1,051,243 45.72% 1 other 8,538 0.35% 2,471,538
1949 Elpidio Quirino 1,803,808 50.93% Jose P. Laurel 1,318,330 37.22% 1 other 419,890 11.85% 3,542,018
1953 Ramon Magsaysay 2,912,992 68.90% Elpidio Quirino 1,313,991 31.08% 1 other 736 0.02% 4,227,719
1957 Carlos P. Garcia 2,072,257 41.28% José Yulo 1,386,829 27.62% Manuel Manahan 1,049,420 20.90% 5,020,204
4 others 511,698 10.19%
1961 Diosdado Macapagal 3,554,840 55.05% Carlos P. Garcia 2,902,996 44.95% 4 others 11 <0.01% 6,457,817
1965 Ferdinand Marcos 3,861,324 51.94% Diosdado Macapagal 3,187,752 42.88% 10 others 385,355 5.18% 7,434,431
1969 Ferdinand Marcos 5,017,343 61.47% Sergio Osmeña Jr. 3,143,122 38.51% 10 others 1,339 0.02% 8,061,804
1973 referendum Ferdinand Marcos ("yes") 17,653,200 90.67% "No" 1,856,744 9.33% 19,908,760
1977 referendum Ferdinand Marcos ("yes") 20,062,782 89.27% "No" 2,104,209 9.37% 24,094,227
1981 Ferdinand Marcos 18,309,360 88.02% Alejo Santos 1,716,449 8.25% 11 others 775,594 3.73% 20,801,403
1986 Ferdinand Marcos 10,807,197 53.62% Corazon Aquino 9,291,761 46.10% 2 others 57,693 0.29% 20,156,606
1992 Fidel V. Ramos 5,342,521 23.58% Miriam Defensor Santiago 4,468,173 19.72% Danding Cojuangco 4,116,376 18.17% 22,654,195
Ramon Mitra Jr. 3,316,661 14.64%
Imelda Marcos 2,338,294 10.32%
Jovito Salonga 2,302,124 10.16%
1 other 770,046 3.40%
1998 Joseph Estrada 10,722,295 39.86% Jose de Venecia Jr. 4,258,483 15.87% 8 others 11,911,758 44.28% 26,902,536
2004 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 12,905,808 39.99% Fernando Poe Jr. 11,782,232 36.51% Panfilo Lacson 3,510,080 10.88% 32,269,100
Raul Roco 2,082,762 6.45%
Eddie Villanueva 1,988,218 6.16%
2010 Benigno Aquino III 15,208,678 42.08% Joseph Estrada 9,487,837 26.25% 7 others 11,442,587 31.66% 36,139,102
2016 Rodrigo Duterte 16,601,997 39.01% Mar Roxas 9,978,175 23.45% Grace Poe 9,100,991 21.39% 42,552,835
2 others 6,871,672 16.15%
2022 Bongbong Marcos 31,629,783 58.77% Leni Robredo 15,035,773 27.94% 8 others 7,149,928 13.28% 53,815,484

