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'{{distinguish|Hentaigana}} {{About|Japanese anime and manga pornography||cartoon pornography}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{short description|Japanese pornographic animation, comics, and video games}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}} {{Anime and manga}} [[File:Hadako-tan.png|thumb|Hentai illustration]] [[File:The kanji for Hentai.svg|thumb|150px|The word ''hentai'' written in [[kanji]]]] Outside of Japan, '''hentai''' ({{linktext|lang=ja|変態}} or {{lang|ja|へんたい}}; ''{{Audio|Ja-Hentai.oga|listen}}'' {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|h|ɛ|n|t|aɪ}}; {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "pervert") is [[anime]] and [[manga]] [[cartoon pornography|pornography]]. In the Japanese language, however, "hentai" is not a genre of media but any type of perverse or bizarre sexual desire or act. For example, outside of Japan a work of animation depicting lesbian sex might be described as "[[Yuri (genre)|yuri]] hentai", but in Japan it would just be described as "yuri". The word is short for {{Nihongo3||変態性欲|hentai seiyoku}}, a perverse [[sexual desire]]. The original meaning of ''hentai'' in the Japanese language is a transformation or [[metamorphosis]]. The implication of [[perversion]] or [[paraphilia]] was derived from there. Both meanings can be easily distinguished in context. == Terminology == ''Hentai'' is a [[kanji]] compound of {{lang|ja|変}} (''hen''; "change", "weird", or "strange") and {{lang|ja|態}} (''tai''; "appearance" or "condition"). It also<!-- check also ---> means "[[perversion]]" or "abnormality", especially when used as an adjective.<ref name="Livia">{{cite journal | title=Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997 |author1=Livia, Anna |author2=Kira, Hall }}</ref>{{rp|99}} It is the shortened form of the phrase {{Nihongo3||変態性欲|hentai seiyoku}} which means "sexual perversion".<ref name="Short History">{{Cite journal |url=http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue12/mclelland.html |title=A Short History of ''Hentai'' |first=Mark |last=McLelland |journal=Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context |issue=12 |date=January 2006 |accessdate=14 July 2014 |hdl=1885/8673 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622163120/http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue12/mclelland.html |archive-date=22 June 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The character ''hen'' is catch-all for queerness as a peculiarity—it does not carry an explicit sexual reference.<ref name=Livia />{{rp|99}} While the term has expanded in use to cover a range of publications including homosexual publications,<ref name="Livia" />{{rp|107}} it remains primarily a heterosexual term, as terms indicating homosexuality entered Japan as [[Wasei-eigo|foreign words]].<ref name=Livia />{{rp|100}}<ref name="Short History" /> [[Pornography in Japan|Japanese pornographic works]] are often simply tagged as {{Nihongo3||18禁|18-kin|extra="18-prohibited"}}, meaning "prohibited to those not yet 18 years old", and {{Nihongo3||成人漫画|seijin manga|extra="adult manga"}}.<ref name="Short History" /> Less official terms also in use include {{nihongo|[[erotic|ero]] anime|エロアニメ}}, {{nihongo|ero manga|エロ漫画}}, and the English initialism AV (for "adult video"). Usage of the term ''hentai'' does not define a genre in Japan. ''Hentai'' is defined differently in English. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionary Online]]'' defines it as "a subgenre of the Japanese genres of manga and anime, characterized by overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/hentai |title=hentai |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionary Online]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=25 April 2013 |date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806121703/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/hentai |archivedate=6 August 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The origin of the word in English is unknown, but [[AnimeNation]]'s John Oppliger points to the early 1990s, when a ''[[Dirty Pair]]'' erotic ''[[doujinshi]]'' (self-published work) titled ''H-Bomb'' was released, and when many websites sold access to images culled from Japanese erotic [[visual novel]]s and games.<ref name="john">{{cite web|first=John |last=Oppliger |url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2007/10/19/ask-john-how-did-the-word-hentai-get-adopted-into-english/ |title=Ask John: How Did the Word 'Hentai' Get Adopted Into English? |publisher=[[AnimeNation]] |accessdate=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006164915/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2007/10/19/ask-john-how-did-the-word-hentai-get-adopted-into-english/ |archivedate=6 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The earliest English use of the term traces back to the rec.arts.anime boards; with a 1990 post concerning [[Happosai]] of ''[[Ranma ½]]'' and the first discussion of the meaning in 1991.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.arts.anime/DUwhE32RLN4/D_OGfPXqd_0J | title=Ranma 1/2 | date=8 February 1990 | accessdate=29 April 2013 | author=Newton, Mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://groups.google.com/d/topic/rec.arts.anime/TSxYG7Zo5pk/discussion | title=Some little questions | date=12 April 1991 | accessdate=29 April 2013}}</ref> A 1995 glossary on the rec.arts.anime boards contained reference to the Japanese usage and the evolving definition of hentai as "pervert" or "perverted sex".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.arts.anime/P-b8LL4ZYiA/vZVc_7gqwrwJ | title=rec.arts.manga Glossary | date=17 March 1995 | accessdate=29 April 2013 | author=Sinclair, Iain}}</ref> ''The Anime Movie Guide'', published in 1997, defines {{Nihongo|"[[ecchi]]"|エッチ|etchi&thinsp;}} as the initial sound of hentai (i.e., [[Ecchi#H|the name of the letter ''H'']], as pronounced in Japanese); it included that ecchi was "milder than hentai".