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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Sikh community, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs}}
{{For|the UNESCO Arab-Norman Palermo|Kalsa}}
{{For|the armed forces of the Sikh Empire|Sikh Khalsa Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = File:Gatka du sikh.jpg
| caption = Jung Khalsa warriors playing [[Gatka]] and [[Shastar Vidya]]
| named_after = the Arabic word ''Khalis'' meaning Pure or Liberated
| motto = <br /> دق تگ فاتح<br />''ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ਼ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ'' <br />''[[Deg Tegh Fateh]]''
| formation = {{Start date and age|1699|04|13|df=yes|p=y}}<br />[[Kesgarh Sahib]], [[Subah of Lahore|Punjab Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Punjab, India]])
| type = [[Religious organisation]]
| purpose = Fighting against cruelty and oppression in any form regardless of the persecutor
| headquarters = [[Panj Takht]], [[Akal Takht|Akal Takht Sahib]],<ref>the seat of supreme temporal authority for Sikhs</ref> [[Anandpur Sahib]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=Old.sgpc.net|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>
| language = [[Gurmukhi]] ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] alphabet) is the official language;<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=Old.sgpc.net|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> [[Guru Gobind Singh]] wrote letters to [[Aurangzeb]]—[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]] and the [[Hikaaitaan]]—written in the [[Persian alphabet]]; Sikh coins were minted in [[Gurmukhi]] & [[Persian language|Persian]] during [[Misl|misls]] & [[Sikh Empire]]<ref>[https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801112113/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2011/catalogue_of_sikh_coins.aspx Catalogue of Sikh Coins in the British Museum, Chapter 4]</ref>
| leader_title = [[Panj Piare]]
| leader_name =
| affiliations = [[Waheguru]], [[Gurmat]], [[Nishan Sahib]], [[Nihang|Akali Nihangs]], [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa Army]], [[Misl|Sikh Misls]], [[Miri piri|Miri-Piri]]
| remarks =
| abbreviation =
| founder = [[Guru Gobind Singh]] & [[Mata Sahib Kaur]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website =
| native_name = {{lang-pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ}}
| logo = [[File:Khanda original.png|100px]]
| image_size =
}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]}}
[[File:Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg|thumb|right|alt=5 early [[Nihang|Akali]] Sikh warriors, one carrying a flag, one on horseback.|19th century ''[[Nihang|Akali]]'' Sikh warriors.]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
[[File:Nishan Sahib in blue, at Baba Phoola Singh di Burj in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|[[Nishan Sahib]] in blue, at [[Akali Phula Singh|Akali Phoola Singh]] di Burj in [[Amritsar]]]]
'''Khalsa''' ({{lang-pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ}}, {{IPA-pa|ˈxaːlsaː|خالص}}, {{literal translation|to be pure|to be clear|to be free from|to be liberated}}) refers to both a community that considers [[Sikhism]] as its faith,<ref name=britkhalsa>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khalsa Khalsa: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> as well as a special group of initiated [[Sikhs]].<ref>{{cite book|ref=Singh|author1=Singh, Pashaura |author2=Fenech, Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=237}}</ref> The ''Khalsa'' tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth [[Guru]] of Sikhism, [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. Its formation was a key event in the [[history of Sikhism]].<ref name=nikkyxi>{{cite book|author=Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur |title=The Birth of the Khalsa : A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squPx387FuwC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8266-7|page=xi}}</ref> The founding of Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of [[Vaisakhi]].<ref name=senker10>{{cite book|author=Senker, Cath |title=My Sikh Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQozVTKW44C&pg=PA10| year= 2007|publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1-4042-3733-9|page=10}}, Quote: "Vaisakhi is the most important mela. It marks the Sikh New Year. At Vaisakhi, Sikhs remember how their community, the Khalsa, first began."</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p63">[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 63: "The Sikh new year, Vaisakhi, occurs at Sangrand in April, usually on the thirteenth day."</ref><ref name="Jacobsen2008p192">{{cite book|author=Jacobsen, Knut A. |title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA192 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|page=192}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) for the Sikhs, it [Baisakhi] celebrates the foundation of the ''Khalsa'' in 1699."</ref>
Guru Gobind Singh started the ''Khalsa'' tradition after his father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], was beheaded during the Islamic [[sharia]] rule of the [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="Mandair2013p53"/><ref name=cs2013/><ref name=fenech4/> Guru Gobind Singh created and initiated the Khalsa as a [[warrior]] with a duty to protect the innocent from Islamic religious persecution.<ref name=colesambhi36/> The founding of the ''Khalsa'' started a new phase in the Sikh tradition. It formulated an initiation ceremony (''[[amrit sanskar]]'', nectar ceremony) and rules of conduct for the ''Khalsa'' warriors. It created a new institution for the temporal leadership of the Sikhs, replacing the earlier ''[[masand]]'' system. Additionally, the ''Khalsa'' provided a political and religious vision for the Sikh community.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Teja| title=A Short History of the Sikhs: Volume One|year=2006|publisher=Punjabi University|location=Patiala |isbn=978-8173800078|page=107 }}</ref><ref name=Singh>{{cite book| last=Singh| first=Kartar|title=Life of Guru Gobind Singh |year=2008|publisher=Lahore Bookshop|location=Ludhiana, India}}</ref>{{rp|127}}
Upon initiation, a ''Khalsa'' Sikh was given the titles of [[Singh]] (male) meaning "[[Lion|lion]]" and [[Kaur]] (female) meaning "princess". The rules of life, included behavioral code (''Rahit'', such as no [[tobacco]], no [[intoxicants]], no [[adultery]], no [[Kutha meat|Kutha]] meat), no modification of hair on the body, and a dress code ([[Five Ks]]).<ref name=Singh/>{{rp|121–126}}
==Etymology==
"''Khalsa''", is derived from the Arabic word "Khalis" which means "to be pure, to be clear, to be free from, to be sincere, to be true, to be straight, to be solid.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.reverso.net/arabic-english/%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5|title = خالص translation in English | Arabic-English dictionary |website=Dictionary.reverso.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.bab.la/dictionary/arabic-english/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5|title = خالِص - Translation in English |website=En.bab.la}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chohan, Sandeep and Geaves, Ron |year=2001|title=The religious dimension in the struggle for Khalistan and its roots in Sikh history|journal= International Journal of Punjab Studies|volume =8|issue =1| page =85}}</ref><ref>Jain, S. (1994) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rGljAAAAMAAJ ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute''], Vol. 74, p. 217: The word "Khalsa" (from Persian ''Khalis'') itself means "pure".</ref>
Sikhism emerged in the northwestern part of [[Indian subcontinent]] (now parts of Pakistan and India). During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]] rule, according to professor Eleanor Nesbitt, ''Khalsa'' originally meant the land that was possessed directly by the emperor, which was different from ''[[jagir]]'' land granted to lords in exchange for a promise of loyalty and annual tribute to the emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/> Prior to “Guru Gobind Singh Ji”, the religious organization was organized through the ''masands'' or agents. The ''masands'' would collect revenue from rural regions for the Sikh cause, much like ''jagirs'' would for the Islamic emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Wace E. G. |title=Final Report on the First Regular Settlement of the Simla District in the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/finalreportonfi01wacegoog |year=1884|publisher=Calcutta Central Press|pages=xxvi–xxviii, 3, 28}}</ref> The ''Khalsa'', in Sikhism, came to mean pure loyalty to the Guru, and not to the intermediary ''masands'' who were increasingly becoming corrupt, states Nesbitt.<ref name="nesbitt54">[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]], pp. 54–57, 29, 143</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=McLeod, W. H. |title=Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIrXAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565916-0|page=36}}</ref>
==Background==
The Sikhs faced religious persecution during the [[Mughal Empire]] rule. [[Guru Arjan Dev]], the fifth Guru, was arrested and executed by Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1606.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of India |author=Jayapalan, N. |publisher=Atlantic |year=2001 |page=160 |isbn=9788171569281}}</ref> The following Guru, [[Guru Hargobind]] formally militarised the Sikhs and emphasised the complementary nature of the temporal power and spiritual power.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 7|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102458|page=19}}</ref> In 1675, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji|Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth Guru of the Sikhs and the father of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] was executed by the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for resisting religious persecution of non-Muslims, and for refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh’s sons were killed since they refused to convert to Islam.<ref name="Mandair2013p53">{{cite book|author=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=53–54}}, Quote: "The Guru's stance was a clear and unambiguous challenge, not to the sovereignty of the Mughal state, but to the state's policy of not recognizing the sovereign existence of non-Muslims, their traditions and ways of life".</ref><ref name=cs2013>{{cite book|last=Seiple|first=Chris|title=The Routledge handbook of religion and security|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=96}}</ref><ref name=fenech4>[[#Singh|Singh]], pp. 236–238</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=121 | issue=1 | year=2001 |doi=10.2307/606726 | pages=20–31| jstor=606726 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=117 | issue=4 | year=1997 | doi=10.2307/606445 | pages=623–642| jstor=606445 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=McLeod | first=Hew | title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume=22 | issue=sup001 | year=1999 | issn=0085-6401 | doi=10.1080/00856408708723379 | pages=155–165}}</ref>
==Foundation==
[[File:Khalsa 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 300th anniversary of Khalsa]]
[[File:Keshgarh Sahib Gurudwara at Anandpur Sahib.jpg|thumb|left|[[Keshgarh Sahib]] Gurudwara at [[Anandpur Sahib]], Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa]]
In 1699, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh asked Sikhs to gather at [[Anandpur Sahib|Shri Anandpur Sahib]] on 13 April 1699, the day of [[Vaisakhi]] (the annual harvest festival). Guru Gobind Singh addressed the congregation from the entryway of a tent pitched on a hill (now called [[Kesgarh Sahib|Shri Kesgarh Sahib]]). He drew his sword, according to the Sikh tradition, and then asked for a volunteer from those who gathered, someone willing to sacrifice his head. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd without the volunteer, but with a bloody sword.<ref name=" Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /> He asked for another volunteer and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. Rather, the Guru had slaughtered 5 goats from which the blood had appeared.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Birth_of_the_Khalsa/squPx387FuwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover|title=The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2012|isbn=9780791482667|pages=43–50|quote=His was in fact a mimetic violence where the goats were killed instead of the Sikhs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guru_Gobind_Singh_1666_1708/YDLNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&&pg=PT93&printsec=frontcover|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=9780190990381|pages=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_s_Religions/alR2yK-4WdQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA401&printsec=frontcover|title=The World's Religions|date=28 June 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637480|pages=401|quote=Eventually he took five men forward and took them behind the tent. Gobind reappeared with a dripping sword: later it was revealed that he slaughtered five goats.}}</ref> He called the volunteers the ''[[Panj Pyare]]'' and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi">{{cite book|last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for faith and nation dialogues with Sikh militants |url=https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt |url-access=limited |year=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0812215922 |oclc=44966032 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt/page/n55 43]–45}}</ref> These five volunteers were : Daya Ram ([[Bhai Daya Singh]]), Dharam Das ([[Bhai Dharam Singh]]), Himmat Rai ([[Bhai Himmat Singh]]), Mohkam Chand ([[Bhai Mohkam Singh]]), and Sahib Chand ([[Bhai Sahib Singh]]).
[[File:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg|thumb|A fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and the [[Panj Piare]].]]
Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword while reciting gurbani to prepare what he called [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]] ("nectar"). He then administered this to the ''Panj Pyare'', accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the ''khanda ki pahul'' (baptism ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /><ref>Dhavan, p. 49.</ref> After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Sikh_Studies/CzYeAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=in+relation+to+neighbouring+rajput+hill+chiefs&pg=PT62&printsec=frontcover|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardy|first=Friedhelm|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_World_s_Religions/HAg3AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=singh+rajput+name+inpublisher:routledge&pg=PA722&printsec=frontcover|title=The World's Religions|publisher=Routledge|pages=722}}</ref>
He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by Islamic authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, for example the [[jizya]] (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax and ''Bhaddar'' tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared that Khalsa do not need to continue this practice, because ''Bhaddar'' is not [[dharma|dharam]], but a ''bharam'' (illusion).<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Dhavan, P |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=43–44 }}</ref> Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25">[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 25–28</ref>
“Guru Gobind Singh Ji” had a deep respect for the Khalsa, and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the ''Sangat'' (panth).<ref>[[#Cole|Cole]], pp. 38–39: All the battles I have won against tyranny I have fought with the devoted backing of the people. Through them only have I been able to bestow gifts, through their help I have escaped from harm. The love and generosity of these Sikhs have enriched my heart and home. Through their grace, I have attained all learning, through their help in battle I have slain all my enemies. I was born to serve them, through them I reached eminence. What would I have been without their kind and ready help? There are millions of insignificant people like me. True service is the service of these people. I am not inclined to serve others of higher caste: charity will bear fruit in this and the next world, If given to such worthy people as these. All other sacrifices are and charities are profitless. From toe to toe, whatever I call my own, all I possess and carry, I dedicate to these people.</poem></ref> Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word ''Sisya'' (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of ''Masands'' appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The ''Masands'' led the local Sikh communities, local temples, collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” concluded that the ''Masands'' system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59">{{cite book|author=Oberoi, Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=59–62 }}</ref> These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oberoi, Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=24, 77–78, 89–90 }}</ref><ref>[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 30–33</ref>
The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23">[[#Singh|Singh]], pp. 23–24</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Fenech, Louis E. |author2=McLeod, W. H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=84–85 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacobsen, Knut A. |author2=Myrvold, Kristina |title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-0358-1 |pages=142–147, 156–157 }}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:An inscription naming the five members of the Khalsa Panth, Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|An inscription naming the five members of the [[Khalsa Panth]], at Takht [[Keshgarh Sahib]], the birthplace of Khalsa on [[Baisakh]] 1, 1756 [[Vikram Samvat]].