For vice president

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Year Vice president-elect Losing candidates* Valid votes
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate(s) Votes %
1935 Sergio Osmeña 812,352 86.91% Raymundo Melliza 70,899 7.59% 1 other 51,443 5.50% 934,694
1941 Sergio Osmeña 1,445,897 81.78% Emilio Javier 124,035 7.90% 3 others 32,271 2.01% 1,569,932
1946 Elpidio Quirino 1,161,725 52.36% Eulogio Rodriguez 1,051,243 47.38% 1 other 5,879 0.26% 2,218,847
1949 Fernando Lopez 1,741,302 51.67% Manuel Briones 1,184,215 35.14% 1 other 444,550 13.19% 3,370,067
1953 Carlos P. Garcia 2,515,265 62.90% José Yulo 1,483,802 37.10% 3,999,067
1957 Diosdado Macapagal 2,189,197 46.55% Jose Laurel Jr. 1,783,012 37.92% 3 others 730,269 15.53% 4,702,478
1961 Emmanuel Pelaez 2,394,400 37.57% Sergio Osmeña Jr. 2,190,424 34.37% Gil Puyat 1,787,987 28.06% 6,372,813
1 other 2 <0.01%
1965 Fernando Lopez 3,531,550 51.94% Gerardo Roxas 3,504,826 48.11% Manuel Manahan 247,426 3.40% 7,284,811
3 others 1,009 0.01%
1969 Fernando Lopez 5,001,737 62.75% Genaro Magsaysay 2,968,526 37.24% 2 others 390 <0.01% 7,970,653
1986 Arturo Tolentino 10,134,130 50.66% Salvador Laurel 9,173,105 45.85% 2 others 698,159 3.49% 20,005,394
1992 Joseph Estrada 6,739,738 33.01% Marcelo Fernan 4,438,494 21.74% Lito Osmeña 3,362,467 16.47%
22,654,195
Ramon Magsaysay Jr. 2,900,556 14.20%
3 others 2,978,914 14.59%
1998 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 12,667,252 49.56% Edgardo Angara 5,652,068 22.11% 7 others 7,239,949 28.32% 25,559,269
2004 Noli de Castro 15,100,431 49.80% Loren Legarda 14,218,709 46.89% Herminio Aquino 981,500 3.24% 30,322,884
1 other 22,244 0.07%
2010 Jejomar Binay 14,645,574 41.65% Mar Roxas 13,918,490 39.58% Loren Legarda 4,294,664 12.21% 35,165,531
Bayani Fernando 1,017,631 2.89%
Edu Manzano 807,728 2.30%
3 others 481,444 1.37%
2016 Leni Robredo 14,418,817 35.11% Bongbong Marcos 14,155,344 34.47% Alan Peter Cayetano 5,903,379 14.38% 41,066,884
Francis Escudero 4,931,962 12.01%
Antonio Trillanes 868,501 2.11%
Gregorio Honasan 788,881 1.92%
2022 Sara Duterte 32,208,417 61.53% Francis Pangilinan 9,329,207 17.82% 7 others 10,808,376 20.65% 52,346,000

Graphical

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For president

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Year Result Valid votes Turnout
1935
68% 18% 14%
99%
1941
80% 18%
1946
55% 46%
90%
95%
1949
51% 37% 12%
99%
70%
1953
69% 31%
98%
77%
1957
41% 28% 21% 9%
98%
76%
1961
55% 45%
96%
79%
1965
52% 43% 5%
98%
76%
1969
61% 39%
98%
80%
1981
88% 8%
95%
81%
1986
54% 46%
97%
79%
1992
24% 20% 18% 15% 10% 10%
93%
76%
1998
40% 16% 14% 12% 9%
92%
87%
2004
40% 37% 11% 6% 6%
96%
76%
2010
42% 26% 15% 11%
95%
74%
2016
39% 23% 21% 13%
95%
81%
2022
59% 28% 7%
96%
83%

For vice president

[edit]
Year Result Valid votes Turnout
1935
87% 8% 6%
99%
1941
90% 8%
1946
53% 47%
85%
90%
1949
52% 35% 14%
94%
70%
1953
63% 37%
92%
77%
1957
46% 38% 8% 7%
92%
76%
1961
38% 34% 28%
95%
79%
1965
48% 48%
98%
76%
1969
63% 37%
97%
80%
1981
1986
51% 46%
97%
79%
1992
33% 22% 16% 14% 10%
84%
76%
1998
50% 22% 13% 9%
87%
87%
2004
50% 47%
90%
76%
2010
42% 40% 12%
92%
74%
2016
35% 34% 14% 12%
91%
81%
2022
62% 18% 16%
93%
83%

Incumbent president running for re-election

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Based on the 1935 constitution, from 1935 to 1940, the incumbent president is eligible for one six-year term and cannot be reelected.

In 1940, a plebiscite approved an amendment that set a four-year term for a president, and that a president can be re-elected, but cannot serve for more than an amount of time that is worth two full terms (eight years).

In 1973, a plebiscite adopted a new constitution that abolished term limits, and set up a six-year term for the president.

In 1987, a plebiscite approved a new constitution that set a six-year term with no reelection for the incumbent. A vice president who became president cannot be elected as president if that person served as president for more than four years. As the incumbent president at that time was elected under the 1973 constitution, she was allowed to run anew but chose not to.