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTtDAQAAIAAJ&q=hentai | title=The Anime Movie Guide | publisher=Overlook Press | author=McCarthy, Helen | date=27 October 1997 | access-date=22 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221122801/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTtDAQAAIAAJ&q=hentai | archive-date=21 February 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> A year later it was defined as a genre in ''Good Vibrations Guide to Sex''.<ref>{{cite book | title=Good Vibrations Guide to Sex: The Most Complete Sex Manual Ever Written | publisher=Cleis Press | author=Winks, Cathy | date=7 November 1998}}</ref> At the beginning of 2000, "hentai" was listed as the 41st most-popular search term of the internet, while "anime" ranked 99th.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P2-5045822/forget-sex-and-drugs-surfers-are-searching-for-rock-n-roll | title=Forget Sex and Drugs. Surfers Are Searching for Rock'n'roll as the Net Finally Grows Up | work=[[The Independent]] |location=London | date=18 January 2000 | accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref> The attribution has been applied retroactively to works such as ''[[Urotsukidōji]]'', ''[[La Blue Girl]]'', and ''[[Cool Devices]]''. ''Urotsukidōji'' had previously been described with terms such as "Japornimation",<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-17165499/holy-akira-it-s-aeon-flux | title=Holy Akira! It's Aeon Flux | last=Marin | first=Cheech | journal=[[Newsweek]] | volume=107 | issue=7 | access-date=29 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505125057/http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-17165499/holy-akira-it-s-aeon-flux | archive-date=5 May 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and "[[Ero guro|erotic grotesque]]",<ref name=wp>{{cite web | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-943760.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135351/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-943760.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 June 2014 | title=Movies; 'Overfiend': Cyber Sadism | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=26 April 1993 | accessdate=25 April 2013 | last=Harrington|first= Richard}}</ref> prior to being identified as hentai.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/80213/Urotsukidoji-I-Legend-of-the-Overfiend/overview | title=Urotsukidoji I: Legend of the Overfiend (1989) | work=[[The New York Times]] | accessdate=25 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227003431/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/80213/Urotsukidoji-I-Legend-of-the-Overfiend/overview | archive-date=27 February 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Paula |last=Span | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-728801.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135356/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-728801.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 June 2014 | title=Cross-Cultural Cartoon Cult; Japan's Animated Futuristic Features Move From College Clubs to Video Stores | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=15 May 1997 | accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> == Etymology == The history of the word ''hentai'' has its origins in science and psychology.<ref name="Short History" /> By the middle of the [[Meiji era]], the term appeared in publications to describe unusual or abnormal traits, including paranormal abilities and psychological disorders.<ref name="Short History" /> A translation of German sexologist [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]]'s text ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' originated the concept of ''hentai seiyoku'', as a "perverse or abnormal sexual desire".<ref name="Short History" /> Though it was popularized outside psychology, as in the case of [[Mori Ōgai]]'s 1909 novel ''[[Vita Sexualis]]''.<ref name="Short History" /> Continued interest in ''hentai seiyoku'' resulted in numerous journals and publications on sexual advice which circulated in the public, served to establish the sexual connotation of ''hentai'' as perverse.<ref name="Short History" /> Any perverse or abnormal act could be hentai, such as committing ''[[shinjū]]'' (love suicide).<ref name="Short History" /> It was Nakamura Kokyo's journal ''Abnormal Psychology'' which started the popular [[sexology]] boom in Japan which would see the rise of other popular journals like ''Sexuality and Human Nature'', ''Sex Research'' and ''Sex''.<ref name="Driscoll" /> Originally, Tanaka Kogai wrote articles for ''Abnormal Psychology'', but it would be Tanaka's own journal ''Modern Sexuality'' which would become one of the most popular sources of information about erotic and neurotic expression.<ref name=Driscoll /> ''Modern Sexuality'' was created to promote [[fetishism]], [[Sadomasochism|S&M]], and [[necrophilia]] as a facet of modern life.<ref name="Driscoll">{{cite journal | title=Absolute Erotic, Absolute Grotesque: The Living, Dead, and Undead in Japan’s Imperialism, 1895–1945 | publisher=Duke University Press | date=13 July 2010 | author=Driscoll, Mark | pages=140–160}}</ref> The [[ero-guro]] movement and depiction of perverse, abnormal and often erotic undertones were a response to interest in ''hentai seiyoku''.<ref name="Short History" /> Following [[World War II]], Japan took a new interest in sexualization and public sexuality.<ref name="Short History" /> Mark McLelland puts forth the observation that the term ''hentai'' found itself shortened to "H" and that the English pronunciation was "[[etchi]]", referring to lewdness and which did not carry the stronger connotation of abnormality or perversion.<ref name="Short History" /> By the 1950s, the "hentai seiyoku" publications became their own genre and included fetish and homosexual topics.