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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:UK - 10 - Phones old and new (2997615876).jpg|thumb|300px|A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box, which stands empty. Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid-1980s that they became widely available. By 2011, it was estimated in Britain that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/8581624/Mobile-phone-calls-overtake-landline-calls-for-first-time.html |title=Mobile phone calls overtake landline calls for first time |last=Wallop |first=Harry |date=18 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/8581624/Mobile-phone-calls-overtake-landline-calls-for-first-time.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |URL-status=live}} {{cbignore}}</ref>]]
The '''history of mobile phones''' covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network.
While the transmission of speech by signal has a long history, the first devices that were wireless, mobile, and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent. The first such devices were barely portable compared to today's compact hand-held devices, and their use was clumsy.
Drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of [[wireless communication]] and the prevalence of its use, with [[Mobile app|smartphones]] becoming common globally and a growing proportion of [[Internet access]] now done via [[mobile broadband]].
==Foundations==
===Predecessors===
In 1908, Professor Albert Jahn and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not really seem to have proceeded with production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19080707.2.68 |title=Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed |date=1908-07-07 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Call]] |volume=104 |number=37 |access-date=2013-10-21 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection}}</ref> In 1917, the Finnish inventor [[Eric Tigerstedt]] successfully filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone". Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and [[Zossen]].<ref name="dt-museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.deutsches-telefon-museum.eu/1900.htm |title=von 1900 bis 1999 |trans-title=from 1900 to 1999 |date=2007-12-29 |website=Deutsches Telefon Museum |language=de |access-date=2013-05-28}}</ref> In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]]. In 1925, the company {{nowrap|Zugtelephonie AG}} was founded to supply train-telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn]] and the [[Reichspost|German mail service]] on the route between [[Hamburg]] and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.izmf.de/en/content/development-digital-mobile-communications-germany |title=The development of digital mobile communications in Germany |website=Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk (IZMF) |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175410/http://www.izmf.de/en/content/development-digital-mobile-communications-germany |archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Simplicissimus Karl Arnold Mobile Telephony.jpg|thumb|right|Karl Arnold 1926 drawing of public use of mobile telephones.]]
Fiction anticipated the development of real-world mobile telephones. In 1906, the English caricaturist [[Lewis Baumer]] published a cartoon in [[Punch (magazine)|'' Punch'']] entitled "Forecasts for 1907"<ref name=":0" /> in which he showed a man and a woman in London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless-telegraphy equipment.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I00006GHuH4c0Ojo |title=Forecasts for 1907 |first=Lewis |last=Baumer |date=1906 |magazine=Punch}}</ref> Cartoonist [[W. K. Haselden]] published ''The Pocket Telephone: When Will It Ring?'' in 1919, depicting six awkward possibilities.<!--Note: Haselden died on Dec. 25, 1953. This cartoon will presumably enter the public domain in the US 70 years later, on Dec. 26, 2023. --><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenib.com/this-comic-from-1919-imagines-what-it-s-like-to-have-a-phone-in-your-pocket/|title=This Comic From 1919 Imagines What It's Like to Have a Phone in Your Pocket|author=The Archive|publisher=The Nib|date=March 22, 2019|access-date=July 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Pocket Telephone: When Will It Ring?|author=W. K. Haselden|publisher=The Mirror|date=March 5, 1919}}</ref> In 1923, [[Ilya Ehrenburg]] casually listed "pocket telephones" among the achievements of contemporary technology in a story in his collection ''Thirteen Pipes'' ({{lang-ru|Тринадцать трубок}}).<ref>Published by «Геликон» in Berlin.</ref> In 1926, the artist [[Karl Arnold (painter)|Karl Arnold]] drew a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine ''[[Simplicissimus]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.simplicissimus.info/uploads/tx_lombkswjournaldb/pdf/1/31/31_38.pdf#page=2 |title=Drahtlose Telephonie |first=Karl |last=Arnold |date=1926 |magazine=Simplicissimus |volume=31 |number=38 |page=498}}</ref> The popular American cartoon detective ''[[Dick Tracy]]'' acquired a two-way, atomic-battery-powered wrist radio in 1946, upgraded to a wrist TV in 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/index.php?url=km/items/view/222024#:~:text=Dick%20Tracy%20is%20a%20long,way%20wrist%20TV%20in%201964.|title=Dick Tracy two-way wrist radio|access-date=July 6, 2023|publisher=Kansas Historical Society}}</ref>
The [[Second World War]] (1939-1945) saw the military use of radio-telephony links. [[Walkie-talkie|Hand-held radio transceivers]] have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed large amounts of power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. (Modern [[cellular network]]s allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice- and data communication.)