Year Incumbent president Eligible to run? Ran for president? Ran for another position? Won?
1941 Manuel L. Quezon Yes Yes Yes
1946 Sergio Osmeña Yes Yes No
1949 Elpidio Quirino Yes Yes Yes
1953 Yes Yes No
1957 Carlos P. Garcia Yes Yes Yes
1961 Yes Yes No
1965 Diosdado Macapagal Yes Yes No
1969 Ferdinand Marcos Yes Yes Yes
1981 Yes Yes Yes
1986 Yes Yes Disputed
1992 Corazon Aquino Yes No No
1998 Fidel V. Ramos No No
2004 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Yes Yes No Yes
2010 No Yes, congresswoman Yes
2016 Benigno Aquino III No No
2022 Rodrigo Duterte No No

Every president who is eligible to run for president ran again, except in 1992 where Corazon Aquino did not run.

Vice presidents who became president upon vacancy of the latter office ran four times, and won as presidents in their own right in 1949, 1957 and 2004, and lost In 1946.

Incumbent vice president running for president

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In 1946, 1949 and 1957, no vice president was in office due to the erstwhile officeholder becoming president upon death of the president, and that there was no constitutional mechanism to fill up the office upon vacancy.

In 1981, the constitution had by then abolished the office of the vice president. It was reinstated upon a plebiscite in 1984, and the vice presidency was first elected in 1986.

Year Incumbent vice president Ran for president? Ran for vice president? Ran for another position? Did not pursue office? Incumbent won election?
1941 Sergio Osmeña No Yes Yes
1946 None
1949
1953 Fernando Lopez No No Yes, senator Yes
1957 None
1961 Diosdado Macapagal Yes Yes
1965 Emmanuel Pelaez No No Yes, congressman Yes
1969 Fernando Lopez No Yes Yes
1981 None
1986
1992 Salvador Laurel Yes No
1998 Joseph Estrada Yes Yes
2004 Teofisto Guingona Jr. No No No Yes
2010 Noli de Castro No No No Yes
2016 Jejomar Binay Yes No
2022 Leni Robredo Yes No

Five vice presidents ran for the presidency after their vice presidential term ended. Two of them won, in 1961, beating the incumbent president, and in 1998. Three of them, in 1992, 2016, and 2022, lost. Two vice presidents ran for another office after their vice presidential term ended; both won: in 1953, the vice president ran and won for senator, finishing first, and in 1965 where the vice president ran for a seat in the House of Representatives. Two vice presidents defended the seat, with both succeeding in 1941 and 1969. Two vice presidents did not pursue other office after their vice presidential term ended.

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Regional corridors

[edit]

Political strategists have divided the country into several "corridors" that replicate or combine administrative regions, which in turn are mostly based from the main ethnic groups. In 1992, prior to the 1992 election, Luis Villafuerte outlined several "corridors" throughout the country, from north to south:[1]

Corridor Region/Province Voters as of 2016 % Map
Solid North Ilocos Region (minus Pangasinan), Cagayan Valley and Cordillera Administrative Region 4,072,629 7.49%
Lingayen-Lucena corridor Pangasinan (part of Ilocos Region), Central Luzon, Metro Manila and Calabarzon 21,634,173 39.80%
Bicol corridor Bicol Region 3,121,662 5.74%
Panay corridor Western Visayas 2,578,661 4.74%
Negros corridor Negros Island 2,449,204 4.51%
Cebu-Bohol corridor Central Visayas 3,590,044 6.60%
Samar-Leyte corridor Eastern Visayas 2,698,880 4.97%
Northern Mindanao corridor Northern Mindanao and Caraga 4,088,424 7.52%
Zamboanga corridor Zamboanga Peninsula 1,931,795 3.56%
Davao corridor Davao Region 2,659,704 4.89%
Cotabato corridor Soccsksargen and Maguindanao (part of ARMM) 2,720,435 5.00%
Not mentioned by Villafuerte Mimaropa and the rest of ARMM 2,818,233 5.18%

Metro Manila as an opposition stronghold

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Manila, and by extension, Metro Manila when it was created in 1975, has voted for the opposition candidate (or the opponent(s) of the incumbent's party) in the election.

