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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Sikh community, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs}}', 1 => '{{For|the UNESCO Arab-Norman Palermo|Kalsa}}', 2 => '{{For|the armed forces of the Sikh Empire|Sikh Khalsa Army}}', 3 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}', 4 => '{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}', 5 => '{{Infobox organization', 6 => '| image = File:Gatka du sikh.jpg', 7 => '| caption = Jung Khalsa warriors playing [[Gatka]] and [[Shastar Vidya]]', 8 => '| named_after = The word comes from the Arabic word Khalis meaning Pure or Liberated', 9 => '| motto = "دق تگ فاتح" ''ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ਼ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ'' ''[[Deg Tegh Fateh]]''', 10 => '| formation = {{Start date and age|1699|04|13|df=yes|p=y}}<br />[[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Shri Anandpur Sahib]], [[Punjab,India]])', 11 => '| type = [[Religious organisation]]', 12 => '| purpose = Fighting against cruelty and oppression in any form regardless of the persecutor', 13 => '| headquarters = [[Panj Takht]]', 14 => '| language = [[Gurmukhi]] dialect of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the official language although the gurus treated all scripts and languages equally, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] wrote many compositions in the Al-Nasiq script and many Bhagats and Bhatts wrote in [[Devanagari]]', 15 => '| leader_title = [[Panj Piare]]', 16 => '| leader_name = ', 17 => '| affiliations = [[Waheguru]], [[Panj Takht]], [[Gurmat]], [[Nishan Sahib]], Justice and equality', 18 => '| remarks = ', 19 => '| abbreviation = ', 20 => '| founder = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]', 21 => '| area_served = Whole Worldwide', 22 => '| num_staff = ', 23 => '| num_volunteers = ', 24 => '| website = ', 25 => '| native_name = ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ, خالصا', 26 => '| logo = [[File:Khanda original.png|100px]]', 27 => '| image_size = ', 28 => '| Flag = [[Image:Sikh_Akali_flag.jpg|100px]]', 29 => '}}', 30 => '{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]}}', 31 => '[[File:Sikh_Akalis_on_the_March.jpg|thumb|right|alt=5 early [[Nihang|Akali]] Sikh warriors, one carrying a flag, one on horseback.|19th century ''[[Nihang|Akali]]'' Sikh warriors.]] ', 32 => '{{Sikhism sidebar}}', 33 => ''''Khalsa''' ({{lang-pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ}}, {{IPA-pa|ˈxaːlsaː|خالص}}, "To be pure, to be clear, to be free from, to be liberated") refers to both a community that considers [[Sikhism]] as its faith,<ref name=britkhalsa>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khalsa Khalsa: Sikhism], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|ref=Singh|author1=Singh, Pashaura |author2=Fenech, Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=237}}</ref> The ''Khalsa'' tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth Guru of Sikhism, [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. Its formation was a key event in the [[history of Sikhism]].<ref name=nikkyxi>{{cite book|author=Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur |title=The Birth of the Khalsa : A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squPx387FuwC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8266-7|page=xi}}</ref> The founding of Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of [[Vaisakhi]].<ref name=senker10>{{cite book|author=Senker, Cath |title=My Sikh Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQozVTKW44C&pg=PA10| year= 2007|publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1-4042-3733-9|page=10}}, Quote: "Vaisakhi is the most important mela. It marks the Sikh New Year. At Vaisakhi, Sikhs remember how their community, the Khalsa, first began."</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p63">[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 63: "The Sikh new year, Vaisakhi, occurs at Sangrand in April, usually on the thirteenth day."</ref><ref name="Jacobsen2008p192">{{cite book|author=Jacobsen, Knut A. |title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA192 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|page=192}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) for the Sikhs, it [Baisakhi] celebrates the foundation of the ''Khalsa'' in 1699."</ref>', 34 => '', 35 => 'Guru Gobind Singh started the ''Khalsa'' tradition after his father, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], was beheaded during the Islamic [[sharia]] rule of the [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="Mandair2013p53"/><ref name=cs2013/><ref name=fenech4/> Guru Gobind Singh created and initiated the Khalsa as a warrior with a duty to protect the innocent from any form of religious persecution.<ref name=colesambhi36/> The founding of the ''Khalsa'' started a new phase in the Sikh tradition. It formulated an initiation ceremony (''[[amrit sanskar]]'', nectar ceremony) and rules of conduct for the ''Khalsa'' warriors. It created a new institution for the temporal leadership of the Sikhs, replacing the earlier ''[[masand]]'' system. Additionally, the ''Khalsa'' provided a political and religious vision for the Sikh community.