In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, [[American Telephone & Telegraph|AT&T]] offered ''Mobile Telephone Service''. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage areas and only a few available channels in urban areas. As calls were transmitted as unencrypted analog signals, anyone with radio equipment that could receive those frequencies could eavesdrop. The commercial introduction (in Japan in 1979) of [[Cellular network|cellular]] technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low-powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.
In the USSR, [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]], an engineer from Moscow, developed and presented a number of experimental pocket-sized communications radios in 1957–1961. The weight of one model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g and could fit in a palm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rusoldat.ru/radiofon.htm |script-title=ru:Радиофон |trans-title=Radiophone |last=Рыбчинский |first=Юрий |date=December 1961 |newspaper=[[Orlovskaya Pravda|Орловская Правда]] |location=Moscow |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://izmerov.narod.ru/okno/index.html |title=Отечественные Мобильники 50-Х |trans-title=Domestic Mobile Phones of the 50's |first=Oleg |last=Izmerov |website=Окно В Прошлое |language=ru}}</ref> However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile [[Altai (mobile telephone system)|"Altai" phone]] was made.<ref>"Nauka i zhizn" magazine, 8, 1957 and 10, 1958; "Technika-molodezhi" magazine, 2, 1959; "Za rulem" magazine, 12, 1957, "Yuny technik" magazine, 7, 1957, 2, 1958 and 9, 1996; "Orlovskaya pravda" newspaper, 12, 1961.</ref>
In 1965, the Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented a mobile automatic phone combined with a base station at the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]]. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.<ref>"Nauka i zhizn" magazine, 8, 1965.</ref>
Advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive ''generations'' from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular networks (1979–), second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks (1991–), third-generation (3G) broadband data services (launched commercially in 2001) to the fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks (launched in 2006 in South Korea). [[5G]] began deployment in 2019.
== Early services ==
{{See also|Car phone}}
=== MTS ===
In 1949, AT&T commercialized [[Mobile Telephone Service]]. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about {{nowrap|30,000 calls}} each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to speak and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about {{convert|80|lb}}<ref name=att1946>{{cite web |url=http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/46mobile.html |title=1946: First Mobile Telephone Call |year=2011 |website=AT&T Labs |access-date=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212113039/http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/46mobile.html |archive-date=2012-12-12}}</ref>
Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.<ref name=GS2006>{{cite book |first1=Gordon A. |last1=Gow |first2=Richard K. |last2=Smith |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction |location=Maidenhead |publisher=McGraw-Hill International (UK) |page=23 |isbn=0-335-21761-3}}</ref> Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $0.30–0.40 per local call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $176 per month and $3.50–4.75 per call.<ref name=att1946/>
In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html |title=Car radiophone paved way for mobiles |date=28 October 2009 |website=BT Today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055313/http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html |archive-date=2014-08-08}}</ref> which was launched around the city of [[Telephony in Greater Manchester#Car radio-phone|Manchester]] in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to [[London]] in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.
=== IMTS ===
AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of '''[[Improved Mobile Telephone Service]]'''. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.<ref name=att1946/>
Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just {{nowrap|40,000 customers}} system wide. In New York City, for example, {{nowrap|2,000 customers}} shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.<ref name=att1946/>
=== Radio Common Carrier ===
[[File:Mobile radio telephone.jpg|thumb|right|A mobile radio telephone.]]
'''Radio Common Carrier'''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22radio+common+carrier%22&pg=PA94 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: Telecommunications |date=1 October 1992 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Office of the Federal Register]]}}</ref> or '''RCC''' was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.
Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used [[Selective calling|two-tone sequential paging]] to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used [[DTMF]]. Some used ''Secode 2805'', which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)
At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.
=== Other services ===
In 1969, Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the {{convert|360|km}} New York-[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.<ref name=GS2006/>
In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the [[Rabbit (telecommunications)|"Rabbit" phone system]] was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than {{convert|300|feet}} feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device.
With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a [[femtocell]].
=== European mobile radio networks ===
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2012}}
In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.
In 1966, Norway had a system called [[OLT (mobile network)|OLT]] which was manually controlled. Finland's [[Autoradiopuhelin|ARP]], launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish [[MTD (mobile network)|MTD]]. All were replaced by the automatic [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]], (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.
In July 1971, Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.<ref>''Wireless World'', July 1971.</ref>
[[West Germany]] had a network called [[A-Netz]] launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972, this was displaced by [[B-Netz]] which connected calls automatically.
== Cellular concept ==
{{see also|Cellular network}}
[[File:Transmitting tower top us.jpg|right|thumb|222px|A multi-directional, cellular network antenna array ("[[cell tower]]").]]