File:Guru Gobind Singh creates the Khalsa.jpg|The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Sikh Guru.
</gallery>
==Dress and code of conduct==
{{main|Five Ks}}
[[Image:Sikh Articles of Faith.JPG|thumb|right|Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks]]
Guru Gobind Singh Ji initiated the [[Five K's]] tradition of the Khalsa,<ref name=colesambhip37>[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 37</ref><ref>[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]], pp. 40–43</ref>
* '''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]''': uncut hair.
* '''[[Kangha]]''': a wooden comb.
* '''[[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]]''': an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.
* '''[[Kirpan]]''': a sword.
* '''[[Kacchera|Kachera]]''': short breeches.
He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating meat slaughtered according to Muslim ritual and sexual intercourse with any person other than spouse were forbidden.<ref name=colesambhip37/><ref name=johnkoller313>{{cite book|author=Koller, John M |title=The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-50740-8 |pages=312–313 }}</ref> The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.<ref name=colesambhip37/> The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.<ref name=johnkoller313/> According to Owen and Sambhi, Guru Gobind Singh Ji's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued "the defense of Sikhism and Hinduism against the Muslim assault of Aurangzeb".<ref name=colesambhi36>[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 36</ref>
According to the Sikh Code of Conduct (Sikh Rehat Maryada), Amritdhari Khalsa Sikh men must wear a turban and the 5 K's. Baptized women are not required to tie a turban, and it remains a personal choice. It also clearly states that it is not appropriate for Sikh women to cover their face with any type of [[veil]] as practiced in the Indian, Islamic, or Judeo-Christian traditions.<ref name="auto1"/> Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k.]</ref> Sikhs cannot wear any token of any other faith. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear [[cap]]s. They also cannot wear any [[Ornament (art)|ornament]]s piercing through any part of the body.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.]; [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, d.]</ref>
===Prohibitions===
Further information: [[Prohibitions in Sikhism]]
The four prohibitions<ref>{{cite book|year=1994|publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar| chapter-url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html | title=Sikh Reht Maryada|chapter=Section Six | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202081302/http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html | archive-date=2 February 2002}}</ref> or mandatory restrictions of the Khalsa or life of Khalsa at time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji are:
# Not to disturb the natural growth of the [[Kesh (Sikhism)|hair]]s.
# Not to eat the [[kutha meat]] of any animal.
# Not to cohabit with a person other than one's spouse.
# Not to use tobacco, alcohol or any type of drugs.
A Khalsa who breaks any code of conduct is no longer a Khalsa and is [[excommunicated]] from the Khalsa Panth and must go and 'pesh' (get baptized again). Guru Gobind Singh Ji also gave the Khalsa [[The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh|52 hukams]] or 52 specific additional guidelines while living in [[Nanded]] in 1708.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Balawindara|title=Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh|year=2004|publisher=Singh Bros.|page=9|location=Michigan, US}}</ref>
===Duties and warriors===
{{main article|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Khalistan Movement}}
A Khalsa is enjoined, to be honest, treat everyone as equal, meditate on God, maintain his fidelity, resist tyranny and religious persecution of oneself and others.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
One of the duties of the Khalsa is to practice arms. This has been deemed necessary due to the rising persecution of the rulers. Before joining the Khalsa, most of the people were from professions like farming, pottery, masonry, carpenters, [[Labana]]s, etc.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Oct 1708 deputed his disciple [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur Ji]] to lead the Khalsa in an uprising against the Mughals. Banda Singh Bahadur Ji first established a Sikh kingdom and then brought in the Land reforms in the form of breaking up large estates and distributing the land to peasants. He and his comrades were eventually defeated and executed, but he became an icon among the Sikhs. After a long exile the Khalsa regrouped under [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], who gathered local Khalsa leaders and created ''[[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]]'', a coalition army. The Dal Khalsa fought against the Mughals and the Afghans, eventually resulting in the establishment of a number of small republics called [[misl]]s (autonomous confederacies) and later in the formation of the [[Sikh Empire]].
After the fall of the Mughal empire and the later establishment of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, the Khalsa was converted into a strong, multireligious and multinational fighting force, modernized according to European principles: the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] which had a huge role in the expansion of the empire. Led by generals like: [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji]] himself, [[Misr Diwan Chand]] and [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]. It successfully defeated all its adversaries, including the Afghan tribals and army, Hill Chiefs, [[Misl|Misldars]], Chinese, Tibetan and [[Gurkha]]s. By the time of death of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji]] in 1839, the whole army of [[Sikh Empire]] was assessed at 120,000 men, with 250 artillery pieces. The irregular levies were included.<ref name=" Pearse1">Major Pearse, Hugh; ''Ranjit Singh and his white officers''. In {{cite book|first=Alexander |last=Gardner |title=The Fall of Sikh Empire |publisher=National Book Shop |location=Delhi, India |orig-year=1898 |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7116-231-4}}</ref>
The official name of the state ([[Sikh Empire]]) of Sikhs was "Sarkar-i-Khalsa": Government of the Khalsa. The boundaries of this state stretched from [[Tibet]] to [[Afghanistan]] and from [[Kashmir]] to [[Sutlej]] in the south and included regions of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], etc. The "Sarkar-i-Khalsa" was dissolved during two wars fought against the British between 1846 and 1849.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
==Initiation==
{{Main|Amrit Sanchar}}
Initiation into the Khalsa is referred to as [[Amrit Sanchar]] (water of immortality life-cycle rite) or Khande di Pahul (Initiation with the [[Khanda (sword)|double edged sword]]).<ref>[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]]</ref> Anyone from any previous religion, age, or knowledge group can take Amrit (Amrit Chhakh) when they are convinced that they are ready.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Elizabeth|title=Religion: A Clinical Guide for Nurses|year=2012|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=9780826108616|page=259}}</ref> This baptism is done by the [[Panj Pyare]] in front of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. The devotee must arrive at the place of baptism, usually a [[Gurdwara]], in the morning after bathing completely including having washed their hair and must be wearing the [[The Five Ks|5 articles]] of the Khalsa uniform.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery|year=2009|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|isbn=9780884899976|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118 118]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118}}</ref> After baptism, the new Singh or Kaur must abide by the four restrictions or must get re-baptised if they break any of them. Jasjpit Singh in Lucinda Mosher book describes taking Amrit as a huge commitment, "You are making a commitment to God, to God's creation, to yourself – and you're giving up yourself. It is like giving up your own ego and accepting God into your life – and accepting yourself as one with the entire creation."<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosher|first=Lucinda|title=Faith in the Neighborhood: Belonging|year=2005|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781596271517|page=50}}</ref>
==Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples==
[[File:Akalis at the Holy Tank.jpg|thumb|[[Nihang|Akali]]s at the Holy Tank]]
With the creation of Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji had abolished all existing social divisions as was fundamental in the teachings of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shan|first=Harnam|title=Creation Of Khalsa|year=2002|publisher=Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala|location=Chandigarh, India|page=[https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory/page/n10 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory}}</ref> In their new order, the former lowest of the low would stand with the former highest; all would become one and drink from the same vessel.<ref name="davey">{{cite book|last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |title=A history of Sikhs |year=2002 |publisher=Rupa & Co., New Delhi |isbn=978-8171677641 |pages=68–69 |chapter=Sikhism under Govind}}</ref> All previous beliefs relating to family, occupation, customs and ceremonies were declared useless by the Guru. This caused discomfort to the conservative followers of the Guru and they protested. Many departed from the ceremony, but the Guru declared that the low castes should be raised and would dwell next to him.<ref name="davey"/>
The newswriter of the Mughal government, Ghulam Mohyiuddin, reporting to the emperor wrote:<ref name="sangat">{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Sangat |title=The Sikhs in History |year=2005 |publisher=Singh Brothers |isbn=978-8172052751 |pages=67–68 |chapter=Evolution of Sikh Panth}}</ref><ref name="Gopal">{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Gopal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527|title=A history of the Sikh people |year= 1939|publisher=Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n304 291] }}</ref> {{cquote|He has abolished caste and custom, old rituals, beliefs and superstitions of the [[Hindu]]s, [[Sufis]] and [[Shia]]s bonded them in one single brotherhood. No one will be superior or inferior to another. Men of all castes have been made to eat out of the single bowl. Though orthodox men have opposed him, about twenty thousand men and women have taken baptism of steel at his hand on the first day. The Guru has also told the gathering: "I'll call myself Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji only if I can make the meek sparrows pounce upon the hawks and tear them; only if one combatant of my force faces a legion of the enemy"
}}
Sri Gur Sobha (18th century) by Senapati contains two sections (''adhyays'') on the controversies that arose, when Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji's disciples in [[Delhi]] heard the news of his new order.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity">[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 25–26</ref> Much of the controversy stated in ''Sri Gur Sobha'' revolves around ''bhaddar'', the ritual shaving of head after death of a close relative, which was discouraged by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. According to Sainapti, while creating the Khalsa, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji said that ''bhaddar'' is ''bharam'' (illusion), and not ''[[dharma|dharam]]''.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/>
Tensions developed between the Punjabi [[Khatri]] disciples of the Guru in Delhi, and members of the newly formed Khalsa. A prominent Khatri disciple was expelled from the place of worship (''dharmasala'') for refusing to join the Khalsa. Another disciple was expelled for eating with him, starting a chain of further expulsions.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/> The expelled disciples convened a community gathering, at which two wealthy Khatris demanded that the Khalsa produce a written order from the Guru that a new mandatory code of conduct had been promulgated. A Khatri family that refused to follow the ''bhaddar'' ritual was boycotted by the Khatri community.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/> The Khatri council ([[panchayat|panch]]) closed the bazaar to pressure the Khalsa. The Khalsa petitioned the state officials to intervene, who forced reopening of the shops. Later, peace was established between the two groups in a ''sangat'' (congregation). However, hostility between some Khatris and the Khalsa persisted in the later years.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/>
In contrast to the ''Khalsa'' Sikh, a ''Sahajdhari'' Sikh is one who reveres the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, but has not undergone the initiation. Sahajdhari Sikhs do not accept some or all elements of the dress and behavioral codes of the Khalsa Sikhs.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups#ref884195 Sikhism: Sects and Other Groups], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>
==Contemporary status==
[[File:Communal lunch in Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|thumb| Khalsa principles of [[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg]] to cook food ([[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]) in huge amount]]
Today, the Khalsa is respected by the entire gamut of Sikhs; however, not all Sikhs are Amritdharis<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi"/> The issue of Khalsa code of conduct has led to several controversies. In the early 1950s, a serious split occurred in the [[Sikh diaspora|Canadian Sikh community]], when the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|Khalsa Diwan Society]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]] elected a clean-shaven Sikh to serve on its management committee.<ref name=" PRMagocsi Canada">{{cite book|editor=Paul Robert Magocsi |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |orig-year=1998 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0802029386 |oclc=56300149 |pages=1157}}</ref> Although most of the early Sikh immigrants to Canada were non-Khalsa, and a majority of the members of the society were clean-shaven non-Khalsa Sikhs, a faction objected to the election of a non-Khalsa to the management committee. The factions in Vancouver and [[Victoria, British Columbia]] broke away from the Khalsa Diwan Society and established their own gurdwara society called Akali Singh.<ref name="PRMagocsi Canada"/>
The Khalsa has been predominantly a male institution in Sikh history, with ''Khalsa'' authority with the male leaders. In the contemporary era, it has become open to women but its authority remains with Sikh men.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|author=Doniger, Wendy |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration |year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/636 636]}}</ref>
[[3HO]] is a western sect that emerged in 1971, founded by [[Harbhajan Singh Khalsa]] also known as Yogi Bhajan. It requires both men and women to wear turbans, and adopt the surname Khalsa.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Parsons
| first = Gerald
| title = The Growth of Religious Diversity: Britain from 1945
| year = 1994
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 978-0415083263
| oclc = 29957116
| pages = 231
}}</ref>
Each year the Khalsa display their military skills around the world at a festival called [[Hola Mohalla]]. During Hola Mohalla, military exercises are performed alongside mock battles followed by [[kirtan]] and valor poetry competitions. The Khalsa also lead the Sikhs in the annual [[Vaisakhi]] parade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanturban.com/2012/04/09/picture-of-the-day-los-angeles-ca-celebrates-vaisakhi/|title=Picture of the Day: Los Angeles, CA celebrates Vaisakhi|website=Americanturban.com|date=9 April 2012}}</ref>
{{wide image|Still From Hola Mohalla.jpg|450px|The Khalsa celebrating the Sikh festival [[Hola Mohalla]] or simply Hola.}}
==Demography==
[[File:Sikh people.jpg|thumb|A group of Khalsa Sikhs]]
Worldwide there are nearly 25-30 million Khalsa Sikhs who follow the 5 Ks strictly and tied turban having long hair with moustache and beard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism|title = Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature|website=Britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567|title = Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak|work = BBC News|date = 12 November 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Guru Nanak Dev ji standing in the midst of devotees - Unknown, Sikh School - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|Guru Nanak dev ji along with his devotees from different backgrounds]]
==See also==
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Gatka]]
* [[House of Khalsa]]
* [[Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex]]
* [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]]
* [[Nihang]]
* [[Sects of Sikhism]]
* [[Shastar Vidya]]
* [[Sikh history]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Cited sources==
*{{cite book|ref=Cole|author1=Cole, William Owen |author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA63 |year=1995|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Deol |first=Jeevan|ref=Deol |editor=Arvind-pal Singh and Mandair, Gurharpal Singh and Christopher Shackle |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700713899 |oclc=45337782 |pages=25–26 |chapter=Eighteenth Century Khalsa Identity: Discourse, Praxis and Narrative}}
* Dhavan, P. (2011) ''When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799'', Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
*{{cite book|ref=Nesbitt|author=Nesbitt, Eleanor |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0}}
*{{cite book|ref=Singh|author1=Singh, Pashaura |author2=Fenech, Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8}}
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.sikhs.org/khalsa.htm Who and What is a Khalsa?]