<ref name="Short History" /> By the 1960s, the homosexual content was dropped in favor of subjects like sadomasochism and stories of lesbianism targeted to male readers.<ref name="Short History" /> The late 1960s brought a sexual revolution which expanded and solidified the normalizing the terms identity in Japan that continues to exist today through publications such as Bessatsu Takarajima's ''Hentai-san ga iku'' series.<ref name="Short History" /> == History == With the usage of ''hentai'' as any erotic depiction, the history of these depictions is split into their media. Japanese artwork and comics serve as the first example of hentai material, coming to represent the iconic style after the publication of [[Azuma Hideo]]'s ''Cybele'' in 1979.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFQmCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT81&lpg=PT81&dq=cybele+hideo+azuma&source=bl&ots=iXu6cbo78w&sig=ACfU3U05KLZlPmndDrCPgqvWJhFhd1j5RQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6_ZKmjODlAhXEjFkKHbcWDkkQ6AEwCHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=cybele%20hideo%20azuma&f=false|title=Debating Otaku in Contemporary Japan: Historical Perspectives and New Horizons|last=Galbraith|first=Patrick W.|last2=Kam|first2=Thiam Huat|last3=Kamm|first3=Björn-Ole|date=2015-05-21|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=|isbn=9781472594983|location=|pages=|language=en}}</ref> Japanese animation (anime) had its first hentai, in both definitions, with the 1984 release of Wonderkid's ''[[Lolita Anime]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM9Y5EKSOakC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=loloita+anime+1984&source=bl&ots=oD0P2LyC6Y&sig=ACfU3U2hPVWlBH--wiLa788qEsq_0I1yNQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijq4a8j-DlAhWr1FkKHacnDwEQ6AEwCXoECBAQAQ#v=onepage&q=loloita%20anime%201984&f=false|title=Mechademia 3: Limits of the Human|last=Lunning|first=Frenchy|date=2014-11-01|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|year=|isbn=9781452914176|location=|pages=49|language=en}}</ref> overlooking the erotic and sexual depictions in 1969's ''[[One Thousand and One Arabian Nights (film)|One Thousand and One Arabian Nights]]'' and the bare-breasted Cleopatra in 1970's ''[[Cleopatra (1970 film)|Cleopatra]]'' film. Erotic games, another area of contention, has its first case of the art style depicting sexual acts in 1985's ''[[Tenshitachi no Gogo]]''. In each of these mediums, the broad definition and usage of the term complicates its historic examination.<ref name=":0" /> === Origin of erotic manga === [[File:Akibachan5a.jpg|thumbnail|Gratuitous illustrations of panties are a typical form of [[fanservice]].]] [[File:Tako to ama retouched.jpg|thumbnail|''[[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife]]'' (1814), a well-known example of Japanese erotic art (''[[shunga]]'')]] Depictions of sex and abnormal sex can be traced back through the ages, predating the term "hentai". ''[[Shunga]]'', a Japanese term for erotic art, is thought to have and existed in some form since the [[Heian period]]. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, ''shunga'' works were suppressed by ''[[shōgun]]s''.<ref name="Bowman">{{cite web | url=https://www.questia.com/library/99910501/columbia-chronologies-of-asian-history-and-culture | title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2000 | accessdate=26 April 2013 | author=Bowman, John | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716085313/http://www.questia.com/library/99910501/columbia-chronologies-of-asian-history-and-culture | archive-date=16 July 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> A well-known example is ''[[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife]]'', which depicts a woman being stimulated by two [[octopus]]es. ''Shunga'' production fell with the introduction of pornographic photographs in the late 19th century. To define erotic [[manga]], a definition for manga is needed. While the ''[[Hokusai Manga]]'' uses the term "manga" in its title, it does not depict the story-telling aspect common to modern manga, as the images are unrelated. Due to the influence of pornographic photographs in the 19th and 20th centuries, the manga artwork was depicted by realistic characters. [[Osamu Tezuka]] helped define the modern look and form of manga, and was later proclaimed as the "God of Manga".<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/history.html |title=A History of Manga |accessdate=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415042305/http://www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/history.html |archivedate=15 April 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://hentaiweeb.com/what-is-hentai/ | title=History of Manga and Hentai | accessdate=20 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810030827/http://hentaiweeb.com/what-is-hentai | archive-date=10 August 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> His debut work ''[[New Treasure Island]]'' was released in 1947 as a comic book through Ikuei Publishing and sold over 400,000 copies,<ref name=history /> though it was the popularity of Tezuka's ''[[Astro Boy]]'', ''[[Metropolis (manga)|Metropolis]]'', and ''[[Kimba the White Lion|Jungle Emperor]]'' manga that would come to define the media. This story-driven manga style is distinctly unique from comic strips like ''[[Sazae-san]]'', and story-driven works are now dominating ''[[Shōjo manga|shōjo]]'' and ''[[Shōnen manga|shōnen]]'' magazines.<ref name=history /> Adult themes in manga have existed since the 1940s, but some of these depictions were more realistic than the cartoon-cute characters popularized by Tezuka.