In December 1947, [[Douglas H. Ring]] and [[W. Rae Young]], [[Bell Labs]] engineers, proposed [[cellular network|hexagonal cells]] for mobile phones in vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf |title=1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells |website=Privateline.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062016/http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass before [[Richard H. Frenkiel]], [[Joel S. Engel]] and [[Philip T. Porter]] of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/ |title=Cellular Telephone Basics |first=Tom |last=Farley |date=1 January 2006 |website=Privateline.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205201702/http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/ |archive-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.
In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of [[frequency reuse]] and [[handoff]], as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970, [[Amos E. Joel, Jr.]], a Bell Labs engineer,<ref name="See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762">See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762.</ref> invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call [[handoff]]" process from one cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.
A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Switching Plan for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System |first1=Zachary C. |last1=Fluhr |first2=Eric |last2=Nussbaum |name-list-style=amp |date=November 1973 |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Communications]] |volume=21 |number=11 |pages=1281–1286|doi=10.1109/TCOM.1973.1091569 }}</ref> and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system |last1=Hachenburg |first1=V. |last2=Holm |first2=B.D. |last3=Smith |first3=J.I. |name-list-style=amp |journal=IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology |year=1977 |volume=26 |pages=82–88 |doi=10.1109/T-VT.1977.23660 |s2cid=9138183}}</ref>
== Emergence of automated services ==
The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in [[Sweden]] in 1956. Named [[MTD (mobile network)|MTA]] (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a [[rotary dial]]. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at [[Televerket (Sweden)|Televerket]] network operator. [[Ericsson]] provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and [[Marconi Company|Marconi]] provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of [[vacuum tube]]s and [[relay]]s, and weighed {{convert|40|kg}}. In 1962, an upgraded version called ''Mobile System B (MTB)'' was introduced. This was a [[push-button telephone]], and used [[transistors]] and [[DTMF]] signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the [[MTD (mobile network)|MTD]] version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZRo-lxUDwkC&pg=PA55 |title=Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China |last=Shi |first=Mingtao |year=2007 |publisher=Univerlagtuberlin |pages=55– |isbn=978-3-7983-2057-4 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobilen50ar.se/eng/FaktabladENGFinal.pdf |title=Facts about the Mobile. A Journey through Time |website=Mobilen50ar.se |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813122017/http://www.mobilen50ar.se/eng/FaktabladENGFinal.pdf |archive-date=2010-08-13}}</ref> The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
In 1958, development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR named "[[Altai (mobile telephone system)|Altay]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://englishrussia.com/?p=307 |title=First Russian Mobile Phone |date=2006-09-18 |website=EnglishRussia.com |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref> The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963, the service started in Moscow, and by 1970, was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a [[Trunked radio system|trunking system]] in some parts of Russia.
In 1959, a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, US, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}
In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.<ref>"Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966.</ref>
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the [[Autoradiopuhelin|ARP]] network in [[Finland]], launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a ''zero generation'' ([[Mobile radio telephone|0G]]) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}
== Handheld mobile phone ==
[[File:2007Computex e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg|thumb|125px|Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1972 handheld mobile phone prototype.]]
Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.<ref name="See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762"/> The first portable cellular phone commercially available for use on a cellular network was developed by E.F. Johnson and [[Millicom|Millicom, Inc]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agar |first=Jon |title=Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone. |publisher=Totem Books |date=December 2004}}</ref> It was introduced by Millicom subsidiary Comvik in Sweden in September 1981.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andersson |first=Per |title=Stenbeck. Biography of a Successful Businessman. |publisher=Modernista Press |year=2012 |pages=186}}</ref>
Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On 3 April 1973, [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], a [[Motorola]] researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. [[Joel S. Engel]] of [[Bell Labs]], his rival.<ref name="cooperinterview">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2963619.stm |title=A chat with the man behind mobiles |last=Shiels |first=Maggie |date=21 April 2003 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="radiotelsys">[[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[Motorola]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.motorola.com/sites/default/files/library/us/about-motorola-history-milestones/pdfs/DynaTAC_newsrelease_73_001.pdf |title=Motorola Demonstrates Portable Telephone |date=3 April 1979 |website=Motorola Communications Division press release}}</ref> The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed {{convert|2|kg}} and measured {{convert|23|by|13|by|4.5|cm}}. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.<ref name="recharge">{{cite web |url=http://www.cellular.co.za/cellphone_inventor.htm |title=Martin Cooper – The Inventor of the Cell Phone |website=Cellular.co.za |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123210326/http://www.cellular.co.za/cellphone_inventor.htm |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Commonly referred to as "the Brick", it was not commercially launched until October 1983,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Gallery: Cell Phone History |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/03/gallery-cell-phone-history/ |last1=Honan |first1=Mat }}</ref> and only then in the U.S.