*[https://www.sikhphilosophy.net Creation of the Khalsa]
*[http://www.searchsikhism.com/beg.html Rise of the Khalsa]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725034727/http://www.baisakhi1999.org/order1.htm Order of The Khalsa]
{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Warrior code]]
[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Sikh community, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs}}
{{For|the UNESCO Arab-Norman Palermo|Kalsa}}
{{For|the armed forces of the Sikh Empire|Sikh Khalsa Army}fuckfuck
jpg
| caption = Jung Khalsa warriors playing [[Gatka]] and [[Shastar Vidya]]
| named_after = the Arabic word ''Khalis'' meaning Pure or Liberated
| motto = <br /> دق تگ فاتح<br />''ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ਼ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ'' <br />''[[Deg Tegh Fateh]]''
| formation = {{Start date and age|1699|04|13|df=yes|p=y}}<br />[[Kesgarh Sahib]], [[Subah of Lahore|Punjab Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Punjab, India]])
| type = [[Religious organisation]]
| purpose = Fighting against cruelty and oppression in any form regardless of the persecutor
| headquarters = [[Panj Takht]], [[Akal Takht|Akal Takht Sahib]],<ref>the seat of supreme temporal authority for Sikhs</ref> [[Anandpur Sahib]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=Old.sgpc.net|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>
| language = [[Gurmukhi]] ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] alphabet) is the official language;<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=Old.sgpc.net|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> [[Guru Gobind Singh]] wrote letters to [[Aurangzeb]]—[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]] and the [[Hikaaitaan]]—written in the [[Persian alphabet]]; Sikh coins were minted in [[Gurmukhi]] & [[Persian language|Persian]] during [[Misl|misls]] & [[Sikh Empire]]<ref>[https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20190801112113/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2011/catalogue_of_sikh_coins.aspx Catalogue of Sikh Coins in the British Museum, Chapter 4]</ref>
| leader_title = [[Panj Piare]]
| leader_name =
| affiliations = [[Waheguru]], [[Gurmat]], [[Nishan Sahib]], [[Nihang|Akali Nihangs]], [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa Army]], [[Misl|Sikh Misls]], [[Miri piri|Miri-Piri]]
| remarks =
| abbreviation =
| founder = [[Guru Gobind Singh]] & [[Mata Sahib Kaur]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website =
| native_name = {{lang-pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ}}
| logo = [[File:Khanda original.png|100px]]
| image_size =
}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]}}
[[File:Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg|thumb|right|alt=5 early [[Nihang|Akali]] Sikh warriors, one carrying a flag, one on horseback.|19th century ''[[Nihang|Akali]]'' Sikh warriors.]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
[[File:Nishan Sahib in blue, at Baba Phoola Singh di Burj in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|[[Nishan Sahib]] in blue, at [[Akali Phula Singh|Akali Phoola Singh]] di Burj in [[Amritsar]]]]
'''Khalsa''' ({{lang-pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ}}, {{IPA-pa|ˈxaːlsaː|خالص}}, {{literal translation|to be pure|to be clear|to be free from|to be liberated}}) refers to both a community that considers [[Sikhism]] as its faith,<ref name=britkhalsa>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khalsa Khalsa: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> as well as a special group of initiated [[Sikhs]].<ref>{{cite book|ref=Singh|author1=Singh, Pashaura |author2=Fenech, Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=237}}</ref> The ''Khalsa'' tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth [[Guru]] of Sikhism, [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. Its formation was a key event in the [[history of Sikhism]].<ref name=nikkyxi>{{cite book|author=Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur |title=The Birth of the Khalsa : A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squPx387FuwC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8266-7|page=xi}}</ref> The founding of Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of [[Vaisakhi]].<ref name=senker10>{{cite book|author=Senker, Cath |title=My Sikh Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQozVTKW44C&pg=PA10| year= 2007|publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1-4042-3733-9|page=10}}, Quote: "Vaisakhi is the most important mela. It marks the Sikh New Year. At Vaisakhi, Sikhs remember how their community, the Khalsa, first began."</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p63">[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 63: "The Sikh new year, Vaisakhi, occurs at Sangrand in April, usually on the thirteenth day."</ref><ref name="Jacobsen2008p192">{{cite book|author=Jacobsen, Knut A. |title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA192 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|page=192}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) for the Sikhs, it [Baisakhi] celebrates the foundation of the ''Khalsa'' in 1699."</ref>
Guru Gobind Singh started the ''Khalsa'' tradition after his father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], was beheaded during the Islamic [[sharia]] rule of the [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="Mandair2013p53"/><ref name=cs2013/><ref name=fenech4/> Guru Gobind Singh created and initiated the Khalsa as a [[warrior]] with a duty to protect the innocent from Islamic religious persecution.<ref name=colesambhi36/> The founding of the ''Khalsa'' started a new phase in the Sikh tradition. It formulated an initiation ceremony (''[[amrit sanskar]]'', nectar ceremony) and rules of conduct for the ''Khalsa'' warriors. It created a new institution for the temporal leadership of the Sikhs, replacing the earlier ''[[masand]]'' system. Additionally, the ''Khalsa'' provided a political and religious vision for the Sikh community.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Teja| title=A Short History of the Sikhs: Volume One|year=2006|publisher=Punjabi University|location=Patiala |isbn=978-8173800078|page=107 }}</ref><ref name=Singh>{{cite book| last=Singh| first=Kartar|title=Life of Guru Gobind Singh |year=2008|publisher=Lahore Bookshop|location=Ludhiana, India}}</ref>{{rp|127}}
Upon initiation, a ''Khalsa'' Sikh was given the titles of [[Singh]] (male) meaning "[[Lion|lion]]" and [[Kaur]] (female) meaning "princess". The rules of life, included behavioral code (''Rahit'', such as no [[tobacco]], no [[intoxicants]], no [[adultery]], no [[Kutha meat|Kutha]] meat), no modification of hair on the body, and a dress code ([[Five Ks]]).<ref name=Singh/>{{rp|121–126}}
==Etymology==
"''Khalsa''", is derived from the Arabic word "Khalis" which means "to be pure, to be clear, to be free from, to be sincere, to be true, to be straight, to be solid.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.reverso.net/arabic-english/%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5|title = خالص translation in English | Arabic-English dictionary |website=Dictionary.reverso.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.bab.la/dictionary/arabic-english/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5|title = خالِص - Translation in English |website=En.bab.la}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chohan, Sandeep and Geaves, Ron |year=2001|title=The religious dimension in the struggle for Khalistan and its roots in Sikh history|journal= International Journal of Punjab Studies|volume =8|issue =1| page =85}}</ref><ref>Jain, S. (1994) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rGljAAAAMAAJ ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute''], Vol. 74, p. 217: The word "Khalsa" (from Persian ''Khalis'') itself means "pure".</ref>
Sikhism emerged in the northwestern part of [[Indian subcontinent]] (now parts of Pakistan and India). During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal empire]] rule, according to professor Eleanor Nesbitt, ''Khalsa'' originally meant the land that was possessed directly by the emperor, which was different from ''[[jagir]]'' land granted to lords in exchange for a promise of loyalty and annual tribute to the emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/> Prior to “Guru Gobind Singh Ji”, the religious organization was organized through the ''masands'' or agents. The ''masands'' would collect revenue from rural regions for the Sikh cause, much like ''jagirs'' would for the Islamic emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Wace E. G. |title=Final Report on the First Regular Settlement of the Simla District in the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/finalreportonfi01wacegoog |year=1884|publisher=Calcutta Central Press|pages=xxvi–xxviii, 3, 28}}</ref> The ''Khalsa'', in Sikhism, came to mean pure loyalty to the Guru, and not to the intermediary ''masands'' who were increasingly becoming corrupt, states Nesbitt.<ref name="nesbitt54">[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]], pp. 54–57, 29, 143</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=McLeod, W. H. |title=Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIrXAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565916-0|page=36}}</ref>
==Background==
The Sikhs faced religious persecution during the [[Mughal Empire]] rule. [[Guru Arjan Dev]], the fifth Guru, was arrested and executed by Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1606.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of India |author=Jayapalan, N. |publisher=Atlantic |year=2001 |page=160 |isbn=9788171569281}}</ref> The following Guru, [[Guru Hargobind]] formally militarised the Sikhs and emphasised the complementary nature of the temporal power and spiritual power.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 7|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102458|page=19}}</ref> In 1675, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji|Guru Tegh Bahadur]], the ninth Guru of the Sikhs and the father of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] was executed by the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for resisting religious persecution of non-Muslims, and for refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh’s sons were killed since they refused to convert to Islam.<ref name="Mandair2013p53">{{cite book|author=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=53–54}}, Quote: "The Guru's stance was a clear and unambiguous challenge, not to the sovereignty of the Mughal state, but to the state's policy of not recognizing the sovereign existence of non-Muslims, their traditions and ways of life".</ref><ref name=cs2013>{{cite book|last=Seiple|first=Chris|title=The Routledge handbook of religion and security|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=96}}</ref><ref name=fenech4>[[#Singh|Singh]], pp. 236–238</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=121 | issue=1 | year=2001 |doi=10.2307/606726 | pages=20–31| jstor=606726 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=117 | issue=4 | year=1997 | doi=10.2307/606445 | pages=623–642| jstor=606445 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=McLeod | first=Hew | title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume=22 | issue=sup001 | year=1999 | issn=0085-6401 | doi=10.1080/00856408708723379 | pages=155–165}}</ref>
==Foundation==
[[File:Khalsa 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 300th anniversary of Khalsa]]
[[File:Keshgarh Sahib Gurudwara at Anandpur Sahib.jpg|thumb|left|[[Keshgarh Sahib]] Gurudwara at [[Anandpur Sahib]], Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa]]
In 1699, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh asked Sikhs to gather at [[Anandpur Sahib|Shri Anandpur Sahib]] on 13 April 1699, the day of [[Vaisakhi]] (the annual harvest festival). Guru Gobind Singh addressed the congregation from the entryway of a tent pitched on a hill (now called [[Kesgarh Sahib|Shri Kesgarh Sahib]]). He drew his sword, according to the Sikh tradition, and then asked for a volunteer from those who gathered, someone willing to sacrifice his head. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd without the volunteer, but with a bloody sword.<ref name=" Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /> He asked for another volunteer and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. Rather, the Guru had slaughtered 5 goats from which the blood had appeared.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Birth_of_the_Khalsa/squPx387FuwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover|title=The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2012|isbn=9780791482667|pages=43–50|quote=His was in fact a mimetic violence where the goats were killed instead of the Sikhs.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guru_Gobind_Singh_1666_1708/YDLNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&&pg=PT93&printsec=frontcover|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=9780190990381|pages=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_s_Religions/alR2yK-4WdQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA401&printsec=frontcover|title=The World's Religions|date=28 June 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637480|pages=401|quote=Eventually he took five men forward and took them behind the tent. Gobind reappeared with a dripping sword: later it was revealed that he slaughtered five goats.}}</ref> He called the volunteers the ''[[Panj Pyare]]'' and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi">{{cite book|last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for faith and nation dialogues with Sikh militants |url=https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt |url-access=limited |year=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0812215922 |oclc=44966032 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt/page/n55 43]–45}}</ref> These five volunteers were : Daya Ram ([[Bhai Daya Singh]]), Dharam Das ([[Bhai Dharam Singh]]), Himmat Rai ([[Bhai Himmat Singh]]), Mohkam Chand ([[Bhai Mohkam Singh]]), and Sahib Chand ([[Bhai Sahib Singh]]).