<ref name="Galbraith">{{cite journal | url=http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/viewFile/127/98 | title=Lolicon: The Reality of 'Virtual Child Pornography' in Japan | work=Image & Narrative | volume=12 | issue=1 | publisher=The University of Tokyo | year=2011 | accessdate=26 April 2013 | author=Galbraith, Patrick | journal= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806212344/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/viewFile/127/98 | archive-date=6 August 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Early well-known "''[[Eros (concept)|ero]]-[[gekiga]]''" releases were ''Ero Mangatropa'' (1973), ''Erogenica'' (1975), and ''Alice'' (1977).<ref>{{cite book | author=Gravett, Paul | year=2004 | title=Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics |location=New York |publisher=Laurence King Publishing and Harper Design International |page=135 |isbn=9781856693912 |oclc=935609782}}</ref>{{rp|135}} The distinct shift in the style of Japanese pornographic comics from realistic to cartoon-cute characters is accredited to [[Azuma Hideo]], "The Father of [[Lolicon]]".<ref name="Galbraith" /> In 1979, he penned ''Cybele'', which offered the first commentary on unrealistic depictions of sexual acts between Tezuka-style characters. This would start a pornographic manga movement.<ref name="Galbraith" /> The lolicon boom of the 1980s saw the rise of magazines such as the anthologies ''[[Lemon People]]'' and ''[[Petit Apple Pie]]''. The publication of erotic materials in the United States can be traced back to at least 1990, when [[IANVS Publications]] printed its first ''Anime Shower Special''.<ref name="john2" /> In March 1994, [[Antarctic Press]] released ''[[Bondage Fairies]]'', an English translation of ''Insect Hunter''.<ref name="john2" /> === Origin of erotic anime === Because there are fewer animation productions, most erotic works are retroactively tagged as ''hentai'' since the coining of the term in English. ''Hentai'' is typically defined as consisting of excessive nudity, and graphic sexual intercourse whether or not it is perverse. The term "[[ecchi]]" is typically related to [[fanservice]], with no sexual intercourse being depicted. Two early works escape being defined as hentai, but contain erotic themes. This is likely due to the obscurity and unfamiliarity of the works, arriving in the United States and fading from public focus a full 20 years before importation and surging interests coined the Americanized term ''hentai''. The first is the 1969 film ''[[One Thousand and One Arabian Nights (film)|One Thousand and One Arabian Nights]]'', which faithfully includes erotic elements of the original story.<ref name=AE />{{rp|27}} In 1970, ''[[Cleopatra: Queen of Sex]]'', was the first animated film to carry an [[X rating]], but it was mislabeled as erotica in the United States.<ref name="AE">{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Jonathan | authorlink1=Clements, Jonathan |last2=McCarthy |first2=Helen |authorlink2=Helen McCarthy | title=[[The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917]] |edition=Revised and Expanded | publisher=Stone Bridge Press | year=2006}}</ref>{{rp|104}} The ''[[Lolita Anime]]'' series is typically identified as the first erotic [[anime]] and [[original video animation]] (OVA); it was released in 1984 by Wonder Kids. Containing eight episodes, the series focused on underage sex and rape, and included one episode containing [[BDSM]] bondage.<ref name=AE />{{rp|376}} Several sub-series were released in response, including a second ''Lolita Anime'' series released by [[Nikkatsu]].<ref name=AE />{{rp|376}} It has not been officially licensed or distributed outside of its original release. [[File:Lolicon Sample.png|thumbnail|''[[Lolicon]]'']] The ''[[Cream Lemon]]'' franchise of works ran from 1984 to 2005, with a number of them entering the American market in various forms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2003/07/22/ask-john-how-much-cream-lemon-is-there/ |title=Ask John: How Much Cream Lemon is There? |publisher=animenation.net |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505172501/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2003/07/22/ask-john-how-much-cream-lemon-is-there/ |archivedate=5 May 2009 |df= }}</ref> ''The Brothers Grime'' series released by Excalibur Films contained ''Cream Lemon'' works as early as 1986.<ref name="Anime Porn Market">{{cite web |url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.4/3.4pages/3.4patten.html |title=The Anime 'Porn' Market |publisher=awn.com |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428102208/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue3.4/3.4pages/3.4patten.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, they were not billed as anime and were introduced during the same time that the first underground distribution of erotic works began.<ref name="john2">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenation.net/blog/2008/03/26/ask-john-how-did-hentai-become-popular-in-america/ |title=Ask John: How Did Hentai Become Popular in America? |publisher=AnimeNation |accessdate=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925211808/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2008/03/26/ask-john-how-did-hentai-become-popular-in-america/ |archivedate=25 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The American release of licensed erotic anime was first attempted in 1991 by [[Central Park Media]], with ''I Give My All'', but it never occurred.<ref name="john2" /> In December 1992, ''[[Devil Hunter Yohko]]'' was the first risque ([[ecchi]]) title that was released by [[A.D. Vision]].<ref name="john2" /> While it contains no sexual intercourse, it pushes the limits of the ecchi category with sexual dialogue, nudity and one scene in which the heroine is about to be raped. It was Central Park Media's 1993 release of ''[[Urotsukidoji]]'' which brought the first hentai film to American viewers.<ref name="john2" /> Often cited for creating the hentai and [[tentacle rape]] genres, it contains extreme depictions of violence and monster sex.