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Teja| title=A Short History of the Sikhs: Volume One|year=2006|publisher=Punjabi University|location=Patiala |isbn=978-8173800078|page=107 }}</ref><ref name=Singh>{{cite book| last=Singh| first=Kartar|title=Life of Guru Gobind Singh |year=2008|publisher=Lahore Bookshop|location=Ludhiana, India}}</ref>{{rp|127}}', 36 => '', 37 => 'Upon initiation, a ''Khalsa'' Sikh was given the titles of [[Singh]] (male) meaning lion and [[Kaur]] (female) meaning princess. The rules of life, included behavioral code (''Rahit'', such as no tobacco, no alcohol, no adultery, no meat), and a dress code ([[Five Ks]]).<ref name=Singh/>{{rp|121–126}}', 38 => '', 39 => '==Etymology==', 40 => '"''Khalsa''", is derived from the Arabic word "Khalis" "خَالِصٌ" which means "to be pure, to be clear, to be free from, to be sincere, to be true, to be straight, to be solid.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.reverso.net/arabic-english/%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5|title = خالص translation in English &#124; Arabic-English dictionary &#124; Reverso}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.bab.la/dictionary/arabic-english/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5|title = خالِص - Translation in English - bab.la}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chohan, Sandeep and Geaves, Ron |year=2001|title=The religious dimension in the struggle for Khalistan and its roots in Sikh history|journal= International Journal of Punjab Studies|volume =8|issue =1| page =85}}</ref><ref>Jain, S. (1994) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rGljAAAAMAAJ ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute''], Vol. 74, p. 217: The word "Khalsa" (from Persian ''Khalis'') itself means "pure".</ref>', 41 => '', 42 => 'Sikhism emerged in the northwestern part of [[Indian subcontinent]] (now parts of Pakistan and India). During the [[Mughal Empire]] rule, according to professor Eleanor Nesbitt, ''Khalsa'' originally meant the land that was possessed directly by the emperor, which was different from ''[[jagir]]'' land granted to lords in exchange for a promise of loyalty and annual tribute to the emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/> Prior to “Guru Gobind Singh Ji”, the religious organization was organized through the ''masands'' or agents. The ''masands'' would collect revenue from rural regions for the Sikh cause, much like ''jagirs'' would for the Islamic emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Wace E. G. |title=Final Report on the First Regular Settlement of the Simla District in the Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/finalreportonfi01wacegoog |year=1884|publisher=Calcutta Central Press|pages=xxvi–xxviii, 3, 28}}</ref> The ''Khalsa'', in Sikhism, came to mean pure loyalty to the Guru, and not to the intermediary ''masands'' who were increasingly becoming corrupt, states Nesbitt.<ref name="nesbitt54">[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]], pp. 54–57, 29, 143</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=McLeod, W. H. |title=Sikhs of the Khalsa: A History of the Khalsa Rahit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIrXAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565916-0|page=36}}</ref>', 43 => '', 44 => '==Background==', 45 => 'The Sikhs faced religious persecution during the [[Mughal Empire]] rule. [[Guru Arjan Dev]], the fifth Guru, was arrested and executed by Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1606.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of India |author=Jayapalan, N. |publisher=Atlantic |year=2001 |page=160 |isbn=9788171569281}}</ref> The following Guru, [[Guru Hargobind]] formally militarised the Sikhs and emphasised the complementary nature of the temporal power and spiritual power.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=H.S.|title=Sikh Studies, Book 7|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170102458|page=19}}</ref> In 1675, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji]], the ninth Guru of the Sikhs and the father of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] was executed by the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for resisting religious persecution of non-Muslims, and for refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh’s sons were killed since they refused to convert to Islam.<ref name="Mandair2013p53">{{cite book|author=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=53–54}}, Quote: "The Guru's stance was a clear and unambiguous challenge, not to the sovereignty of the Mughal state, but to the state's policy of not recognizing the sovereign existence of non-Muslims, their traditions and ways of life".