[[File:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg|thumb|A fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and the [[Panj Piare]].]]
Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword while reciting gurbani to prepare what he called [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]] ("nectar"). He then administered this to the ''Panj Pyare'', accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the ''khanda ki pahul'' (baptism ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /><ref>Dhavan, p. 49.</ref> After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Sikh_Studies/CzYeAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=in+relation+to+neighbouring+rajput+hill+chiefs&pg=PT62&printsec=frontcover|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardy|first=Friedhelm|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_World_s_Religions/HAg3AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=singh+rajput+name+inpublisher:routledge&pg=PA722&printsec=frontcover|title=The World's Religions|publisher=Routledge|pages=722}}</ref>
He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by Islamic authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, for example the [[jizya]] (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax and ''Bhaddar'' tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared that Khalsa do not need to continue this practice, because ''Bhaddar'' is not [[dharma|dharam]], but a ''bharam'' (illusion).<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Dhavan, P |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=43–44 }}</ref> Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25">[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 25–28</ref>
“Guru Gobind Singh Ji” had a deep respect for the Khalsa, and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the ''Sangat'' (panth).<ref>[[#Cole|Cole]], pp. 38–39: All the battles I have won against tyranny I have fought with the devoted backing of the people. Through them only have I been able to bestow gifts, through their help I have escaped from harm. The love and generosity of these Sikhs have enriched my heart and home. Through their grace, I have attained all learning, through their help in battle I have slain all my enemies. I was born to serve them, through them I reached eminence. What would I have been without their kind and ready help? There are millions of insignificant people like me. True service is the service of these people. I am not inclined to serve others of higher caste: charity will bear fruit in this and the next world, If given to such worthy people as these. All other sacrifices are and charities are profitless. From toe to toe, whatever I call my own, all I possess and carry, I dedicate to these people.</poem></ref> Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word ''Sisya'' (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of ''Masands'' appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The ''Masands'' led the local Sikh communities, local temples, collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” concluded that the ''Masands'' system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59">{{cite book|author=Oberoi, Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=59–62 }}</ref> These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oberoi, Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=24, 77–78, 89–90 }}</ref><ref>[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 30–33</ref>
The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23">[[#Singh|Singh]], pp. 23–24</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Fenech, Louis E. |author2=McLeod, W. H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=84–85 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacobsen, Knut A. |author2=Myrvold, Kristina |title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-0358-1 |pages=142–147, 156–157 }}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:An inscription naming the five members of the Khalsa Panth, Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|An inscription naming the five members of the [[Khalsa Panth]], at Takht [[Keshgarh Sahib]], the birthplace of Khalsa on [[Baisakh]] 1, 1756 [[Vikram Samvat]].
File:Guru Gobind Singh creates the Khalsa.jpg|The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Sikh Guru.
</gallery>
==Dress and code of conduct==
{{main|Five Ks}}
[[Image:Sikh Articles of Faith.JPG|thumb|right|Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks]]
Guru Gobind Singh Ji initiated the [[Five K's]] tradition of the Khalsa,<ref name=colesambhip37>[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 37</ref><ref>[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]], pp. 40–43</ref>
* '''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]''': uncut hair.
* '''[[Kangha]]''': a wooden comb.
* '''[[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]]''': an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.
* '''[[Kirpan]]''': a sword.
* '''[[Kacchera|Kachera]]''': short breeches.
He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating meat slaughtered according to Muslim ritual and sexual intercourse with any person other than spouse were forbidden.<ref name=colesambhip37/><ref name=johnkoller313>{{cite book|author=Koller, John M |title=The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-50740-8 |pages=312–313 }}</ref> The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.<ref name=colesambhip37/> The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.<ref name=johnkoller313/> According to Owen and Sambhi, Guru Gobind Singh Ji's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued "the defense of Sikhism and Hinduism against the Muslim assault of Aurangzeb".<ref name=colesambhi36>[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 36</ref>
According to the Sikh Code of Conduct (Sikh Rehat Maryada), Amritdhari Khalsa Sikh men must wear a turban and the 5 K's. Baptized women are not required to tie a turban, and it remains a personal choice. It also clearly states that it is not appropriate for Sikh women to cover their face with any type of [[veil]] as practiced in the Indian, Islamic, or Judeo-Christian traditions.<ref name="auto1"/> Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k.]</ref> Sikhs cannot wear any token of any other faith. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear [[cap]]s. They also cannot wear any [[Ornament (art)|ornament]]s piercing through any part of the body.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.]; [https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, d.]</ref>
===Prohibitions===
Further information: [[Prohibitions in Sikhism]]
The four prohibitions<ref>{{cite book|year=1994|publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar| chapter-url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html | title=Sikh Reht Maryada|chapter=Section Six | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202081302/http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html | archive-date=2 February 2002}}</ref> or mandatory restrictions of the Khalsa or life of Khalsa at time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji are:
# Not to disturb the natural growth of the [[Kesh (Sikhism)|hair]]s.
# Not to eat the [[kutha meat]] of any animal.
# Not to cohabit with a person other than one's spouse.
# Not to use tobacco, alcohol or any type of drugs.
A Khalsa who breaks any code of conduct is no longer a Khalsa and is [[excommunicated]] from the Khalsa Panth and must go and 'pesh' (get baptized again). Guru Gobind Singh Ji also gave the Khalsa [[The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh|52 hukams]] or 52 specific additional guidelines while living in [[Nanded]] in 1708.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Balawindara|title=Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh|year=2004|publisher=Singh Bros.|page=9|location=Michigan, US}}</ref>
===Duties and warriors===
{{main article|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Khalistan Movement}}
A Khalsa is enjoined, to be honest, treat everyone as equal, meditate on God, maintain his fidelity, resist tyranny and religious persecution of oneself and others.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
One of the duties of the Khalsa is to practice arms. This has been deemed necessary due to the rising persecution of the rulers. Before joining the Khalsa, most of the people were from professions like farming, pottery, masonry, carpenters, [[Labana]]s, etc.
Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Oct 1708 deputed his disciple [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur Ji]] to lead the Khalsa in an uprising against the Mughals. Banda Singh Bahadur Ji first established a Sikh kingdom and then brought in the Land reforms in the form of breaking up large estates and distributing the land to peasants. He and his comrades were eventually defeated and executed, but he became an icon among the Sikhs. After a long exile the Khalsa regrouped under [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], who gathered local Khalsa leaders and created ''[[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]]'', a coalition army. The Dal Khalsa fought against the Mughals and the Afghans, eventually resulting in the establishment of a number of small republics called [[misl]]s (autonomous confederacies) and later in the formation of the [[Sikh Empire]].
After the fall of the Mughal empire and the later establishment of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, the Khalsa was converted into a strong, multireligious and multinational fighting force, modernized according to European principles: the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] which had a huge role in the expansion of the empire. Led by generals like: [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji]] himself, [[Misr Diwan Chand]] and [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]. It successfully defeated all its adversaries, including the Afghan tribals and army, Hill Chiefs, [[Misl|Misldars]], Chinese, Tibetan and [[Gurkha]]s. By the time of death of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji]] in 1839, the whole army of [[Sikh Empire]] was assessed at 120,000 men, with 250 artillery pieces. The irregular levies were included.<ref name=" Pearse1">Major Pearse, Hugh; ''Ranjit Singh and his white officers''. In {{cite book|first=Alexander |last=Gardner |title=The Fall of Sikh Empire |publisher=National Book Shop |location=Delhi, India |orig-year=1898 |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7116-231-4}}</ref>
The official name of the state ([[Sikh Empire]]) of Sikhs was "Sarkar-i-Khalsa": Government of the Khalsa. The boundaries of this state stretched from [[Tibet]] to [[Afghanistan]] and from [[Kashmir]] to [[Sutlej]] in the south and included regions of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], etc. The "Sarkar-i-Khalsa" was dissolved during two wars fought against the British between 1846 and 1849.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
==Initiation==
{{Main|Amrit Sanchar}}
Initiation into the Khalsa is referred to as [[Amrit Sanchar]] (water of immortality life-cycle rite) or Khande di Pahul (Initiation with the [[Khanda (sword)|double edged sword]]).<ref>[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]]</ref> Anyone from any previous religion, age, or knowledge group can take Amrit (Amrit Chhakh) when they are convinced that they are ready.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Elizabeth|title=Religion: A Clinical Guide for Nurses|year=2012|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=9780826108616|page=259}}</ref> This baptism is done by the [[Panj Pyare]] in front of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. The devotee must arrive at the place of baptism, usually a [[Gurdwara]], in the morning after bathing completely including having washed their hair and must be wearing the [[The Five Ks|5 articles]] of the Khalsa uniform.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery|year=2009|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|isbn=9780884899976|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118 118]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118}}</ref> After baptism, the new Singh or Kaur must abide by the four restrictions or must get re-baptised if they break any of them. Jasjpit Singh in Lucinda Mosher book describes taking Amrit as a huge commitment, "You are making a commitment to God, to God's creation, to yourself – and you're giving up yourself. It is like giving up your own ego and accepting God into your life – and accepting yourself as one with the entire creation."<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosher|first=Lucinda|title=Faith in the Neighborhood: Belonging|year=2005|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781596271517|page=50}}</ref>
==Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples==
[[File:Akalis at the Holy Tank.jpg|thumb|[[Nihang|Akali]]s at the Holy Tank]]
With the creation of Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji had abolished all existing social divisions as was fundamental in the teachings of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shan|first=Harnam|title=Creation Of Khalsa|year=2002|publisher=Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala|location=Chandigarh, India|page=[https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory/page/n10 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory}}</ref> In their new order, the former lowest of the low would stand with the former highest; all would become one and drink from the same vessel.<ref name="davey">{{cite book|last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |title=A history of Sikhs |year=2002 |publisher=Rupa & Co., New Delhi |isbn=978-8171677641 |pages=68–69 |chapter=Sikhism under Govind}}</ref> All previous beliefs relating to family, occupation, customs and ceremonies were declared useless by the Guru. This caused discomfort to the conservative followers of the Guru and they protested. Many departed from the ceremony, but the Guru declared that the low castes should be raised and would dwell next to him.<ref name="davey"/>
The newswriter of the Mughal government, Ghulam Mohyiuddin, reporting to the emperor wrote:<ref name="sangat">{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Sangat |title=The Sikhs in History |year=2005 |publisher=Singh Brothers |isbn=978-8172052751 |pages=67–68 |chapter=Evolution of Sikh Panth}}</ref><ref name="Gopal">{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Gopal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527|title=A history of the Sikh people |year= 1939|publisher=Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n304 291] }}</ref> {{cquote|He has abolished caste and custom, old rituals, beliefs and superstitions of the [[Hindu]]s, [[Sufis]] and [[Shia]]s bonded them in one single brotherhood. No one will be superior or inferior to another. Men of all castes have been made to eat out of the single bowl. Though orthodox men have opposed him, about twenty thousand men and women have taken baptism of steel at his hand on the first day. The Guru has also told the gathering: "I'll call myself Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji only if I can make the meek sparrows pounce upon the hawks and tear them; only if one combatant of my force faces a legion of the enemy"
}}
Sri Gur Sobha (18th century) by Senapati contains two sections (''adhyays'') on the controversies that arose, when Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji's disciples in [[Delhi]] heard the news of his new order.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity">[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 25–26</ref> Much of the controversy stated in ''Sri Gur Sobha'' revolves around ''bhaddar'', the ritual shaving of head after death of a close relative, which was discouraged by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. According to Sainapti, while creating the Khalsa, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji said that ''bhaddar'' is ''bharam'' (illusion), and not ''[[dharma|dharam]]''.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/>
Tensions developed between the Punjabi [[Khatri]] disciples of the Guru in Delhi, and members of the newly formed Khalsa. A prominent Khatri disciple was expelled from the place of worship (''dharmasala'') for refusing to join the Khalsa. Another disciple was expelled for eating with him, starting a chain of further expulsions.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/> The expelled disciples convened a community gathering, at which two wealthy Khatris demanded that the Khalsa produce a written order from the Guru that a new mandatory code of conduct had been promulgated. A Khatri family that refused to follow the ''bhaddar'' ritual was boycotted by the Khatri community.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/> The Khatri council ([[panchayat|panch]]) closed the bazaar to pressure the Khalsa. The Khalsa petitioned the state officials to intervene, who forced reopening of the shops. Later, peace was established between the two groups in a ''sangat'' (congregation). However, hostility between some Khatris and the Khalsa persisted in the later years.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/>
In contrast to the ''Khalsa'' Sikh, a ''Sahajdhari'' Sikh is one who reveres the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, but has not undergone the initiation. Sahajdhari Sikhs do not accept some or all elements of the dress and behavioral codes of the Khalsa Sikhs.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups#ref884195 Sikhism: Sects and Other Groups], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>
==Contemporary status==
[[File:Communal lunch in Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|thumb| Khalsa principles of [[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg]] to cook food ([[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]) in huge amount]]
Today, the Khalsa is respected by the entire gamut of Sikhs; however, not all Sikhs are Amritdharis<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi"/> The issue of Khalsa code of conduct has led to several controversies. In the early 1950s, a serious split occurred in the [[Sikh diaspora|Canadian Sikh community]], when the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|Khalsa Diwan Society]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]] elected a clean-shaven Sikh to serve on its management committee.<ref name=" PRMagocsi Canada">{{cite book|editor=Paul Robert Magocsi |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |orig-year=1998 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0802029386 |oclc=56300149 |pages=1157}}</ref> Although most of the early Sikh immigrants to Canada were non-Khalsa, and a majority of the members of the society were clean-shaven non-Khalsa Sikhs, a faction objected to the election of a non-Khalsa to the management committee. The factions in Vancouver and [[Victoria, British Columbia]] broke away from the Khalsa Diwan Society and established their own gurdwara society called Akali Singh.<ref name="PRMagocsi Canada"/>