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://metanorn.net/2011/08/not-fit-to-fap-to-urotsukidoji-birth-of-the-overfiend-nsfw | title=Not Fit To Fap To: Urotsukidoji: Birth of the Overfiend (NSFW) | publisher=Metanorn | accessdate=25 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823032050/http://metanorn.net/2011/08/not-fit-to-fap-to-urotsukidoji-birth-of-the-overfiend-nsfw | archive-date=23 August 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> As such, it is acknowledged for being the first to depict [[tentacle sex]] on screen.<ref name="wp" /> When the film premiered in the United States, it was described as being "drenched in graphic scenes of perverse sex and ultra-violence".<ref>Richard Harrington. "Movies; 'Overfiend': Cyber Sadism." The Washington Post. Washingtonpost Newsweek Interactive. 1993. Retrieved 26 April 2013 from HighBeam Research: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-943760.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135351/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-943760.html |date=11 June 2014 }}</ref> Following this release, a wealth of pornographic content began to arrive in the United States, with companies such as [[A.D. Vision]], [[Central Park Media]] and [[Media Blasters]] releasing licensed titles under various labels.<ref name="Anime Porn Market" /> A.D. Vision's label SoftCel Pictures released 19 titles in 1995 alone.<ref name="Anime Porn Market" /> Another label, [[The Right Stuf International|Critical Mass]], was created in 1996 to release an unedited edition of ''[[Violence Jack]]''.<ref name="Anime Porn Market" /> When A.D. Vision's hentai label SoftCel Pictures shut down in 2005, most of its titles were acquired by Critical Mass. Following the bankruptcy of [[Central Park Media]] in 2009, the licenses for all Anime 18-related products and movies were transferred to Critical Mass.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-08/central-park-media-licenses-offered-by-liquidator |title=Central Park Media's Licenses Offered by Liquidator |work=[[Anime News Network]] |date=8 June 2009 |accessdate=30 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050850/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-06-08/central-park-media-licenses-offered-by-liquidator |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> === Origin of erotic games === [[File:Hentai - yuuree-redraw.jpg|thumb|right|Hentai illustration typical for ''[[eroge]]'']] The term ''[[eroge]]'' (erotic game) literally defines any erotic game, but has become synonymous with video games depicting the artistic styles of anime and manga. The origins of ''eroge'' began in the early 1980s, while the computer industry in Japan was struggling to define a computer standard with makers like [[NEC]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], and [[Fujitsu]] competing against one another.<ref name="eroge1">{{cite web|url=http://www.shii.org/geekstories/eroge.html |title=A History of Eroge |accessdate=28 April 2013 |author=Todome, Satoshi |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205102947/http://www.shii.org/geekstories/eroge.html |archivedate=5 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[NEC PC-9801|PC98]] series, despite lacking in processing power, [[CD drive]]s and limited graphics, came to dominate the market, with the popularity of ''eroge'' games contributing to their success.<ref name=eroge1 /><ref name=hcg /> Due to the vague definitions of any erotic game, depending on its classification, citing the first erotic game is a subjective one. If the definition applies to adult themes, the first game was ''[[Softporn Adventure]]''. Released in America in 1981 for the [[Apple&nbsp;II]], this was a text-based comedic game from [[On-Line Systems]]. If ''eroge'' is defined as the first graphical depictions or Japanese adult themes, it would be [[Koei]]'s 1982 release of ''[[Night Life (video game)|Night Life]]''.<ref name="hcg">{{cite web | url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers3.htm | title=Hardcore gaming 101: Japanese computers | publisher=Hardcoregaming101 | accessdate=28 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930174030/http://hardcoregaming101.net/JPNcomputers/Japanesecomputers3.htm | archive-date=30 September 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Jones>{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Matthew T.|date=December 2005|title=The Impact of Telepresence on Cultural Transmission through Bishoujo Games|journal=PsychNology Journal|volume=3|issue=3|pages=292–311|url=http://www.psychnology.org/File/PNJ3(3)/PSYCHNOLOGY_JOURNAL_3_3_JONES.pdf|format=PDF|issn=1720-7525|access-date=16 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620120235/http://www.psychnology.org/File/PNJ3%283%29/PSYCHNOLOGY_JOURNAL_3_3_JONES.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sexual intercourse is depicted through simple graphic outlines. Notably, ''Night Life'' was not intended to be erotic so much as an instructional guide "to support married life". A series of "undressing" games appeared as early as 1983, such as "Strip Mahjong". The first [[anime]]-styled erotic game was ''[[Tenshitachi no Gogo]]'', released in 1985 by [[JAST]]. In 1988, [[ASCII (company)|ASCII]] released the first erotic [[role-playing game]], ''Chaos Angel''.<ref name=eroge1 /> In 1989, [[AliceSoft]] released the turn-based [[role-playing game]] ''[[Rance (series)|Rance]]'' and [[ELF Corporation|ELF]] released ''[[Dragon Knight (series)|Dragon Knight]]''.<ref name=eroge1 /> In the late 1980s, ''eroge'' began to stagnate under high prices and the majority of games containing uninteresting plots and mindless sex.<ref name=eroge1 /> ELF's 1992 release of ''[[Dokyusei]]'' came as customer frustration with ''eroge'' was mounting and spawned a new genre of games called [[dating sim]]s.<ref name=eroge1 /> ''Dokyusei'' was unique because it had no defined plot and required the player to build a relationship with different girls in order to advance the story.