This became apparent in the 1935 election, where it was thought that the opponents of the Nacionalista candidates (as this was the first election, the Nacionalistas were the ruling party of the insular territory) would beat them in Manila. The Nacionalistas still prevailed.[2]

Election Party of incumbent Winner in Manila Opposition won at Manila?
1941 Nacionalista Nacionalista No
1946 Nacionalista Liberal Yes
1949 Liberal Nacionalista Yes
1953 Liberal Nacionalista Yes
1957 Nacionalista Liberal Yes
1961 Nacionalista Liberal Yes
1965 Liberal Nacionalista Yes
1969 Nacionalista Nacionalista No
Election Party of incumbent Winner in Metro Manila Opposition won at Metro Manila?
1981 KBL KBL No
1986 KBL UNIDO Yes
1992 Independent; incumbent supported Lakas candidate PRP Yes
1998 Lakas LAMMP Yes
2004 Lakas KNP Yes
2010 Lakas–Kampi Liberal Yes
2016 Liberal PDP–Laban Yes
2022 PDP–Laban; party supported PFP candidate PFP No

Bellwether provinces

[edit]

Since the creation of the province of Basilan, the province has always had the provincial winner be elected President. The national winner has always been the winner in Negros Oriental except in 1961 and 2016.

Election National winner Winner in Basilan Basilan winner won nationally? Winner in Agusan del Norte Agusan del Norte winner won nationally? Winner in Lanao del Sur Lanao del Sur winner won nationally?
1935 Manuel L. Quezon Manuel L. Quezon Yes Manuel L. Quezon Yes
1941 Manuel L. Quezon Manuel L. Quezon Yes Manuel L. Quezon Yes
1946 Manuel Roxas Manuel Roxas Yes Sergio Osmeña No
1949 Elpidio Quirino Elpidio Quirino Yes Elpidio Quirino Yes
1953 Ramon Magsaysay Ramon Magsaysay Yes Ramon Magsaysay Yes
1957 Carlos P. Garcia Carlos P. Garcia Yes Carlos P. Garcia Yes
1961 Diosdado Macapagal Carlos P. Garcia No Carlos P. Garcia No
1965 Ferdinand Marcos Diosdado Macapagal No Diosdado Macapagal No
1969 Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Marcos Yes Ferdinand Marcos Yes
1981 Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Marcos Yes Ferdinand Marcos Yes Ferdinand Marcos Yes
1986 Corazon Aquino assumed presidency Corazon Aquino Yes Corazon Aquino Yes Corazon Aquino Yes
1992 Fidel V. Ramos Fidel V. Ramos Yes Fidel V. Ramos Yes Fidel V. Ramos Yes
1998 Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada Yes Joseph Estrada Yes Joseph Estrada Yes
2004 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Yes Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Yes Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Yes
2010 Benigno Aquino III Benigno Aquino III Yes Benigno Aquino III Yes Benigno Aquino III Yes
2016 Rodrigo Duterte Rodrigo Duterte Yes Rodrigo Duterte Yes Rodrigo Duterte Yes
2022 Bongbong Marcos Bongbong Marcos Yes Bongbong Marcos Yes Faisal Mangondato No

After the losing candidate won in Negros Oriental in 2016, the longest streak belongs to Agusan del Norte which had its provincial winner follow the national winner since the 1969 election; Lanao del Sur broke its streak when the losing candidate won there in 2022.

Home province as a stronghold

[edit]

Candidates usually win their home provinces. and by extension, region, except when the province has two or more candidates as residents.

President

[edit]

Bolded name indicates the national winner.