The Khalsa has been predominantly a male institution in Sikh history, with ''Khalsa'' authority with the male leaders. In the contemporary era, it has become open to women but its authority remains with Sikh men.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|author=Doniger, Wendy |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration |year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/636 636]}}</ref>
[[3HO]] is a western sect that emerged in 1971, founded by [[Harbhajan Singh Khalsa]] also known as Yogi Bhajan. It requires both men and women to wear turbans, and adopt the surname Khalsa.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Parsons
| first = Gerald
| title = The Growth of Religious Diversity: Britain from 1945
| year = 1994
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 978-0415083263
| oclc = 29957116
| pages = 231
}}</ref>
Each year the Khalsa display their military skills around the world at a festival called [[Hola Mohalla]]. During Hola Mohalla, military exercises are performed alongside mock battles followed by [[kirtan]] and valor poetry competitions. The Khalsa also lead the Sikhs in the annual [[Vaisakhi]] parade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanturban.com/2012/04/09/picture-of-the-day-los-angeles-ca-celebrates-vaisakhi/|title=Picture of the Day: Los Angeles, CA celebrates Vaisakhi|website=Americanturban.com|date=9 April 2012}}</ref>
{{wide image|Still From Hola Mohalla.jpg|450px|The Khalsa celebrating the Sikh festival [[Hola Mohalla]] or simply Hola.}}
==Demography==
[[File:Sikh people.jpg|thumb|A group of Khalsa Sikhs]]
Worldwide there are nearly 25-30 million Khalsa Sikhs who follow the 5 Ks strictly and tied turban having long hair with moustache and beard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism|title = Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature|website=Britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567|title = Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak|work = BBC News|date = 12 November 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Guru Nanak Dev ji standing in the midst of devotees - Unknown, Sikh School - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|Guru Nanak dev ji along with his devotees from different backgrounds]]
==See also==
* [[Chakram]]
* [[Gatka]]
* [[House of Khalsa]]
* [[Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex]]
* [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]]
* [[Nihang]]
* [[Sects of Sikhism]]
* [[Shastar Vidya]]
* [[Sikh history]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Cited sources==
*{{cite book|ref=Cole|author1=Cole, William Owen |author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA63 |year=1995|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Deol |first=Jeevan|ref=Deol |editor=Arvind-pal Singh and Mandair, Gurharpal Singh and Christopher Shackle |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700713899 |oclc=45337782 |pages=25–26 |chapter=Eighteenth Century Khalsa Identity: Discourse, Praxis and Narrative}}
* Dhavan, P. (2011) ''When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799'', Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
*{{cite book|ref=Nesbitt|author=Nesbitt, Eleanor |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0}}
*{{cite book|ref=Singh|author1=Singh, Pashaura |author2=Fenech, Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8}}
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.sikhs.org/khalsa.htm Who and What is a Khalsa?]
*[https://www.sikhphilosophy.net Creation of the Khalsa]
*[http://www.searchsikhism.com/beg.html Rise of the Khalsa]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725034727/http://www.baisakhi1999.org/order1.htm Order of The Khalsa]
{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Warrior code]]
[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]' |
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62 => 'https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Birth_of_the_Khalsa/squPx387FuwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sikh community, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the UNESCO Arab-Norman Palermo, see <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsa" title="Kalsa">Kalsa</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the armed forces of the Sikh Empire, see [[:Sikh Khalsa Army}fuckfuck
jpg]].</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg" class="image"><img alt="5 early Akali Sikh warriors, one carrying a flag, one on horseback." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg/220px-Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg/330px-Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg/440px-Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="475" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>19th century <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akali</a></i> Sikh warriors.</div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs"><span style="color:#000">People</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism"><span style="color:#000">Outline</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism"><span style="color:#000">History</span></a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus"><span style="color:#000">Sikh gurus</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> <span style="color:#000">Select revered saints</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramkali_Sadu" title="Ramkali Sadu">Baba Sundar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satta_Doom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satta Doom (page does not exist)">Satta Doom</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy"><span style="color:#000">Philosophy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kirat Karō</i></span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vand Chakkō</i></span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" title="Charhdi Kala"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Charhdi Kalā</i></span></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Thieves" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Virtues" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices"><span style="color:#000">Practices</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Ks" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture"><span style="color:#000">Scripture</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Banis" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places"><span style="color:#000">Places</span></a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht"><span style="color:#000">Takhts</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;"><span style="color:#000"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_terminology" title="Category:Sikh terminology">terminology</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikh Topics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sikhism_sidebar&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nishan_Sahib_in_blue,_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nishan_Sahib_in_blue%2C_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg/220px-Nishan_Sahib_in_blue%2C_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nishan_Sahib_in_blue%2C_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg/330px-Nishan_Sahib_in_blue%2C_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nishan_Sahib_in_blue%2C_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg/440px-Nishan_Sahib_in_blue%2C_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1883" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nishan_Sahib_in_blue,_at_Baba_Phoola_Singh_di_Burj_in_Amritsar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan_Sahib" title="Nishan Sahib">Nishan Sahib</a> in blue, at <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phoola Singh</a> di Burj in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></div></div></div>
<p><b>Khalsa</b> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ</span>, <small>Punjabi pronunciation: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[ˈxaːlsaː]</a></span>, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>'to be pure'  or 'to be clear'  or 'to be free from'  or 'to be liberated') refers to both a community that considers <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> as its faith,<sup id="cite_ref-britkhalsa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britkhalsa-1">[1]</a></sup> as well as a special group of initiated <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The <i>Khalsa</i> tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> of Sikhism, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>. Its formation was a key event in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">history of Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nikkyxi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nikkyxi-3">[3]</a></sup> The founding of Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senker10_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senker10-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ColeSambhi1995p63_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColeSambhi1995p63-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobsen2008p192_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen2008p192-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Guru Gobind Singh started the <i>Khalsa</i> tradition after his father, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, was beheaded during the Islamic <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> rule of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors" title="Mughal emperors">Emperor</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandair2013p53_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p53-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cs2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs2013-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fenech4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenech4-9">[9]</a></sup> Guru Gobind Singh created and initiated the Khalsa as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> with a duty to protect the innocent from Islamic religious persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-colesambhi36_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colesambhi36-10">[10]</a></sup> The founding of the <i>Khalsa</i> started a new phase in the Sikh tradition. It formulated an initiation ceremony (<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_sanskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit sanskar">amrit sanskar</a></i>, nectar ceremony) and rules of conduct for the <i>Khalsa</i> warriors. It created a new institution for the temporal leadership of the Sikhs, replacing the earlier <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masand" title="Masand">masand</a></i> system. Additionally, the <i>Khalsa</i> provided a political and religious vision for the Sikh community.<sup id="cite_ref-britkhalsa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britkhalsa-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-12">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup>
</p><p>Upon initiation, a <i>Khalsa</i> Sikh was given the titles of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singh" title="Singh">Singh</a> (male) meaning "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>" and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaur" title="Kaur">Kaur</a> (female) meaning "princess". The rules of life, included behavioral code (<i>Rahit</i>, such as no <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, no <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxicants" class="mw-redirect" title="Intoxicants">intoxicants</a>, no <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, no <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha_meat" title="Kutha meat">Kutha</a> meat), no modification of hair on the body, and a dress code (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Ks">Five Ks</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-12">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121–126">: 121–126 </span></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Foundation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Foundation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Dress_and_code_of_conduct"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Dress and code of conduct</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Prohibitions"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prohibitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Duties_and_warriors"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Duties and warriors</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Initiation"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Initiation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Initial_tensions_with_the_non-Khalsa_disciples"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Contemporary_status"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary status</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Demography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Demography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cited_sources"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Cited sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>"<i>Khalsa</i>", is derived from the Arabic word "Khalis" which means "to be pure, to be clear, to be free from, to be sincere, to be true, to be straight, to be solid.".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>Sikhism emerged in the northwestern part of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (now parts of Pakistan and India). During the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal empire</a> rule, according to professor Eleanor Nesbitt, <i>Khalsa</i> originally meant the land that was possessed directly by the emperor, which was different from <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> land granted to lords in exchange for a promise of loyalty and annual tribute to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-nesbitt54_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesbitt54-17">[17]</a></sup> Prior to “Guru Gobind Singh Ji”, the religious organization was organized through the <i>masands</i> or agents. The <i>masands</i> would collect revenue from rural regions for the Sikh cause, much like <i>jagirs</i> would for the Islamic emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-nesbitt54_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesbitt54-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The <i>Khalsa</i>, in Sikhism, came to mean pure loyalty to the Guru, and not to the intermediary <i>masands</i> who were increasingly becoming corrupt, states Nesbitt.<sup id="cite_ref-nesbitt54_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesbitt54-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Sikhs faced religious persecution during the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> rule. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjan Dev">Guru Arjan Dev</a>, the fifth Guru, was arrested and executed by Mughal Emperor <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> in 1606.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The following Guru, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> formally militarised the Sikhs and emphasised the complementary nature of the temporal power and spiritual power.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> In 1675, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_Ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs and the father of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> was executed by the Mughal emperor <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> for resisting religious persecution of non-Muslims, and for refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh’s sons were killed since they refused to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandair2013p53_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandair2013p53-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cs2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs2013-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fenech4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fenech4-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Foundation">Foundation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="696" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khalsa_1999_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 300th anniversary of Khalsa</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg/220px-Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg/330px-Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg/440px-Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keshgarh_Sahib_Gurudwara_at_Anandpur_Sahib.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a> Gurudwara at <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a>, Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa</div></div></div>
<p>In 1699, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh asked Sikhs to gather at <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Shri Anandpur Sahib</a> on 13 April 1699, the day of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> (the annual harvest festival). Guru Gobind Singh addressed the congregation from the entryway of a tent pitched on a hill (now called <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Sahib">Shri Kesgarh Sahib</a>). He drew his sword, according to the Sikh tradition, and then asked for a volunteer from those who gathered, someone willing to sacrifice his head. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd without the volunteer, but with a bloody sword.<sup id="cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-25">[25]</a></sup> He asked for another volunteer and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. Rather, the Guru had slaughtered 5 goats from which the blood had appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> He called the volunteers the <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></i> and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-25">[25]</a></sup> These five volunteers were : Daya Ram (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Daya_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Daya Singh">Bhai Daya Singh</a>), Dharam Das (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Dharam_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Dharam Singh">Bhai Dharam Singh</a>), Himmat Rai (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Himmat_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Himmat Singh">Bhai Himmat Singh</a>), Mohkam Chand (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Mohkam_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Mohkam Singh">Bhai Mohkam Singh</a>), and Sahib Chand (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Sahib_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Sahib Singh">Bhai Sahib Singh</a>).