<ref name=eroge1 /> Each girl had her own story, but the prospect of consummating a relationship required the girl growing to love the player; there was no easy sex.<ref name=eroge1 /> The term "[[visual novel]]" is vague, with Japanese and English definitions classifying the genre as a type of interactive fiction game driven by narration and limited player interaction. While the term is often retroactively applied to many games, it was [[Leaf (Japanese company)|Leaf]] that coined the term with their "Leaf Visual Novel Series" (LVNS) with the 1996 release of ''[[Shizuku]]'' and ''[[Kizuato]]''.<ref name=eroge1 /> The success of these two dark ''eroge'' games would be followed by the third and final installment of the LVNS, the 1997 romantic ''eroge'' ''[[To Heart]]''.<ref name=eroge1 /> ''Eroge'' visual novels took a new emotional turn with [[Tactics (brand)|Tactics]]' 1998 release ''[[One: Kagayaku Kisetsu e]]''.<ref name=eroge1 /> [[Key (company)|Key]]'s 1999 release of ''[[Kanon (visual novel)|Kanon]]'' proved to be a major success and would go on to have numerous console ports, two manga series and two anime series. == Censorship == {{see also|Censorship in Japan}} [[File:Akihabara August 2014 07.JPG|thumb|A wide variety of hentai merchandise is commonly sold in specialized stores in Japan.]] Japanese laws have impacted depictions of works since the [[Meiji Restoration]], but these predate the common definition of hentai material. Since becoming law in 1907, Article 175 of the [[Criminal Code of Japan]] forbids the publication of obscene materials. Specifically, depictions of male–female sexual intercourse and [[pubic hair]] are considered obscene, but bare genitalia is not. As censorship is required for published works, the most common representations are the blurring dots on pornographic videos and "bars" or "lights" on still images. In 1986, [[Toshio Maeda]] sought to get past censorship on depictions of sexual intercourse, by creating tentacle sex.<ref name="Maeda">{{cite web | url=http://www.urotsukidoji.jp/en/profile.html | title=Hentai Comics | publisher=Maeda, Toshio | accessdate=25 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721003554/http://www.urotsukidoji.jp/en/profile.html | archive-date=21 July 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> This led to the large number of works containing sexual intercourse with monsters, demons, robots, and aliens, whose genitals look different from men's. While Western views attribute hentai to any explicit work, it was the products of this censorship which became not only the first titles legally imported to America and Europe, but the first successful ones. While uncut for American release, the United Kingdom's release of ''[[Urotsukidoji]]'' removed many scenes of the violence and tentacle rape scenes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=389419 | title=Urotsukidoji III – The Return of the Overfiend | publisher=Move Censorship.com | accessdate=25 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084735/https://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=389419 | archive-date=16 February 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was also because of this law that the artists began to depict the characters with a minimum of anatomical details and without pubic hair, by law, prior to 1991. Part of the ban was lifted when [[Nagisa Oshima]] prevailed over the obscenity charges at his trial for his film ''[[In the Realm of the Senses]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://faculty.upj.pitt.edu/jalexander/Research%20archive/Japanese%20obscenity%20law/Oshima%20article.pdf | title=Obscenity, Pornography, and the Law in Japan: Reconsidering Oshima's In the Realm of the Senses | accessdate=26 April 2013 | author=Alexander, James | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118071249/http://faculty.upj.pitt.edu/jalexander/Research%20archive/Japanese%20obscenity%20law/Oshima%20article.pdf | archive-date=18 January 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Though not enforced, the lifting of this ban did not apply to anime and manga as they were not deemed artistic exceptions.<ref name=Galbraith /> Alterations of material or censorship and banning of works are common. The US release of ''[[La Blue Girl]]'' altered the age of the heroine from 16 to 18, removed sex scenes with a dwarf ninja named Nin-nin, and removed the Japanese blurring dots.<ref name="AE" /> ''La Blue Girl'' was outright rejected by UK censors who refused to classify it and prohibited its distribution.<ref name="AE" /><ref name="LBGrejectedBBFC">''[http://www.bbfc.co.uk/general/index.php bbfc] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701112841/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/general/index.php |date=1 July 2010 }}'' (30 December 1996). "[http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/ClassifiedWorks/06F862821A46D9C8802566C00033C26C?OpenDocument LA BLUE GIRL Rejected by the BBFC] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zD3HXBo6?url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/ClassifiedWorks/06F862821A46D9C8802566C00033C26C?OpenDocument |date=5 June 2011 }}". Retrieved 27 November 2009.