</ref><ref name=cs2013>{{cite book|last=Seiple|first=Chris|title=The Routledge handbook of religion and security|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-66744-9|page=96}}</ref><ref name=fenech4>[[#Singh|Singh]], pp. 236–238</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=121 | issue=1 | year=2001 |doi=10.2307/606726 | pages=20–31| jstor=606726 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Fenech | first=Louis E. | title=Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=117 | issue=4 | year=1997 | doi=10.2307/606445 | pages=623–642| jstor=606445 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=McLeod | first=Hew | title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab | journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | volume=22 | issue=sup001 | year=1999 | issn=0085-6401 | doi=10.1080/00856408708723379 | pages=155–165}}</ref>', 46 => '', 47 => '==Foundation==', 48 => '[[File:Khalsa 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 300th anniversary of Khalsa]]', 49 => '[[File:Keshgarh Sahib Gurudwara at Anandpur Sahib.jpg|thumb|left|[[Keshgarh Sahib]] Gurudwara at [[Anandpur Sahib]], Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa]]', 50 => 'In 1699, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh Ji asked Sikhs to gather at [[Anandpur Sahib|Shri Anandpur Sahib]] on 13 April 1699, the day of [[Vaisakhi]] (the annual harvest festival). Guru Gobind Singh Ji addressed the congregation from the entryway of a tent pitched on a hill (now called [[Kesgarh Sahib|Shri Kesgarh Sahib]]). He drew his sword, according to the Sikh tradition, and then asked for a volunteer from those who gathered, someone willing to sacrifice his head. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd without the volunteer, but with a bloody sword.<ref name=" Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /> He asked for another volunteer and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. He called them the ''[[Panj Pyare]]'' and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi">{{cite book|last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for faith and nation dialogues with Sikh militants |url=https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt |url-access=limited |year=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0812215922 |oclc=44966032 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fightingforfaith00cynt/page/n55 43]–45}}</ref> These five volunteers were : Daya Ram ([[Bhai Daya Singh|Bhai Daya Singh Ji]]), Dharam Das ([[Bhai Dharam Singh|Bhai Dharam Singh Ji]]), Himmat Rai ([[Bhai Himmat Singh|Bhai Himmat Singh Ji]]), Mohkam Chand ([[Bhai Mohkam Singh|Bhai Mohkam Singh Ji]]), and Sahib Chand ([[Bhai Sahib Singh|Bhai Sahib Singh Ji]]).', 51 => '', 52 => '[[File:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg|thumb|A fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and the [[Panj Piare]].]]', 53 => '', 54 => 'Guru Gobind Singh Ji then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword to prepare what he called [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]] ("nectar"). He then administered this to the ''Panj Pyare'', accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the ''khanda ka paul'' (baptism ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" /><ref>Dhavan, p. 49.</ref> The Guru also gave them a new surname "[[Singh]]" (lion). After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai Ji to Guru Gobind Singh Ji.<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi" />', 55 => '', 56 => 'He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by Islamic authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, for example the [[jizya]] (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax and ''Bhaddar'' tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> Guru Gobind Singh Ji declared that Khalsa do not need to continue this practice, because ''Bhaddar'' is not [[dharma|dharam]], but a ''bharam'' (illusion).<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Dhavan, P |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |pages=43–44 }}</ref> Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25"/> However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.<ref name="MandairShackle2013p25">[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 25–28</ref>', 57 => '', 58 => '“Guru Gobind Singh Ji” had a deep respect for the Khalsa, and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the ''Sangat'' (panth).<ref>[[#Cole|Cole]], pp. 38–39: All the battles I have won against tyranny I have fought with the devoted backing of the people. Through them only have I been able to bestow gifts, through their help I have escaped from harm. The love and generosity of these Sikhs have enriched my heart and home. Through their grace, I have attained all learning, through their help in battle I have slain all my enemies. I was born to serve them, through them I reached eminence. What would I have been without their kind and ready help? There are millions of insignificant people like me. True service is the service of these people. I am not inclined to serve others of higher caste: charity will bear fruit in this and the next world, If given to such worthy people as these. All other sacrifices are and charities are profitless. From toe to toe, whatever I call my own, all I possess and carry, I dedicate to these people.</poem></ref> Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word ''Sisya'' (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of ''Masands'' appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The ''Masands'' led the local Sikh communities, local temples, collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” concluded that the ''Masands'' system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59">{{cite book|author=Oberoi, Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=59–62 }}</ref> These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.