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg/220px-GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg/330px-GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg/440px-GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Piare" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj Piare">Panj Piare</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword while reciting gurbani to prepare what he called <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit</a> ("nectar"). He then administered this to the <i>Panj Pyare</i>, accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the <i>khanda ki pahul</i> (baptism ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.<sup id="cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to Guru Gobind Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-25">[25]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by Islamic authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, for example the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax and <i>Bhaddar</i> tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-32">[32]</a></sup> Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared that Khalsa do not need to continue this practice, because <i>Bhaddar</i> is not <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharam</a>, but a <i>bharam</i> (illusion).<sup id="cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-32">[32]</a></sup> However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.<sup id="cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>“Guru Gobind Singh Ji” had a deep respect for the Khalsa, and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the <i>Sangat</i> (panth).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word <i>Sisya</i> (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-35">[35]</a></sup> Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of <i>Masands</i> appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The <i>Masands</i> led the local Sikh communities, local temples, collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-35">[35]</a></sup> “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” concluded that the <i>Masands</i> system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-35">[35]</a></sup> These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-35">[35]</a></sup> The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_inscription_naming_the_five_members_of_the_Khalsa_Panth,_Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg" class="image" title="An inscription naming the five members of the Khalsa Panth, at Takht Keshgarh Sahib, the birthplace of Khalsa on Baisakh 1, 1756 Vikram Samvat."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/An_inscription_naming_the_five_members_of_the_Khalsa_Panth%2C_Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg/150px-An_inscription_naming_the_five_members_of_the_Khalsa_Panth%2C_Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/An_inscription_naming_the_five_members_of_the_Khalsa_Panth%2C_Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg/225px-An_inscription_naming_the_five_members_of_the_Khalsa_Panth%2C_Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/An_inscription_naming_the_five_members_of_the_Khalsa_Panth%2C_Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg/300px-An_inscription_naming_the_five_members_of_the_Khalsa_Panth%2C_Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>An inscription naming the five members of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa Panth">Khalsa Panth</a>, at Takht <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a>, the birthplace of Khalsa on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisakh">Baisakh</a> 1, 1756 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a>.
</p>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:50.5px auto;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Gobind_Singh_creates_the_Khalsa.jpg" class="image" title="The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Guru_Gobind_Singh_creates_the_Khalsa.jpg/200px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_creates_the_Khalsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Guru_Gobind_Singh_creates_the_Khalsa.jpg/300px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_creates_the_Khalsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Guru_Gobind_Singh_creates_the_Khalsa.jpg/400px-Guru_Gobind_Singh_creates_the_Khalsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4792" data-file-height="3102" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, the tenth Sikh Guru.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dress_and_code_of_conduct">Dress and code of conduct</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dress and code of conduct">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Ks">Five Ks</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/220px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/330px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG/440px-Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks</div></div></div>
<p>Guru Gobind Singh Ji initiated the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_K%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Five K's">Five K's</a> tradition of the Khalsa,<sup id="cite_ref-colesambhip37_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colesambhip37-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">Kesh</a></b>: uncut hair.</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangha" title="Kangha">Kangha</a></b>: a wooden comb.</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">Kara</a></b>: an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a></b>: a sword.</li>
<li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacchera" title="Kacchera">Kachera</a></b>: short breeches.</li></ul>
<p>He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating meat slaughtered according to Muslim ritual and sexual intercourse with any person other than spouse were forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-colesambhip37_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colesambhip37-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnkoller313_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnkoller313-43">[43]</a></sup> The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.<sup id="cite_ref-colesambhip37_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colesambhip37-41">[41]</a></sup> The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.<sup id="cite_ref-johnkoller313_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnkoller313-43">[43]</a></sup> According to Owen and Sambhi, Guru Gobind Singh Ji's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued "the defense of Sikhism and Hinduism against the Muslim assault of Aurangzeb".<sup id="cite_ref-colesambhi36_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colesambhi36-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the Sikh Code of Conduct (Sikh Rehat Maryada), Amritdhari Khalsa Sikh men must wear a turban and the 5 K's. Baptized women are not required to tie a turban, and it remains a personal choice. It also clearly states that it is not appropriate for Sikh women to cover their face with any type of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veil</a> as practiced in the Indian, Islamic, or Judeo-Christian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-44">[44]</a></sup> Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Sikhs cannot wear any token of any other faith. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a>. They also cannot wear any <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a> piercing through any part of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Prohibitions">Prohibitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prohibitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Further information: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions in Sikhism</a>
</p><p>The four prohibitions<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> or mandatory restrictions of the Khalsa or life of Khalsa at time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji are:
</p>
<ol><li>Not to disturb the natural growth of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">hairs</a>.</li>
<li>Not to eat the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha_meat" title="Kutha meat">kutha meat</a> of any animal.</li>
<li>Not to cohabit with a person other than one's spouse.</li>
<li>Not to use tobacco, alcohol or any type of drugs.</li></ol>
<p>A Khalsa who breaks any code of conduct is no longer a Khalsa and is <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a> from the Khalsa Panth and must go and 'pesh' (get baptized again). Guru Gobind Singh Ji also gave the Khalsa <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">52 hukams</a> or 52 specific additional guidelines while living in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a> in 1708.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Duties_and_warriors">Duties and warriors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Duties and warriors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)">Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistan_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan Movement">Khalistan Movement</a></div>
<p>A Khalsa is enjoined, to be honest, treat everyone as equal, meditate on God, maintain his fidelity, resist tyranny and religious persecution of oneself and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>One of the duties of the Khalsa is to practice arms. This has been deemed necessary due to the rising persecution of the rulers. Before joining the Khalsa, most of the people were from professions like farming, pottery, masonry, carpenters, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labanas</a>, etc.
</p><p>Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Oct 1708 deputed his disciple <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur Ji</a> to lead the Khalsa in an uprising against the Mughals. Banda Singh Bahadur Ji first established a Sikh kingdom and then brought in the Land reforms in the form of breaking up large estates and distributing the land to peasants. He and his comrades were eventually defeated and executed, but he became an icon among the Sikhs. After a long exile the Khalsa regrouped under <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Kapur_Singh" title="Nawab Kapur Singh">Nawab Kapur Singh</a>, who gathered local Khalsa leaders and created <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)">Dal Khalsa</a></i>, a coalition army. The Dal Khalsa fought against the Mughals and the Afghans, eventually resulting in the establishment of a number of small republics called <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misl" title="Misl">misls</a> (autonomous confederacies) and later in the formation of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>.
</p><p>After the fall of the Mughal empire and the later establishment of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, the Khalsa was converted into a strong, multireligious and multinational fighting force, modernized according to European principles: the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> which had a huge role in the expansion of the empire. Led by generals like: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji</a> himself, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a>. It successfully defeated all its adversaries, including the Afghan tribals and army, Hill Chiefs, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misl" title="Misl">Misldars</a>, Chinese, Tibetan and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a>. By the time of death of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji</a> in 1839, the whole army of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> was assessed at 120,000 men, with 250 artillery pieces. The irregular levies were included.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearse1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearse1-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>The official name of the state (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>) of Sikhs was "Sarkar-i-Khalsa": Government of the Khalsa. The boundaries of this state stretched from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> in the south and included regions of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, etc. The "Sarkar-i-Khalsa" was dissolved during two wars fought against the British between 1846 and 1849.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Initiation">Initiation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Initiation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></div>
<p>Initiation into the Khalsa is referred to as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a> (water of immortality life-cycle rite) or Khande di Pahul (Initiation with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">double edged sword</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Anyone from any previous religion, age, or knowledge group can take Amrit (Amrit Chhakh) when they are convinced that they are ready.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> This baptism is done by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a> in front of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>. The devotee must arrive at the place of baptism, usually a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a>, in the morning after bathing completely including having washed their hair and must be wearing the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Ks" title="The Five Ks">5 articles</a> of the Khalsa uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> After baptism, the new Singh or Kaur must abide by the four restrictions or must get re-baptised if they break any of them. Jasjpit Singh in Lucinda Mosher book describes taking Amrit as a huge commitment, "You are making a commitment to God, to God's creation, to yourself – and you're giving up yourself. It is like giving up your own ego and accepting God into your life – and accepting yourself as one with the entire creation."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Initial_tensions_with_the_non-Khalsa_disciples">Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg/220px-Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg/330px-Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg/440px-Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="509" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akalis_at_the_Holy_Tank.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akalis</a> at the Holy Tank</div></div></div>
<p>With the creation of Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji had abolished all existing social divisions as was fundamental in the teachings of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> In their new order, the former lowest of the low would stand with the former highest; all would become one and drink from the same vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-davey_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davey-55">[55]</a></sup> All previous beliefs relating to family, occupation, customs and ceremonies were declared useless by the Guru. This caused discomfort to the conservative followers of the Guru and they protested. Many departed from the ceremony, but the Guru declared that the low castes should be raised and would dwell next to him.<sup id="cite_ref-davey_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davey-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>
The newswriter of the Mughal government, Ghulam Mohyiuddin, reporting to the emperor wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-sangat_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sangat-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gopal_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopal-57">[57]</a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He has abolished caste and custom, old rituals, beliefs and superstitions of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufis">Sufis</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shias</a> bonded them in one single brotherhood. No one will be superior or inferior to another. Men of all castes have been made to eat out of the single bowl. Though orthodox men have opposed him, about twenty thousand men and women have taken baptism of steel at his hand on the first day. The Guru has also told the gathering: "I'll call myself Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji only if I can make the meek sparrows pounce upon the hawks and tear them; only if one combatant of my force faces a legion of the enemy"</p></blockquote>
<p>Sri Gur Sobha (18th century) by Senapati contains two sections (<i>adhyays</i>) on the controversies that arose, when Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji's disciples in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> heard the news of his new order.<sup id="cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeevanDeol_Identity-58">[58]</a></sup> Much of the controversy stated in <i>Sri Gur Sobha</i> revolves around <i>bhaddar</i>, the ritual shaving of head after death of a close relative, which was discouraged by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. According to Sainapti, while creating the Khalsa, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji said that <i>bhaddar</i> is <i>bharam</i> (illusion), and not <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeevanDeol_Identity-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tensions developed between the Punjabi <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> disciples of the Guru in Delhi, and members of the newly formed Khalsa. A prominent Khatri disciple was expelled from the place of worship (<i>dharmasala</i>) for refusing to join the Khalsa. Another disciple was expelled for eating with him, starting a chain of further expulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeevanDeol_Identity-58">[58]</a></sup> The expelled disciples convened a community gathering, at which two wealthy Khatris demanded that the Khalsa produce a written order from the Guru that a new mandatory code of conduct had been promulgated. A Khatri family that refused to follow the <i>bhaddar</i> ritual was boycotted by the Khatri community.<sup id="cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeevanDeol_Identity-58">[58]</a></sup> The Khatri council (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat">panch</a>) closed the bazaar to pressure the Khalsa. The Khalsa petitioned the state officials to intervene, who forced reopening of the shops. Later, peace was established between the two groups in a <i>sangat</i> (congregation). However, hostility between some Khatris and the Khalsa persisted in the later years.<sup id="cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeevanDeol_Identity-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>In contrast to the <i>Khalsa</i> Sikh, a <i>Sahajdhari</i> Sikh is one who reveres the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, but has not undergone the initiation. Sahajdhari Sikhs do not accept some or all elements of the dress and behavioral codes of the Khalsa Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_status">Contemporary status</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contemporary status">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg/220px-Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg/330px-Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg/440px-Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Communal_lunch_in_Keshgarh_Sahib.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Khalsa principles of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deg_Tegh_Fateh" title="Deg Tegh Fateh">Deg</a> to cook food (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a>) in huge amount</div></div></div>
<p>Today, the Khalsa is respected by the entire gamut of Sikhs; however, not all Sikhs are Amritdharis<sup id="cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-25">[25]</a></sup> The issue of Khalsa code of conduct has led to several controversies. In the early 1950s, a serious split occurred in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Canadian Sikh community</a>, when the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa_Diwan_Society_Vancouver" title="Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver">Khalsa Diwan Society</a> in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver, British Columbia</a> elected a clean-shaven Sikh to serve on its management committee.<sup id="cite_ref-PRMagocsi_Canada_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRMagocsi_Canada-60">[60]</a></sup> Although most of the early Sikh immigrants to Canada were non-Khalsa, and a majority of the members of the society were clean-shaven non-Khalsa Sikhs, a faction objected to the election of a non-Khalsa to the management committee. The factions in Vancouver and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a> broke away from the Khalsa Diwan Society and established their own gurdwara society called Akali Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-PRMagocsi_Canada_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRMagocsi_Canada-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Khalsa has been predominantly a male institution in Sikh history, with <i>Khalsa</i> authority with the male leaders. In the contemporary era, it has become open to women but its authority remains with Sikh men.<sup id="cite_ref-britkhalsa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britkhalsa-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a> is a western sect that emerged in 1971, founded by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh_Khalsa" title="Harbhajan Singh Khalsa">Harbhajan Singh Khalsa</a> also known as Yogi Bhajan. It requires both men and women to wear turbans, and adopt the surname Khalsa.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>Each year the Khalsa display their military skills around the world at a festival called <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a>. During Hola Mohalla, military exercises are performed alongside mock battles followed by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> and valor poetry competitions. The Khalsa also lead the Sikhs in the annual <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> parade.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:458px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Still_From_Hola_Mohalla.jpg" class="image" title="The Khalsa celebrating the Sikh festival Hola Mohalla or simply Hola."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Still_From_Hola_Mohalla.jpg/450px-Still_From_Hola_Mohalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="230" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Still_From_Hola_Mohalla.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="294" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Still_From_Hola_Mohalla.jpg" title="File:Still From Hola Mohalla.jpg"> </a></div>The Khalsa celebrating the Sikh festival <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a> or simply Hola.</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demography">Demography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_people.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/220px-Sikh_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/330px-Sikh_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sikh_people.jpg/440px-Sikh_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="911" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sikh_people.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A group of Khalsa Sikhs</div></div></div>