Election Candidate Home province of the candidate Winner at the home province Candidate won at home province?
1935 Manuel L. Quezon Tayabas Manuel L. Quezon Yes
Emilio Aguinaldo Cavite Emilio Aguinaldo Yes
Gregorio Aglipay Ilocos Norte Gregorio Aglipay Yes
1941 Manuel L. Quezon Tayabas Manuel L. Quezon Yes
Juan Sumulong Rizal Manuel L. Quezon No
1946 Manuel Roxas Capiz Manuel Roxas Yes
Sergio Osmeña Cebu Sergio Osmeña Yes
1949 Elpidio Quirino Ilocos Sur Elpidio Quirino Yes
Jose Paciano Laurel Batangas Jose Paciano Laurel Yes
Jose Avelino Samar Jose Avelino Yes
1953 Ramon Magsaysay Zambales Ramon Magsaysay Yes
Elpidio Quirino Ilocos Sur Elpidio Quirino Yes
1957 Carlos P. Garcia Bohol Carlos P. Garcia Yes
Jose Yulo Negros Occidental Carlos P. Garcia No
Manuel Manahan La Union Jose Yulo No
Claro M. Recto Quezon Claro M. Recto Yes
1961 Diosdado Macapagal Pampanga Diosdado Macapagal Yes
Carlos P. Garcia Bohol Carlos P. Garcia Yes
1965 Ferdinand Marcos Ilocos Norte Ferdinand Marcos Yes
Diosdado Macapagal Pampanga Diosdado Macapagal Yes
1969 Ferdinand Marcos Ilocos Norte Ferdinand Marcos Yes
Sergio Osmeña, Jr. Cebu Ferdinand Marcos No
1981 Ferdinand Marcos Ilocos Norte Ferdinand Marcos Yes
Alejo Santos Bulacan Ferdinand Marcos No
1986 Corazon Aquino Tarlac Corazon Aquino Yes
Ferdinand Marcos Ilocos Norte Ferdinand Marcos Yes
1992 Fidel V. Ramos Pangasinan Fidel V. Ramos Yes
Miriam Defensor-Santiago Iloilo Miriam Defensor-Santiago Yes
Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. Tarlac Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. Yes
Ramon Mitra, Jr. Palawan Ramon Mitra, Jr. Yes
Imelda Marcos Leyte Imelda Marcos Yes
Jovito Salonga Rizal Miriam Defensor-Santiago No
Salvador Laurel Batangas Salvador Laurel Yes
1998 Joseph Estrada San Juan Joseph Estrada Yes
Jose de Venecia, Jr. Pangasinan Jose de Venecia, Jr. Yes
Raul Roco Camarines Sur Raul Roco Yes
Emilio Osmeña Cebu Emilio Osmeña Yes
Alfredo Lim Manila Joseph Estrada No
Renato de Villa Batangas Renato de Villa Yes
Miriam Defensor-Santiago Iloilo Miriam Defensor-Santiago Yes
Juan Ponce Enrile Cagayan Juan Ponce Enrile Yes
2004 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Pampanga Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Yes
Fernando Poe, Jr. Manila Fernando Poe, Jr. Yes
Panfilo Lacson Cavite Panfilo Lacson Yes
Raul Roco Camarines Sur Raul Roco Yes
Eddie Villanueva Bulacan Fernando Poe, Jr. No
2010 Benigno Aquino III Tarlac Benigno Aquino III Yes
Joseph Estrada San Juan Benigno Aquino III No
Manny Villar Las Piñas Manny Villar Yes
Gilbert Teodoro Tarlac Benigno Aquino III No
Eddie Villanueva Bulacan Benigno Aquino III No
2016 Jejomar Binay Makati Jejomar Binay Yes
Miriam Defensor-Santiago Iloilo Mar Roxas No
Rodrigo Duterte Davao City Rodrigo Duterte Yes
Grace Poe San Juan Rodrigo Duterte No
Mar Roxas Capiz Mar Roxas Yes
2022 Ernesto Abella Davao City Bongbong Marcos No
Leody de Guzman Rizal Bongbong Marcos No
Norberto Gonzales Bataan Bongbong Marcos No
Panfilo Lacson Cavite Bongbong Marcos No
Faisal Mangondato Lanao del Sur Faisal Mangondato Yes
Bongbong Marcos Ilocos Norte Bongbong Marcos Yes
Jose Montemayor Jr. Cavite Bongbong Marcos No
Isko Moreno Manila Bongbong Marcos No
Manny Pacquiao Sarangani Manny Pacquiao Yes
Leni Robredo Camarines Sur Leni Robredo Yes

Vice president

[edit]
Election Home province of the national winner Winner at the home province of the national winner National winner National winner won at home province?
1935 Cebu Sergio Osmeña Sergio Osmeña Yes
1941 Cebu Sergio Osmeña Sergio Osmeña Yes
1946 Ilocos Sur Elpidio Quirino Elpidio Quirino Yes
1949 Iloilo Fernando Lopez Fernando Lopez Yes
1953 Bohol Carlos P. Garcia Carlos P. Garcia Yes
1957 Pampanga Diosdado Macapagal Diosdado Macapagal Yes
1961 Misamis Oriental Gil Puyat Emmanuel Pelaez No
1965 Iloilo Fernando Lopez Fernando Lopez Yes
1969 Iloilo Fernando Lopez Fernando Lopez Yes
1986 Batangas Salvador Laurel Salvador Laurel Yes
1992 San Juan Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada Yes
1998 Pampanga Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Yes
2004 Oriental Mindoro Noli de Castro Noli de Castro Yes
2010 Makati Jejomar Binay Jejomar Binay Yes
2016 Camarines Sur Leni Robredo Leni Robredo Yes
2022 Davao City Sara Duterte Sara Duterte Yes
[edit]