<ref name="Oberoi1994p59"/> The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.<ref>{{cite book|author=Oberoi, Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61592-9 |pages=24, 77–78, 89–90 }}</ref><ref>[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 30–33</ref>', 59 => '', 60 => 'The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by “Guru Gobind Singh Ji” has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014p23">[[#Singh|Singh]], pp. 23–24</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Fenech, Louis E. |author2=McLeod, W. H. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=84–85 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jacobsen, Knut A. |author2=Myrvold, Kristina |title=Sikhs Across Borders: Transnational Practices of European Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |year=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-0358-1 |pages=142–147, 156–157 }}</ref>', 61 => '', 62 => '<gallery widths="200" heights="200">', 63 => 'File:An inscription naming the five members of the Khalsa Panth, Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|An inscription naming the five members of the [[Khalsa Panth]], at Takht [[Keshgarh Sahib]], the birthplace of Khalsa on [[Baisakh]] 1, 1756 [[Vikram Samvat]].', 64 => 'File:Guru Gobind Singh creates the Khalsa.jpg|The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the tenth Sikh Guru. ', 65 => '</gallery>', 66 => '', 67 => '==Dress and code of conduct==', 68 => '{{main|Five Ks}}', 69 => '[[Image:Sikh Articles of Faith.JPG|thumb|right|Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks]]', 70 => 'Guru Gobind Singh Ji initiated the [[Five K's]] tradition of the Khalsa,<ref name=colesambhip37>[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 37</ref><ref>[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]], pp. 40–43</ref>', 71 => '* '''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]''': uncut hair.', 72 => '* '''[[Kangha]]''': a wooden comb.', 73 => '* '''[[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]]''': an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.', 74 => '* '''[[Kirpan]]''': a sword.', 75 => '* '''[[Kacchera|Kachera]]''': short breeches.', 76 => '', 77 => 'He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating meat slaughtered according to Muslim ritual and sexual intercourse with any person other than spouse were forbidden.<ref name=colesambhip37/><ref name=johnkoller313>{{cite book|author=Koller, John M |title=The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-50740-8 |pages=312–313 }}</ref> The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors.<ref name=colesambhip37/> The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender.<ref name=johnkoller313/> According to Owen and Sambhi, Guru Gobind Singh Ji's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued "the defense of Sikhism and Hinduism against the Muslim assault of Aurangzeb".<ref name=colesambhi36>[[#Cole|Cole]], p. 36</ref>', 78 => '', 79 => '===Prohibitions===', 80 => '', 81 => 'The four prohibitions<ref>{{cite book|year=1994|publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar| chapter-url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html | title=Sikh Reht Maryada|chapter=Section Six | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202081302/http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html | archive-date=2 February 2002}}</ref> or mandatory restrictions of the Khalsa or life of Khalsa at time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji are:', 82 => '', 83 => '# Not to disturb the natural growth of the [[Kesh (Sikhism)|hair]]s.', 84 => '# Not to eat the [[kutha meat]] of any animal.', 85 => '# Not to cohabit with a person other than one's spouse.', 86 => '# Not to use tobacco, alcohol or any type of drugs.', 87 => '', 88 => 'A Khalsa who breaks any code of conduct is no longer a Khalsa and is [[excommunicated]] from the Khalsa Panth and must go and 'pesh' (get baptized again). Guru Gobind Singh Ji also gave the Khalsa [[The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh|52 hukams]] or 52 specific additional guidelines while living in [[Nanded]] in 1708.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Balawindara|title=Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh|year=2004|publisher=Singh Bros.|page=9|location=Michigan, US}}</ref>', 89 => '', 90 => '===Duties and warriors===', 91 => '{{main article|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Khalistan Movement}}', 92 => 'A Khalsa is enjoined, to be honest, treat everyone as equal, meditate on God, maintain his fidelity, resist tyranny and religious persecution of oneself and others.