<p>Worldwide there are nearly 25-30 million Khalsa Sikhs who follow the 5 Ks strictly and tied turban having long hair with moustache and beard.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown,_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown%2C_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/220px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown%2C_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown%2C_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/330px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown%2C_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown%2C_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/440px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown%2C_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="2700" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_Dev_ji_standing_in_the_midst_of_devotees_-_Unknown,_Sikh_School_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Guru Nanak dev ji along with his devotees from different backgrounds</div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">Chakram</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">Gatka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Khalsa" title="House of Khalsa">House of Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa_Heritage_Memorial_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex">Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastar_Vidya" title="Shastar Vidya">Shastar Vidya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh history">Sikh history</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-britkhalsa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britkhalsa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britkhalsa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britkhalsa_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khalsa">Khalsa: Sikhism</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="Singh" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 237. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Singh%2C+Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nikkyxi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nikkyxi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_Nikky-Guninder_Kaur2012" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=squPx387FuwC"><i>The Birth of the Khalsa : A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. xi. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8266-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-8266-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Khalsa+%3A+A+Feminist+Re-Memory+of+Sikh+Identity&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8266-7&rft.au=Singh%2C+Nikky-Guninder+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsquPx387FuwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-senker10-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senker10_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSenker,_Cath2007" class="citation book cs1">Senker, Cath (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQozVTKW44C&pg=PA10"><i>My Sikh Year</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 10. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-3733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-3733-9"><bdi>978-1-4042-3733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Sikh+Year&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-3733-9&rft.au=Senker%2C+Cath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPsQozVTKW44C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Vaisakhi is the most important mela. It marks the Sikh New Year. At Vaisakhi, Sikhs remember how their community, the Khalsa, first began."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ColeSambhi1995p63-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColeSambhi1995p63_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 63: "The Sikh new year, Vaisakhi, occurs at Sangrand in April, usually on the thirteenth day."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jacobsen2008p192-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen2008p192_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen,_Knut_A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA192"><i>South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora</i></a>. Routledge. p. 192. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4"><bdi>978-1-134-07459-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Religions+on+Display%3A+Religious+Processions+in+South+Asia+and+in+the+Diaspora&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07459-4&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Knut+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWT2odZ7_d7MC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote:</b> "(...) for the Sikhs, it [Baisakhi] celebrates the foundation of the <i>Khalsa</i> in 1699."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mandair2013p53-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p53_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandair2013p53_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMandair,_Arvind-Pal_Singh2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 53–54. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0231-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-0231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7&rft.au=Mandair%2C+Arvind-Pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The Guru's stance was a clear and unambiguous challenge, not to the sovereignty of the Mughal state, but to the state's policy of not recognizing the sovereign existence of non-Muslims, their traditions and ways of life".</span>
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<li id="cite_note-cs2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cs2013_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cs2013_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSeiple2013" class="citation book cs1">Seiple, Chris (2013). <i>The Routledge handbook of religion and security</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9"><bdi>978-0-415-66744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+handbook+of+religion+and+security&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66744-9&rft.aulast=Seiple&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-fenech4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fenech4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fenech4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Singh">Singh</a>, pp. 236–238</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-colesambhi36-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhi36_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhi36_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 36</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Teja (2006). <i>A Short History of the Sikhs: Volume One</i>. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 107. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173800078" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173800078"><bdi>978-8173800078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Volume+One&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8173800078&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Teja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Singh-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kartar (2008). <i>Life of Guru Gobind Singh</i>. Ludhiana, India: Lahore Bookshop.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.place=Ludhiana%2C+India&rft.pub=Lahore+Bookshop&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kartar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.reverso.net/arabic-english/%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5">"خالص translation in English | Arabic-English dictionary"</a>. <i>Dictionary.reverso.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.reverso.net&rft.atitle=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5+translation+in+English+%26%23124%3B+Arabic-English+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fdictionary.reverso.net%2Farabic-english%2F%25d8%25ae%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.bab.la/dictionary/arabic-english/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5">"خالِص - Translation in English"</a>. <i>En.bab.la</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=En.bab.la&rft.atitle=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%90%D8%B5+-+Translation+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.bab.la%2Fdictionary%2Farabic-english%2F%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChohan,_Sandeep_and_Geaves,_Ron2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chohan, Sandeep and Geaves, Ron (2001). "The religious dimension in the struggle for Khalistan and its roots in Sikh history". <i>International Journal of Punjab Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=The+religious+dimension+in+the+struggle+for+Khalistan+and+its+roots+in+Sikh+history&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Chohan%2C+Sandeep+and+Geaves%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jain, S. (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGljAAAAMAAJ"><i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i></a>, Vol. 74, p. 217: The word "Khalsa" (from Persian <i>Khalis</i>) itself means "pure".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nesbitt54-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nesbitt54_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nesbitt54_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nesbitt54_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nesbitt">Nesbitt</a>, pp. 54–57, 29, 143</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWace_E._G.1884" class="citation book cs1">Wace E. G. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalreportonfi01wacegoog"><i>Final Report on the First Regular Settlement of the Simla District in the Punjab</i></a>. Calcutta Central Press. pp. xxvi–xxviii, 3, 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Report+on+the+First+Regular+Settlement+of+the+Simla+District+in+the+Punjab&rft.pages=xxvi-xxviii%2C+3%2C+28&rft.pub=Calcutta+Central+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Wace+E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinalreportonfi01wacegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod,_W._H.2003" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIrXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565916-0"><bdi>978-0-19-565916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhs+of+the+Khalsa%3A+A+History+of+the+Khalsa+Rahit&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-565916-0&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIrXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan,_N.2001" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (2001). <i>History of India</i>. Atlantic. p. 160. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171569281" title="Special:BookSources/9788171569281"><bdi>9788171569281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788171569281&rft.au=Jayapalan%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book cs1">Singh, H.S. (2005). <i>Sikh Studies, Book 7</i>. Hemkunt Press. p. 19. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170102458" title="Special:BookSources/9788170102458"><bdi>9788170102458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Studies%2C+Book+7&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788170102458&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFenech2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>121</b> (1): 20–31. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606726">10.2307/606726</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/606726">606726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Execution+of+Guru+Arjan+in+Early+Sikh+Sources&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-31&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606726&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFenech1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>117</b> (4): 623–642. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445">10.2307/606445</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/606445">606445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=623-642&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606445&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1999" class="citation journal cs1">McLeod, Hew (1999). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". <i>South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (sup001): 155–165. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408708723379">10.1080/00856408708723379</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401">0085-6401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sikhs+and+Muslims+in+the+Punjab&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=sup001&rft.pages=155-165&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856408708723379&rft.issn=0085-6401&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMahmood1996" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt"><i>Fighting for faith and nation dialogues with Sikh militants</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt/page/n55">43</a>–45. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812215922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812215922"><bdi>978-0812215922</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44966032">44966032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+faith+and+nation+dialogues+with+Sikh+militants&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44966032&rft.isbn=978-0812215922&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Keppley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightingforfaith00cynt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Birth_of_the_Khalsa/squPx387FuwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Birth of the Khalsa: A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity</i></a>. State University of New York Press. 2012. pp. 43–50. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791482667" title="Special:BookSources/9780791482667"><bdi>9780791482667</bdi></a>. <q>His was in fact a mimetic violence where the goats were killed instead of the Sikhs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Khalsa%3A+A+Feminist+Re-Memory+of+Sikh+Identity&rft.pages=43-50&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780791482667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Birth_of_the_Khalsa%2FsquPx387FuwC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA43%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guru_Gobind_Singh_1666_1708/YDLNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&&pg=PT93&printsec=frontcover"><i>Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2019. p. 93. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190990381" title="Special:BookSources/9780190990381"><bdi>9780190990381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Gobind+Singh+%281666%E2%80%931708%29%3A+Master+of+the+White+Hawk&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190990381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FGuru_Gobind_Singh_1666_1708%2FYDLNDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26%26pg%3DPT93%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_s_Religions/alR2yK-4WdQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA401&printsec=frontcover"><i>The World's Religions</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 28 June 1998. p. 401. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521637480" title="Special:BookSources/9780521637480"><bdi>9780521637480</bdi></a>. <q>Eventually he took five men forward and took them behind the tent. Gobind reappeared with a dripping sword: later it was revealed that he slaughtered five goats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-06-28&rft.isbn=9780521637480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_World_s_Religions%2FalR2yK-4WdQC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA401%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhavan, p. 49.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Sikh_Studies/CzYeAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=in+relation+to+neighbouring+rajput+hill+chiefs&pg=PT62&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.google.co.in%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Oxford_Handbook_of_Sikh_Studies%2FCzYeAwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Din%2Brelation%2Bto%2Bneighbouring%2Brajput%2Bhill%2Bchiefs%26pg%3DPT62%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHardy" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Friedhelm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_World_s_Religions/HAg3AgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=singh+rajput+name+inpublisher:routledge&pg=PA722&printsec=frontcover"><i>The World's Religions</i></a>. Routledge. p. 722.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions&rft.pages=722&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Friedhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.google.co.in%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_World_s_Religions%2FHAg3AgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dsingh%2Brajput%2Bname%2Binpublisher%3Aroutledge%26pg%3DPA722%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MandairShackle2013p25-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MandairShackle2013p25_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deol">Deol</a>, pp. 25–28</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDhavan,_P2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC"><i>When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.au=Dhavan%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, pp. 38–39: All the battles I have won against tyranny I have fought with the devoted backing of the people. Through them only have I been able to bestow gifts, through their help I have escaped from harm. The love and generosity of these Sikhs have enriched my heart and home. Through their grace, I have attained all learning, through their help in battle I have slain all my enemies. I was born to serve them, through them I reached eminence. What would I have been without their kind and ready help? There are millions of insignificant people like me. True service is the service of these people. I am not inclined to serve others of higher caste: charity will bear fruit in this and the next world, If given to such worthy people as these. All other sacrifices are and charities are profitless. From toe to toe, whatever I call my own, all I possess and carry, I dedicate to these people.</poem></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Oberoi1994p59-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberoi1994p59_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOberoi,_Harjot1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC"><i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 59–62. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9"><bdi>978-0-226-61592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=59-62&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61592-9&rft.au=Oberoi%2C+Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFOberoi,_Harjot1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC"><i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 24, 77–78, 89–90. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61592-9"><bdi>978-0-226-61592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=24%2C+77-78%2C+89-90&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61592-9&rft.au=Oberoi%2C+Harjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NKC9g2ayJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deol">Deol</a>, pp. 30–33</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SinghFenech2014p23-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SinghFenech2014p23_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Singh">Singh</a>, pp. 23–24</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFenech,_Louis_E.McLeod,_W._H.2014" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 84–85. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft.au=McLeod%2C+W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen,_Knut_A.Myrvold,_Kristina2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A.; Myrvold, Kristina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142"><i>Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 142–147, 156–157. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0358-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-0358-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhs+Across+Borders%3A+Transnational+Practices+of+European+Sikhs&rft.pages=142-147%2C+156-157&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0358-1&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Knut+A.&rft.au=Myrvold%2C+Kristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfU8BAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-colesambhip37-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip37_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip37_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip37_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cole">Cole</a>, p. 37</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nesbitt">Nesbitt</a>, pp. 40–43</span>