For president

[edit]
Year Winner % of vote % margin Votes Vote margin Second place
2004 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 39.99% 3.48% 12,905,808 1,123,576 Fernando Poe, Jr.
1992 Fidel V. Ramos 23.58% 3.86% 5,342,521 874,348 Miriam Defensor Santiago
1986 Ferdinand Marcos 53.62% 7.52% 10,807,197 1,515,436 Corazon Aquino
1965 Ferdinand Marcos 51.94% 9.06% 3,861,324 673,572 Diosdado Macapagal
1961 Diosdado Macapagal 55.05% 10.10% 3,554,840 651,844 Carlos P. Garcia
1946 Manuel Roxas 55.78% 11.80% 1,333,392 282,149 Sergio Osmeña
1957 Carlos P. Garcia 41.28% 13.66% 2,072,257 685,428 José Yulo
1949 Elpidio Quirino 50.93% 13.71% 1,803,808 485,478 José P. Laurel
2016 Rodrigo Duterte 39.01% 15.56% 16,601,997 6,623,822 Mar Roxas
2010 Benigno Aquino III 42.08% 15.83% 15,208,678 5,720,841 Joseph Estrada
1969 Ferdinand Marcos 61.47% 22.96% 5,017,343 1,874,221 Sergio Osmeña, Jr.
1998 Joseph Estrada 39.86% 23.99% 10,722,295 6,463,812 Jose de Venecia
2022 Bongbong Marcos 58.77% 30.83% 31,629,783 16,594,010 Leni Robredo
1953 Ramon Magsaysay 68.90% 37.82% 2,912,992 1,599,001 Elpidio Quirino
1935 Manuel L. Quezon 67.99% 50.45% 695,332 515,983 Emilio Aguinaldo
1941 Manuel L. Quezon 86.91% 79.33% 812,352 741,453 Juan Sumulong
1981 Ferdinand Marcos 88.02% 79.77% 18,309,360 16,592,911 Alejo Santos

For vice president

[edit]
Year Winner % of vote % margin Votes Vote margin Second place
1965 Fernando Lopez 48.48% 0.37% 3,531,550 26,724 Gerardo Roxas
2016 Leni Robredo 35.11% 0.61% 14,418,817 263,473 Bongbong Marcos
2010 Jejomar Binay 41.65% 2.07% 14,645,574 727,084 Mar Roxas
2004 Noli de Castro 49.80% 2.91% 15,100,431 881,722 Loren Legarda
1961 Emmanuel Pelaez 37.57% 3.20% 2,394,400 203,976 Sergio Osmeña, Jr.
1986 Arturo Tolentino 50.65% 4.80% 10,134,130 961,025 Salvador Laurel
1946 Elpidio Quirino 52.36% 4.98% 1,161,725 110,482 Eulogio Rodriguez
1949 Fernando Lopez 52.19% 6.11% 1,341,284 157,069 Manuel Briones
1957 Diosdado Macapagal 46.55% 8.64% 2,189,197 406,185 José Laurel, Jr.
1992 Joseph Estrada 33.00% 11.27% 6,739,738 2,301,244 Marcelo Fernan
1969 Fernando Lopez 62.76% 25.51% 5,001,737 2,033,211 Genaro Magsaysay
1953 Carlos P. Garcia 62.90% 25.79% 2,515,265 1,031,463 José Yulo
1998 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 49.56% 27.45% 12,667,252 7,015,184 Edgardo Angara
2022 Sara Duterte 61.53% 43.71% 32,208,417 22,879,210 Francis Pangilinan
1935 Sergio Osmeña 86.91% 82.86% 812,352 741,453 Raymundo Melliza
1941 Sergio Osmeña 92.10% 84.20% 1,445,897 1,321,862 Emilio Javier