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}', 93 => '', 94 => 'One of the duties of the Khalsa is to practice arms. This has been deemed necessary due to the rising persecution of the rulers. Before joining the Khalsa, most of the people were from professions like farming, pottery, masonry, carpenters, [[Labana]]s, etc.', 95 => '', 96 => 'Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Oct 1708 deputed his disciple [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur Ji]] to lead the Khalsa in an uprising against the Mughals. Banda Singh Bahadur Ji first established a Sikh kingdom and then brought in the Land reforms in the form of breaking up large estates and distributing the land to peasants. He and his comrades were eventually defeated and executed, but he became an icon among the Sikhs. After a long exile the Khalsa regrouped under [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], who gathered local Khalsa leaders and created ''[[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]]'', a coalition army. The Dal Khalsa fought against the Mughals and the Afghans, eventually resulting in the establishment of a number of small republics called [[misl]]s (autonomous confederacies) and later in the formation of the [[Sikh Empire]].', 97 => '', 98 => 'After the fall of the Mughal empire and the later establishment of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, the Khalsa was converted into a strong, multireligious and multinational fighting force, modernized according to European principles: the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] which had a huge role in the expansion of the empire. Led by generals like: [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji]] himself, [[Misr Diwan Chand]] and [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]. It successfully defeated all its adversaries, including the Afghan tribals and army, Hill Chiefs, [[Misl|Misldars]], Chinese, Tibetan and [[Gurkha]]s. By the time of death of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji]] in 1839, the whole army of [[Sikh Empire]] was assessed at 120,000 men, with 250 artillery pieces. The irregular levies were included.<ref name=" Pearse1">Major Pearse, Hugh; ''Ranjit Singh and his white officers''. In {{cite book|first=Alexander |last=Gardner |title=The Fall of Sikh Empire |publisher=National Book Shop |location=Delhi, India |orig-year=1898 |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7116-231-4}}</ref>', 99 => '', 100 => 'The official name of the state ([[Sikh Empire]]) of Sikhs was "Sarkar-i-Khalsa": Government of the Khalsa. The boundaries of this state stretched from [[Tibet]] to [[Afghanistan]] and from [[Kashmir]] to [[Sutlej]] in the south and included regions of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], etc. The "Sarkar-i-Khalsa" was dissolved during two wars fought against the British between 1846 and 1849.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}', 101 => '', 102 => '==Initiation==', 103 => '{{Main|Amrit Sanchar}}', 104 => '', 105 => 'Initiation into the Khalsa is referred to as [[Amrit Sanchar]] (water of immortality life-cycle rite) or Khande di Pahul (Initiation with the [[Khanda (sword)|double edged sword]]).<ref>[[#Nesbitt|Nesbitt]]</ref> Anyone from any previous religion, age, or knowledge group can take Amrit (Amrit Chhakh) when they are convinced that they are ready.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Elizabeth|title=Religion: A Clinical Guide for Nurses|year=2012|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=9780826108616|page=259}}</ref> This baptism is done by the [[Panj Pyare]] in front of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. The devotee must arrive at the place of baptism, usually a [[Gurdwara]], in the morning after bathing completely including having washed their hair and must be wearing the [[The Five Ks|5 articles]] of the Khalsa uniform.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery|year=2009|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|isbn=9780884899976|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118 118]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118}}</ref> After baptism, the new Singh or Kaur must abide by the four restrictions or must get re-baptised if they break any of them. Jasjpit Singh in Lucinda Mosher book describes taking Amrit as a huge commitment, "You are making a commitment to God, to God's creation, to yourself – and you're giving up yourself. It is like giving up your own ego and accepting God into your life – and accepting yourself as one with the entire creation."<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosher|first=Lucinda|title=Faith in the Neighborhood: Belonging|year=2005|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781596271517|page=50}}</ref>', 106 => '', 107 => '==Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples==', 108 => '', 109 => '[[File:Akalis at the Holy Tank.jpg|thumb|[[Nihang|Akali]]s at the Holy Tank]]', 110 => 'With the creation of Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji had abolished all existing social divisions as was fundamental in the teachings of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shan|first=Harnam|title=Creation Of Khalsa|year=2002|publisher=Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala|location=Chandigarh, India|page=[https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory/page/n10 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/CreationOfKhalsa-AnEpochMakingEventInWorldHistory}}</ref> In their new order, the former lowest of the low would stand with the former highest; all would become one and drink from the same vessel.