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<li id="cite_note-johnkoller313-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnkoller313_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnkoller313_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKoller,_John_M2016" class="citation book cs1">Koller, John M (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313"><i>The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 312–313. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8"><bdi>978-1-315-50740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Way%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophies+%26+Religions+of+India&rft.pages=312-313&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-50740-8&rft.au=Koller%2C+John+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlgg3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>auto1</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k.</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sikh Rehat Maryada: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html">Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, d.</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020202081302/http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">"Section Six"</a>. <i>Sikh Reht Maryada</i>. Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar. 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+Six&rft.btitle=Sikh+Reht+Maryada&rft.pub=Shiromani+Gurdwara+Parbandhak+Committee%2C+Amritsar&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.sgpc.net%2Frehat_maryada%2Fsection_six.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Balawindara (2004). <i>Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh</i>. Michigan, US: Singh Bros. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty-Two+Commandments+Of+Guru+Gobind+Singh&rft.place=Michigan%2C+US&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Singh+Bros.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Balawindara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pearse1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearse1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major Pearse, Hugh; <i>Ranjit Singh and his white officers</i>. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGardner1999" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Alexander (1999) [1898]. <i>The Fall of Sikh Empire</i>. Delhi, India: National Book Shop. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-231-4"><bdi>978-81-7116-231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Sikh+Empire&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=National+Book+Shop&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7116-231-4&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Nesbitt">Nesbitt</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Elizabeth (2012). <i>Religion: A Clinical Guide for Nurses</i>. Springer Publishing Company. p. 259. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826108616" title="Special:BookSources/9780826108616"><bdi>9780826108616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+A+Clinical+Guide+for+Nurses&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780826108616&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2009" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118"><i>World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery</i></a>. Saint Mary's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884899976" title="Special:BookSources/9780884899976"><bdi>9780884899976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+A+Voyage+of+Discovery&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780884899976&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldreligions2000jeff%2Fpage%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMosher2005" class="citation book cs1">Mosher, Lucinda (2005). <i>Faith in the Neighborhood: Belonging</i>. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 50. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596271517" title="Special:BookSources/9781596271517"><bdi>9781596271517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+in+the+Neighborhood%3A+Belonging&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781596271517&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFShan2002" class="citation book cs1">Shan, Harnam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory"><i>Creation Of Khalsa</i></a>. Chandigarh, India: Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory/page/n10">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creation+Of+Khalsa&rft.place=Chandigarh%2C+India&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Guru+Nanak+Dev+Mission+Patiala&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Shan&rft.aufirst=Harnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-davey-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davey_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davey_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2002" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Joseph Davey (2002). "Sikhism under Govind". <i>A history of Sikhs</i>. Rupa & Co., New Delhi. pp. 68–69. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171677641" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171677641"><bdi>978-8171677641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikhism+under+Govind&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Sikhs&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8171677641&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Davey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sangat-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sangat_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sangat (2005). "Evolution of Sikh Panth". <i>The Sikhs in History</i>. Singh Brothers. pp. 67–68. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8172052751" title="Special:BookSources/978-8172052751"><bdi>978-8172052751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Sikh+Panth&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+in+History&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Singh+Brothers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8172052751&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sangat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gopal-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gopal_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSingh1939" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gopal (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527"><i>A history of the Sikh people</i></a>. Delhi. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n304">291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Sikh+people&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Delhi&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.136527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JeevanDeol_Identity-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JeevanDeol_Identity_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Deol">Deol</a>, pp. 25–26</span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups#ref884195">Sikhism: Sects and Other Groups</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PRMagocsi_Canada-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRMagocsi_Canada_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRMagocsi_Canada_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robert_Magocsi1999" class="citation book cs1">Paul Robert Magocsi, ed. (1999) [1998]. <i>Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 1157. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802029386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802029386"><bdi>978-0802029386</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56300149">56300149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pages=1157&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56300149&rft.isbn=978-0802029386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDoniger,_Wendy1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/636">636</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=636&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Doniger%2C+Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFParsons1994" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Gerald (1994). <i>The Growth of Religious Diversity: Britain from 1945</i>. Routledge. p. 231. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415083263" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415083263"><bdi>978-0415083263</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/29957116">29957116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Religious+Diversity%3A+Britain+from+1945&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29957116&rft.isbn=978-0415083263&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanturban.com/2012/04/09/picture-of-the-day-los-angeles-ca-celebrates-vaisakhi/">"Picture of the Day: Los Angeles, CA celebrates Vaisakhi"</a>. <i>Americanturban.com</i>. 9 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americanturban.com&rft.atitle=Picture+of+the+Day%3A+Los+Angeles%2C+CA+celebrates+Vaisakhi&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Famericanturban.com%2F2012%2F04%2F09%2Fpicture-of-the-day-los-angeles-ca-celebrates-vaisakhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism">"Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Sikhism+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Doctrines%2C+Practice%2C+%26+Literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSikhism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567">"Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sikhs+in+Wolverhampton+celebrate+550+years+of+Guru+Nanak&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-birmingham-50374567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Cole" class="citation book cs1">Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA63"><i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4"><bdi>978-1-898723-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-13-4&rft.au=Cole%2C+William+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIC_MgJ5RMUC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Deol" class="citation book cs1">Deol, Jeevan (2001). "Eighteenth Century Khalsa Identity: Discourse, Praxis and Narrative". In Arvind-pal Singh and Mandair, Gurharpal Singh and Christopher Shackle (ed.). <i>Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity</i>. Routledge. pp. 25–26. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700713899" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700713899"><bdi>978-0700713899</bdi></a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/45337782">45337782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eighteenth+Century+Khalsa+Identity%3A+Discourse%2C+Praxis+and+Narrative&rft.btitle=Sikh+Religion%2C+Culture+and+Ethnicity&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45337782&rft.isbn=978-0700713899&rft.aulast=Deol&rft.aufirst=Jeevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Dhavan, P. (2011) <i>When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</i>, Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Nesbitt" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ"><i>Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.au=Nesbitt%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="Singh" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8"><bdi>978-0-19-969930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969930-8&rft.au=Singh%2C+Pashaura&rft.au=Fenech%2C+Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8I0NAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhalsa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalsa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Khalsa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Khalsa">Khalsa</a></span>.</td></tr>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhs.org/khalsa.htm">Who and What is a Khalsa?</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhphilosophy.net">Creation of the Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchsikhism.com/beg.html">Rise of the Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725034727/http://www.baisakhi1999.org/order1.htm">Order of The Khalsa</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sikhism&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div id="Glossary_and_History"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Ks" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_groups_and_sects" title="Category:Sikh groups and sects">Groups, Sects<br />and Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sikh_Empire&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misl" title="Misl">Misls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulkian_Misl" title="Phulkian Misl">Phulkian Misl</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahluwalia_Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahluwalia Misl">Ahluwalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangi_Misl" title="Bhangi Misl">Bhangi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanheya_Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanheya Misl">Kanheya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramgarhia_Misl" title="Ramgarhia Misl">Ramgarhia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhpuria_Misl" title="Singhpuria Misl">Singhpuria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjgarhia_Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjgarhia Misl">Panjgarhia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishanwalia_Misl" title="Nishanwalia Misl">Nishanwalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukerchakia_Misl" title="Sukerchakia Misl">Sukerchakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallewalia_Misl" title="Dallewalia Misl">Dallewalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakai_Misl" title="Nakai Misl">Nakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheedan_Misl" title="Shaheedan Misl">Shaheedan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nirmohgarh_(1702)" title="Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)">Nirmohgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lahore_(1759)" title="Battle of Lahore (1759)">Battle of Lahore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Multan" title="Siege of Multan">Siege of Multan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Empire</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" title="Sikh art and culture">Art and Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhism_in_fiction" title="Category:Sikhism in fiction">In Fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Outline" width="10" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="☬_Guru_Gobind_Singh_☬" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Template:Guru Gobind Singh"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Template talk:Guru Gobind Singh"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Guru_Gobind_Singh&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="☬_Guru_Gobind_Singh_☬" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">☬ <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> ☬</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Gujri" title="Mata Gujri">Mata Gujri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Jito" title="Mata Jito">Mata Jito</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Sundari" title="Mata Sundari">Mata Sundari</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Sahib_Kaur" title="Mata Sahib Kaur">Mata Sahib Kaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujhar_Singh" title="Jujhar Singh">Jujhar Singh</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">Zorawar Singh</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">Fateh Singh</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Ajit Singh (Sikhism)">Ajit Singh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">The Leader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khalsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Ks" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">The Soldier</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a>,(1688)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Battle of Nadaun</a>,(1687)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guler_(1696)" title="Battle of Guler (1696)">Battle of Guler (1696)</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">First Battle of Anandpur</a>,(1700)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Anandpur_Sahib_(1701)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1701) (page does not exist)">Battle of Anandpur Sahib (1701)</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nirmohgarh_(1702)" title="Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)">Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Basoli_(1702)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Basoli (1702) (page does not exist)">Battle of Basoli (1702)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">Battle of Anandpur (1704)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Battle of Chamkaur (1704)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bichhora_Sahib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bichhora Sahib (page does not exist)">Battle of Bichhora Sahib</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Battle of Muktsar</a>.</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">The Saint</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dasam_Granth" title="Template:Dasam Granth"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dasam_Granth" title="Template talk:Dasam Granth"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Dasam_Granth&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#FFC600;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dasam_Granth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_Ustat" title="Akal Ustat">Akal Ustat</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachitar_Natak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachitar Natak">Bachitar Natak</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandi_Charitar_Ukti_Bilas" title="Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas">Chandi Charitar Ukat(i) Bilas</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandi_Charitar_II" title="Chandi Charitar II">Chandi Charitar 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandi_di_Var" title="Chandi di Var">Chandi di Var</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gian_Prabodh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gian Prabodh (page does not exist)">Gyan Parbodh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaubis_Avatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaubis Avatar">Chobis Avatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahm_Avtar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahm Avtar (page does not exist)">Brahm Avtar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudra_Avtar" title="Rudra Avtar">Rudar Avtar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabad_patshahi_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabad patshahi 10">Sabad patshahi 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_Swayyae" class="mw-redirect" title="33 Swayyae">33 Swaiyey</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa_Mahima" title="Khalsa Mahima">Khalsa Mahima</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shastar_Nam_Mala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shastar Nam Mala (page does not exist)">Shastar Nam Mala</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitropakhyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitropakhyan">Charitropakhyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafarnama_(letter)" title="Zafarnama (letter)">Zafarnamah</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaaitaan" title="Hikaaitaan">Hikayats</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Bahadur">Banda Bahadur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Bhago" title="Mai Bhago">Mata Bhag Kaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Kanhaiya" title="Bhai Kanhaiya">Bhai Kanhaiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Nand_Lal" title="Bhai Nand Lal">Bhai Nand Lal</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Pir Budhu Shah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>,</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a></li>
<li>Jamshed Khan and Wasil Beg</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muktsar_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktsar Sahib">Muktsar Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamkaur" title="Chamkaur">Chamkaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh">List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Gurudwaras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Takht Sri Hazur Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Takht Sri Patna Sahib</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_Sahib" title="Nada Sahib">Nada Sahib</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="image"><img alt="Khanda emblem.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/18px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/27px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/36px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a> <b>Sikhism portal</b> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="image"><img alt="Khanda emblem.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/18px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/27px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/36px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1655199757 |