Results per election

[edit]

1899

[edit]
1899 Philippine presidential election

← Nov 1897 1 January 1899 1935 →
 
PresidentAguinaldo.jpg
Nominee Emilio Aguinaldo
Party Nonpartisan
Percentage 100.00%

President before election

Emilio Aguinaldo
Magdalo
(as Alliance)

Elected President

Emilio Aguinaldo
Nonpartisan

Emilio Aguinaldo was unanimously elected and voted president by the Malolos Congress on January 1, 1899. He was inaugurated on January 23, along with the First Philippine Republic.

1935

[edit]

In the first presidential election by popular vote, Quezon defeated former president Aguinaldo and Philippine Independent Church Supreme Bishop Gregorio Aglipay.

1941

[edit]

President Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmeña resoundingly defeated their opponents to stay in office.

1943

[edit]

Jose P. Laurel was elected president unopposed by the National Assembly on September 25, 1943.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Jose P. LaurelKALIBAPI108100.00
Total108100.00
Valid votes108100.00
Invalid/blank votes00.00
Total votes108100.00
Registered voters/turnout108100.00

1946

[edit]

In 1944, President Quezon died, thereby Vice President Osmeña succeeded him as president. By 1946, the ruling Nacionalista Party was split into two, with its liberal wing putting up its own candidate for president in the person of Manuel Roxas. Roxas defeated Osmeña in the election. Roxas's running mate Elpidio Quirino defeated Eulogio Rodriguez to win the vice presidency.

1949

[edit]

President Roxas died in 1948. Vice President Elpidio Quirino succeeded him, and was elected president on his own right in 1949. His runnin running mate, senator Fernando Lopez won the vice presidential election.

1953

[edit]

President Quirino was defeated by former Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay in 1953 in a record margin post-independence. His running mate, senator Carlos P. Garcia also resoundingly defeated his opponent.

1957

[edit]

President Magsaysay died in 1957 a few months before the election. His Vice President, Carlos P. Garcia succeeded him, and was elected president on his own right later that year. The opposition won the vice presidency, with Diosdado Macapagal defeating Jose Laurel Jr.

1961

[edit]

President Garcia was defeated by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal. This was the only election where the two top office-holders faced each other for the presidency. Macapagal's running mate Emmanuel Pelaez kept the vice presidency under the Liberal Party's hands.

1965

[edit]

President Macapagal got the nomination of the Liberal Party. This led to Senator Ferdinand Marcos to abandon the party in favor of the Nacionalistas. Marcos and his running mate former vice president Fernando Lopez defeated President Macapagal and Gerardo Roxas in the election.

1969

[edit]

President Marcos became the first president to defend the presidency on his first full term in 1969. Vice president Lopez won an unprecedented third vice presidential term.

1973 martial law referendum

[edit]

By 1972, President Marcos declared martial law. A year later, a plebiscite approved a new constitution that allowed the president to stay in power beyond 1973 as allowed by the previous (1935) constitution. A few months after that, another referendum asked voters if they wanted Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973:

Do you want President Marcos to continue beyond 1973 and finish the reforms he has initiated under the martial law?
Choice Votes %
Referendum passed Yes 17,653,200 90.67
No 1,856,744 9.33
Total votes 19,908,760 100.00

1977 presidential referendum

[edit]

In 1977, a referendum approved Marcos staying as president after the Interim Batasang Pambansa was organized a year later.

Do you vote that President Ferdinand E. Marcos continue in office as incumbent president and be prime minister after the organization of the Interim Batasang Pambansa in 1978?
Choice Votes %
Yes 20,062,782 89.27
No 2,104,209 9.37
Abstain 1,927,236 1.33
Total votes 24,094,227 100.00

1981

[edit]