<ref name="davey">{{cite book|last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |title=A history of Sikhs |year=2002 |publisher=Rupa & Co., New Delhi |isbn=978-8171677641 |pages=68–69 |chapter=Sikhism under Govind}}</ref> All previous beliefs relating to family, occupation, customs and ceremonies were declared useless by the Guru. This caused discomfort to the conservative followers of the Guru and they protested. Many departed from the ceremony, but the Guru declared that the low castes should be raised and would dwell next to him.<ref name="davey"/>', 111 => '', 112 => 'The newswriter of the Mughal government, Ghulam Mohyiuddin, reporting to the emperor wrote:<ref name="sangat">{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Sangat |title=The Sikhs in History |year=2005 |publisher=Singh Brothers |isbn=978-8172052751 |pages=67–68 |chapter=Evolution of Sikh Panth}}</ref><ref name="Gopal">{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Gopal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527|title=A history of the Sikh people |year= 1939|publisher=Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136527/page/n304 291] }}</ref> {{cquote|He has abolished caste and custom, old rituals, beliefs and superstitions of the [[Hindu]]s, [[Sufis]] and [[Shia]]s bonded them in one single brotherhood. No one will be superior or inferior to another. Men of all castes have been made to eat out of the single bowl. Though orthodox men have opposed him, about twenty thousand men and women have taken baptism of steel at his hand on the first day. The Guru has also told the gathering: "I'll call myself Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji only if I can make the meek sparrows pounce upon the hawks and tear them; only if one combatant of my force faces a legion of the enemy"', 113 => '}}', 114 => '', 115 => 'Sri Gur Sobha (18th century) by Senapati contains two sections (''adhyays'') on the controversies that arose, when Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji's disciples in [[Delhi]] heard the news of his new order.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity">[[#Deol|Deol]], pp. 25–26</ref> Much of the controversy stated in ''Sri Gur Sobha'' revolves around ''bhaddar'', the ritual shaving of head after death of a close relative, which was discouraged by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji. According to Sainapti, while creating the Khalsa, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji said that ''bhaddar'' is ''bharam'' (illusion), and not ''[[dharma|dharam]]''.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/>', 116 => '', 117 => 'Tensions developed between the Punjabi [[Khatri]] disciples of the Guru in Delhi, and members of the newly formed Khalsa. A prominent Khatri disciple was expelled from the place of worship (''dharmasala'') for refusing to join the Khalsa. Another disciple was expelled for eating with him, starting a chain of further expulsions.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/> The expelled disciples convened a community gathering, at which two wealthy Khatris demanded that the Khalsa produce a written order from the Guru that a new mandatory code of conduct had been promulgated. A Khatri family that refused to follow the ''bhaddar'' ritual was boycotted by the Khatri community.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/> The Khatri council ([[panchayat|panch]]) closed the bazaar to pressure the Khalsa. The Khalsa petitioned the state officials to intervene, who forced reopening of the shops. Later, peace was established between the two groups in a ''sangat'' (congregation). However, hostility between some Khatris and the Khalsa persisted in the later years.<ref name="JeevanDeol Identity"/>', 118 => '', 119 => 'In contrast to the ''Khalsa'' Sikh, a ''Sahajdhari'' Sikh is one who reveres the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, but has not undergone the initiation. Sahajdhari Sikhs do not accept some or all elements of the dress and behavioral codes of the Khalsa Sikhs.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups#ref884195 Sikhism: Sects and Other Groups], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>', 120 => '', 121 => '==Contemporary status==', 122 => '[[File:Communal lunch in Keshgarh Sahib.jpg|thumb| Khalsa principles of [[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg]] to cook food ([[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]]) in huge amount]]', 123 => '', 124 => 'Today, the Khalsa is respected by the entire gamut of Sikhs; however, not all Sikhs are Amritdharis<ref name="Cynthia Mahmood Faith Baisakhi"/> The issue of Khalsa code of conduct has led to several controversies. In the early 1950s, a serious split occurred in the [[Sikh diaspora|Canadian Sikh community]], when the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|Khalsa Diwan Society]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]] elected a clean-shaven Sikh to serve on its management committee.<ref name=" PRMagocsi Canada">{{cite book|editor=Paul Robert Magocsi |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |orig-year=1998 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0802029386 |oclc=56300149 |pages=1157}}</ref> Although most of the early Sikh immigrants to Canada were non-Khalsa, and a majority of the members of the society were clean-shaven non-Khalsa Sikhs, a faction objected to the election of a non-Khalsa to the management committee. The factions in Vancouver and [[Victoria, British Columbia]] broke away from the Khalsa Diwan Society and established their own gurdwara society called Akali Singh.