</ref> In 2011, the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party of Japan]] sought a ban on the subgenre ''[[lolicon]]''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Artefact |url=http://www.sankakucomplex.com/2011/09/29/ldp-seeks-new-ban-manga-anime-virtual-child-abuse/ |title=LDP Seeks New Ban: "Manga & Anime = Virtual Child Abuse" |publisher=Sankaku Complex |date=29 September 2011 |accessdate=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125919/http://www.sankakucomplex.com/2011/09/29/ldp-seeks-new-ban-manga-anime-virtual-child-abuse/ |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/seigan/177/yousi/yo1771775.htm |title=請願：参議院ホームページ |publisher=Sangiin.go.jp |accessdate=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043059/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/joho1/kousei/seigan/177/yousi/yo1771775.htm |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==Demographics== [[File:Toys Otaku Buy 3.jpg|150px|thumbnail|Hentai is often age-restricted.]] The most prolific consumers of hentai are men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/40054-pornhub-2017-porn-stats-minecraft-hentai|title=Pornhub's Stats for 2017 Reveal How Much We Love Hentai and Minecraft|last=Scott|first=Grace Lisa|date=9 January 2019|website=Inverse|language=en|access-date=2019-11-10}}</ref> ''Eroge'' games in particular combine three favored media—cartoons, pornography and gaming—into an experience. The hentai genre engages a wide audience that expands yearly, and desires better quality and storylines, or works which push the creative envelope.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Bennett|first=Dan|title=Anime erotica potential growing strong.(Animated erotica).|magazine=Video Store|publisher=Questex Media Group, Inc.|date=18 April 2004|accessdate=2 May 2013|via=HighBeam Research|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116341275.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135353/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116341275.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> Nobuhiro Komiya, a manga censorship worker, states that the unusual and extreme depictions in hentai are not about perversion so much as they are an example of the profit-oriented industry.<ref name="censor1">{{cite news|title=Bizarre sex sells in weird world of manga|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|location=Auckland, New Zealand|publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|date=5 February 2011|accessdate=2 May 2013|via=HighBeam Research|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-248344423.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135348/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-248344423.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> Anime depicting normal sexual situations enjoy less market success than those that break social norms, such as sex at schools or bondage.<ref name="censor1" /> According to clinical psychologist Megha Hazuria Gorem, "Because toons are a kind of final fantasy, you can make the person look the way you want him or her to look. Every fetish can be fulfilled."<ref name="india">{{cite news|title=Oooh Game Boy|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|publisher=McClatchy-Tribune Information Services|date=30 June 2007|accessdate=2 May 2013|via=HighBeam Research|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1298294031.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611135357/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1298294031.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> Sexologist Narayan Reddy noted of ''eroge'' games, "Animators make new games because there is a demand for them, and because they depict things that the gamers do not have the courage to do in real life, or that might just be illegal, these games are an outlet for suppressed desire."<ref name="india" /> ==Classification== The hentai genre can be divided into numerous subgenres, the broadest of which encompasses heterosexual and homosexual acts. Hentai that features mainly heterosexual interactions occur in both male-targeted (''ero'' or ''dansei-muke'') and female-targeted ("ladies' comics") form. Those that feature mainly homosexual interactions are known as ''[[yaoi]]'' or ''Boys' Love'' (male–male) and ''[[Yuri (genre)|yuri]]'' (female–female). Both ''yaoi'' and, to a lesser extent, ''yuri'', are generally aimed at members of the opposite sex from the persons depicted. While ''yaoi'' and ''yuri'' are not always explicit, their pornographic history and association remain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guidemag.com/temp/yaoi/a/mcharry_yaoi.html |title=Yaoi: Redrawing Male Love |publisher=The Guide |date=November 2003 |accessdate=23 August 2013 |author=McHarry, Mark |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417001927/http://www.guidemag.com/temp/yaoi/a/mcharry_yaoi.html |archivedate=17 April 2008 }}</ref> ''Yaoi''{{'s}} pornographic usage has remained strong in textual form through [[fanfiction]].<ref>Kee, Tan Bee. "Rewriting Gender and Sexuality in English-Language Yaoi Fanfiction". ''Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre'' (2010): 126.</ref> The definition of ''yuri'' has begun to be replaced by the broader definitions of "lesbian-themed animation or comics".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yuricon.com/what-is-yuricon/#whatisyuri | title=Yuricon What is Yuricon? | publisher=Yuricon | accessdate=23 August 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035708/http://www.yuricon.com/what-is-yuricon/#whatisyuri | archive-date=1 December 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Hentai is perceived as "dwelling" on [[sexual fetishism|sexual fetishes]].<ref name="Peek-a-boo">{{cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12119-008-9039-5 |title=Peek-a-boo, I See You: Watching Japanese Hard-core Animation |doi=10.1007/s12119-008-9039-5 |accessdate=30 July 2011 |volume=13 |journal=Sexuality |pages=17–31}}</ref> These include dozens of [[Sexual fetishism|fetish]] and [[paraphilia]] related subgenres, which can be further classified with additional terms, such as heterosexual or homosexual types. Many works are focused on depicting the mundane and the impossible across every conceivable act and situation, no matter how fantastical. One subgenre of hentai is ''[[futanari]]'' ([[hermaphroditism]]), which most often features a female with a penis or penis-like appendage in place of, or in addition to, a [[vulva]].