In 1981, President Marcos won in an election that was boycotted by much of the opposition. His winning margin is a record, and his vote total has not been matched to date in a single-winner election.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Ferdinand MarcosKilusang Bagong Lipunan18,309,36088.02
Alejo SantosNacionalista Party (Roy wing)[a]1,716,4498.25
Bartolome CabangbangFederal Party749,8453.60
Delfin ManapazIndependent6,4990.03
Ursula DajaoIndependent4,9550.02
Benito ValdezIndependent4,2240.02
Lope RimandoIndependent1,9540.01
Lucio HinigpitSovereign Citizen Party1,9450.01
Pacifico MorelosIndependent1,7400.01
Jose IgrobayIndependent1,4210.01
Simeon del RosarioIndependent1,2340.01
Salvador EnageIndependent1,1850.01
Florencio TipanoIndependent5920.00
Total20,801,403100.00
Valid votes20,801,40395.23
Invalid/blank votes1,042,4264.77
Total votes21,843,829100.00
Registered voters/turnout26,986,45180.94
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[17]
  1. ^ Santos ran under Jose Roy's wing of the Nacionalista Party, while the rest of the party boycotted the election.

1986

[edit]

In 1986, President Marcos called for a special presidential election. He was proclaimed winner despite allegations of massive fraud, but was ousted by the People Power Revolution weeks later. The revolution installed Marcos's opponent, Corazon Aquino, as president and her running mate Salvador Laurel, as vice president.

1992

[edit]

Prior to the election, President Aquino announced that she won't be running, anointing Speaker Ramon Mitra Jr. as her preferred successor. She later changed her mind, and picked Secretary of Defense Fidel V. Ramos instead. Ramos narrowly defeated Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago, who alleged fraud, Mitra and four others.

Joseph Estrada, who initially ran for president, slid down to become the vice presidential running mate of Danding Cojuangco and won.

1998

[edit]

President Ramos handpicked Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr. as his preferred successor. He was defeated by Vice President Joseph Estrada who had a healthy lead against de Venecia. In the vice presidential election, senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo also had a clear advantage over Estrada's running mate senator Edgardo Angara.

2004

[edit]

In 2001, President Estrada was ousted via the 2001 EDSA Revolution due to massive corruption. Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeded him and was elected president on her own right in 2004 against Estrada's friend Fernando Poe Jr. Poe died later that year, and by 2005, the Hello Garci scandal erupted where Arroyo was seen to have benefitted from massive cheating in the election.

Senator Noli de Castro narrowly defeated senator Loren Legarda, who also alleged cheating.

2010

[edit]

Approaching the 2010 election, President Arroyo was deeply unpopular. Her Lakas Kampi CMD party nominated Secretary of Defense Gilbert Teodoro, but rumors persisted that she wanted Senator Manuel Villar to succeed her. In 2009, former president Aquino died, catapulting her son Senator Benigno Aquino III in the presidential race. Aquino defeated former president Estrada, Villar, Teodoro and several others in the election.

Estrada's running mate Makati mayor Jejomar Binay narrowly defeated senator Mar Roxas, the initial presidential nominee who slid down for Aquino.

2016

[edit]

In 2016, President Aquino's Liberal Party nominated former Secretary of the Interior and Local Government Mar Roxas (President Roxas's grandson) as their presidential candidate. Roxas had previously gave way to Aquino in 2010. Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte had previously denied running for president, only to have him substituted as PDP-Laban's candidate. Duterte defeated Roxas and three others in the election.

In the vice presidential election, House Representative from Camarines Sur Leni Robredo narrowly defeated senator Bongbong Marcos.

2022

[edit]

The ruling PDP–Laban was split into two factions heading into the election. The titular head of one faction, president Rodrigo Duterte, pushed for the presidential ticket of senator Bong Go and himself. Another faction pushed for the presidential candidacy of senator Manny Pacquiao. In the end, neither faction using the "PDP–Laban" label to avoid complications, with Bong Go ultimately withdrawing as a presidential candidate of Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan. Sara Duterte, the president's daughter, then ran as the vice presidential running mate of Bongbong Marcos, while the Liberal Party-led opposition chose vice president Leni Robredo as its standard bearer. The Marcos–Duterte ticket won in a landslide, and the first majority mandates in the Fifth Republic era.

Results per province/city

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Felipe B. Miranda and Alex Magno (co-discussants) (1992-02-21). "Strategies and Statistics: The Presidential Battle for Ballots". University of the Philippines Diliman.
  2. ^ "Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935". 21 September 1935. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  3. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  4. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  5. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  6. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  7. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  8. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  9. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  10. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  11. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  12. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  13. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  14. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  15. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  16. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  17. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  18. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  19. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .
  20. ^ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific
    .