<ref name="PRMagocsi Canada"/>', 125 => '', 126 => 'The Khalsa has been predominantly a male institution in Sikh history, with ''Khalsa'' authority with the male leaders. In the contemporary era, it has become open to women but its authority remains with Sikh men.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|author=Doniger, Wendy |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration |year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/636 636]}}</ref>', 127 => '', 128 => '[[3HO]] is a western sect that emerged in 1971, founded by [[Harbhajan Singh Khalsa]] also known as Yogi Bhajan. It requires both men and women to wear turbans, and adopt the surname Khalsa.<ref>{{cite book', 129 => '| last = Parsons', 130 => '| first = Gerald', 131 => '| title = The Growth of Religious Diversity: Britain from 1945', 132 => '| year = 1994', 133 => '| publisher = Routledge', 134 => '| isbn = 978-0415083263', 135 => '| oclc = 29957116', 136 => '| pages = 231', 137 => '}}</ref>', 138 => '', 139 => 'Each year the Khalsa display their military skills around the world at a festival called [[Hola Mohalla]]. During Hola Mohalla, military exercises are performed alongside mock battles followed by [[kirtan]] and valor poetry competitions. The Khalsa also lead the Sikhs in the annual [[Vaisakhi]] parade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanturban.com/2012/04/09/picture-of-the-day-los-angeles-ca-celebrates-vaisakhi/|title=Picture of the Day: Los Angeles, CA celebrates Vaisakhi|date=9 April 2012}}</ref>', 140 => '{{wide image|Still From Hola Mohalla.jpg|550px|The Khalsa celebrating the Sikh festival [[Hola Mohalla]] or simply Hola.}}', 141 => '', 142 => '==Demography==', 143 => '[[File:Sikh people.jpg|thumb|A group of Khalsa Sikhs]] ', 144 => '', 145 => 'Worldwide there are nearly 25-30 million Khalsa Sikhs who follow the 5 Ks strictly and tied turban having long hair with moustache and beard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism|title = Sikhism &#124; History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-50374567|title = Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak|work = BBC News|date = 12 November 2019}}</ref> ', 146 => '', 147 => '[[File:Guru Nanak Dev ji standing in the midst of devotees - Unknown, Sikh School - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|Guru Nanak dev ji along with his devotees from different backgrounds]] ', 148 => '', 149 => 'However, there are in addition roughly 120–150 million (12–15 crore) Nanak Naam Lewas people (also known as [[Nanakpanthi]]s) across the world who also believe in 10 Sikh Gurus and “Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji”.<ref>{{cite web | last=Goyal | first=Divya | title=Explained: Who are Nanak Naam Lewa, and why Kartarpur Corridor can't be limited to Sikhs | website=The Indian Express | date=2019-11-10 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-nanak-naam-lewa-and-why-kartarpur-corridor-cant-be-limited-to-sikhs-6100351/ | access-date=2020-11-30}}</ref>', 150 => '', 151 => '==See also==', 152 => '* [[Chakram]]', 153 => '* [[Gatka]]', 154 => '*[[Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex]]', 155 => '* [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]]', 156 => '* [[Nihang]]', 157 => '* [[Sects of Sikhism]]', 158 => '*[[Shastar Vidya]]', 159 => '* [[Sikh history]]', 160 => '', 161 => '==References==', 162 => '{{Reflist}}', 163 => '', 164 => '==Cited sources==', 165 => '*{{cite book|ref=Cole|author1=Cole, William Owen |author2=Sambhi, Piara Singh |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA63 |year=1995|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4}}', 166 => '*{{cite book|last=Deol |first=Jeevan|ref=Deol |editor=Arvind-pal Singh and Mandair, Gurharpal Singh and Christopher Shackle |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700713899 |oclc=45337782 |pages=25–26 |chapter=Eighteenth Century Khalsa Identity: Discourse, Praxis and Narrative}}', 167 => '* Dhavan, P. (2011) ''When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799'', Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.', 168 => '*{{cite book|ref=Nesbitt|author=Nesbitt, Eleanor |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874557-0}}', 169 => '*{{cite book|ref=Singh|author1=Singh, Pashaura |author2=Fenech, Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8}}', 170 => '', 171 => '==External links==', 172 => '{{commons category}}', 173 => '*[http://www.sikhs.org/khalsa.htm Who and What is a Khalsa?]', 174 => '*[https://www.sikhphilosophy.net Creation of the Khalsa]', 175 => '*[http://www.searchsikhism.com/beg.html Rise of the Khalsa]', 176 => '*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725034727/http://www.baisakhi1999.org/order1.htm Order of The Khalsa]', 177 => '', 178 => '{{Sikhism}}', 179 => '{{Guru Gobind Singh}}', 180 => '', 181 => '[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]', 182 => '[[Category:Warrior code]]', 183 => '[[Category:Sikh groups and sects]]' ]