<ref name="john3">{{cite web | first=John | last=Oppliger | date=March 12, 2008 | url=http://www.animenation.net/ask-john-what-is-futanari-and-why-is-it-popular/ | title=Ask John: What Is Futanari and Why Is It Popular? | publisher=[[AnimeNation]] | accessdate=1 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215122237/http://www.animenation.net/ask-john-what-is-futanari-and-why-is-it-popular/ | archive-date=15 February 2018 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Futanari characters are primarily depicted as having sex with other women and will almost always be submissive with a male; exceptions include Yonekura Kengo's work, which features female empowerment and domination over males.<ref name="john3" /> <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Kiss me (Yuri).jpg|''[[Yuri (genre)|Yuri]]'' (female) File:Futanari.png|''[[Futanari]]'' File:Lesson 1 Private Tutor.jpg|''[[Yaoi]]'' artwork depicting a ''seme'' (left) and ''uke'' (right) couple (male) </gallery> ===Genres=== {| class="wikitable" |+ Gender and age based genres |- ! Common English terms !! Common Japanese terms !! Type !! Description |- | ''[[Yaoi]]'' / ''shōnen-ai'' / Boy's Love || {{lang|ja|やおい}} || Gender || Male homosexuality |- | ''[[Yuri (genre)|Yuri]]'' / ''shōjo-ai'' / Girl's Love|| {{lang|ja|百合}} || Gender || Female homosexuality |- | ''[[Lolicon]]'' || {{lang|ja|ロリコン}} || Gender+Age || Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage girls, whether homosexual or heterosexual. |- | ''[[Shotacon]]'' || {{lang|ja|ショタコン}} || Gender+Age || Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage boys, whether homosexual or heterosexual. |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Fetish and paraphila based genres |- ! Common English terms !! Common Japanese terms !! Type !! Description |- | ''Bakunyū'' || {{lang|ja|爆乳}} || Fetish || A genre of pornographic media focusing on the depiction of women with large [[breasts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studlife.com/scene/2008/08/29/internet-of-hentai/|title=Internet of hentai|last=Moore|first=Lucy|date=29 August 2008|work=[[Student Life (newspaper)|Student Life]]|accessdate=10 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402001527/http://www.studlife.com/scene/2008/08/29/internet-of-hentai/|archive-date=2 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> The word can be literally translated to "exploding breasts".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1MUJ爆乳 |title=Word Display |publisher=[[WWWJDIC]] |accessdate=10 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120630231015/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1MUJ%E7%88%86%E4%B9%B3 |archivedate=30 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''Bakunyū'' is a subgenre within the genre of hentai anime.<ref>{{cite book | title=Manga: The Complete Guide | first=Jason | last=Thompson | publisher=Ballantine Books/Del Rey | year=2007 | isbn=0-345-48590-4 }}</ref> <!--|- | [[Catgirl]]/Nekomimi || {{lang|ja|猫耳}} || Fetish+Gender || Human females with cat characteristics, such as cat ears, cat tails and whiskers.--> |- | ''[[Futanari]]'' || {{lang|ja|ふたなり}} || Fetish || Depictions of women that have both phallic genitalia (penis with scrotum, only a penile shaft, or an enlarged clitoris) with or without a vulva or vagina. |- | [[Incest]] || {{lang|ja|近親相姦}} || Fetish || Sexual activity with legal family members |- | ''Netorare'' || {{lang|ja|寝取られ}} || Fetish || Cheating or being unfaithful to a significant other, {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "taken away by sleeping with". |- | ''[[Omorashi]]'' || {{lang|ja|おもらし}} / {{lang|ja|お漏らし}} || Fetish || A form of [[urolagnia]] |- | [[Tentacle erotica]] || {{lang|ja|触手責め}} || Paraphilia || Depictions of tentacled creatures and sometimes monsters (fictional or otherwise) engaging in sex or [[rape]] with girls and, less often, men. |- | ''Josou-seme'' / Daughter-attack || {{lang|ja|女装攻め}} || Fetish || Depictions of a ''[[Kathoey]]'', [[Cross-dressing|male-crossdresser]] or [[sissy|tomgirl]] taking the lead (i.e. the "''[[Seme and uke|seme]]''") or exhibiting [[Dominance and submission|dominance]] over a sexual partner. |- |} ==See also== {{Portal|Erotica and pornography}} * ''[[Dōjinshi]]'' * [[List of hentai anime]] * [[List of hentai authors]] (groups, studios, production companies, circles) * [[List of hentai manga]] * ''[[Panchira]]'' * [[Uniform fetishism]] * [[:ja:アダルトアニメ]] ==References== {{Reflist|33em}} ==Further reading== * {{Cite journal | last = Aquila |first=Meredith |year=2007 |url=http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/L/lunning_mechademia2.html |title=Ranma {{frac|1|2}} Fan Fiction Writers: New Narrative Themes or the Same Old Story?| work=[[Mechademia]] |volume=2 |isbn=978-0-8166-5266-2 }} * Buckley, Sandra (1991). {{"'}}Penguin in Bondage': A Graphic Tale of Japanese Comic Books", pp.&nbsp;163–196, In ''Technoculture''. C. Penley and A. Ross, eds. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. {{ISBN|0-8166-1932-8}}. * McCarthy, Helen, and [[Jonathan Clements]] (1998). ''The Erotic Anime Movie Guide''. London: Titan. {{ISBN|1-85286-946-1}}. * {{Cite book | last = Napier | first = Susan J. |authorlink=Susan J. Napier | year = 2000 | title = [[Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation|Anime: From ''Akira'' to ''Princess Mononoke'']] | location = New York | publisher = Palgrave | isbn = 0-312-23863-0}} * {{Cite journal | last = Perper |first=Timothy |last2=Cornog |first2=Martha |date=March 2002| url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12119-002-1000-4 |title=Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. |journal=Sexuality & Culture |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=3–126 |doi=10.1007/s12119-002-1000-4}} ==External links== {{Wiktionary|hentai}} *{{Commons category-inline}} {{Japanese Erotic Cinema}} {{Animation industry in Japan}} {{Pornography}} {{Film genres}} [[Category:Hentai| ]] [[Category:Adult animation]] [[Category:Anime and manga terminology]] [[Category:Japanese sex terms]] [[Category:Pornographic animation]]'