[[John Francis Mitchell|John F. Mitchell]],<ref name=mitchellbio>{{cite web |url=http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography |title=John F. Mitchell Biography |date=2012-08-07 |website=Brophy.net |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref><ref name=giants>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php |title=The Top Giants in Telephony |date=2009-06-11 |website=History of the Cell Phone.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052435/http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=whoinventedcellphone>{{cite web |url=http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography#CELLPHONEINVENTOR |title=Who invented the cell phone? |date=2012-08-07 |website=Brophy.net |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref> Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124546835819133721 |title=Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution, Oversaw Ill-fated Iridium Project |first=Stephen |last=Miller |date=20 June 2009 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name=chicagotrib>{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17,0,955426.story |title=John F. Mitchell, 1928–2009: Was president of Motorola from 1980 to '95 |first=Clare |last=Lane |date=17 June 2009 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=29 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706090016/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17,0,955426.story |archive-date=2009-07-06}}</ref>
==Early generations==
Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retrospectively when referring to the earlier systems.
=== 1G – Analog cellular ===
{{Main|1G}}
The first automatic analog cellular systems ever deployed were [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]]'s system first used in 1979 for car phones in Tokyo (and later the rest of the country of Japan), and the cellular systems released by Comvik in Sweden in [[September]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Telecom Dynamics: History of State of Swedish Telecom |journal=Vinnova Analysis, VA |date=January 2004 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2078454 |last1=Lindmark |first1=Sven }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing the World: The Nordics Take Charge |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/changing-the-world/the-nordics-take-charge}}</ref> [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]] in the other [[Nordic countries]] in October of 1981.
The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the [[Advanced Mobile Phone System]] (AMPS).<ref name=att1946/> It was commercially introduced in the Americas on 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a [[Scanner (radio)|scanner]]; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a [[Frequency-division multiple access]] (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.
On 6 March 1983, the [[DynaTAC 8000X]] mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by [[Ameritech]]. It cost $100M to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7432915 |title=First Cell Phone a True 'Brick' |agency=Associated Press |date=11 April 2005 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> The phone had a talk time of just thirty minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retrobrick.com/moto8000.html |title=Motorola DynaTAC 8000x: This is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon |website=Retrobrick |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022171936/http://www.retrobrick.com/moto8000.html |archive-date=2006-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cellphones0000klin |last=A. Kling |first=Andrew |title=Cell Phones |year=2010 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cellphones0000klin/page/24 24–26] |publisher=Lucent Books |location=Farmington Hills, MI |isbn=9781420501643 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by [[Digital AMPS]] (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.
In February 1986, Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.
=== 2G – Digital cellular ===
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2019}}
{{Main|2G|2.5G|2.75G}}
[[File:GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg|thumb|Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters.]]
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] standard and the U.S. developed [[Code-division multiple access|CDMA]] standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast [[Out-of-band data|out-of-band]] phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the [[history of the prepaid mobile phone|advent]] of [[prepaid mobile phone]]s.
In 1991, the first GSM network ([[Radiolinja]]) launched in [[Finland]]. In general, the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in the United States, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In the United States, the [[IS-54]] standard was deployed in the same band as [[Advanced Mobile Phone System|AMPS]] and displaced some of the existing analog channels.
In 1993, [[IBM Simon]] was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.<ref name="Techblog">{{cite web |url=http://forums.techeblog.com/others-cell-phone/1205-cell-phone-generations-1g-2g-3g-now-4g.html |title=Cell Phone Generations 1G, 2G, 3G and now 4G |date=25 August 2010 |website=Tech Forums |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> The IBM Simon had a stylus, used to tap the touch screen. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA {{nowrap|1.8 MB}} memory card into the phone.<ref name="businessweek">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034025/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone |first=Ira |last=Sager |date=29 June 2012 |magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>
Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny {{convert|100|-|200|g}} hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.
[[File:Mobile phone PHS Japan 1997-2003.jpg|thumb|left|[[Personal Handy-phone System]] mobiles and modems, 1997–2003.]]
The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of [[prepaid mobile phone|prepaid services]] in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.
2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998, the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.
The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.
=== 3G – Mobile broadband ===
{{Main|3G}}
[[File:iPhone3GS.JPG|thumb|[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone 3GS]].]]
As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of [[packet switching]] rather than [[circuit switching]] for data transmission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privateline.com/3G/3G.htm |title=3G and Cellular radio Information |date=2005-01-23 |website=Privateline.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115031341/http://privateline.com/3G/3G.htm |archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
Inevitably, this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G [[CDMA]] networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to [[EV-DO]], which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:
* Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
* Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
* Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
* Introduction of [[Quality of service|QoS]] flags
All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as [[Voice over Internet Protocol|VoIP]].<ref name='Gopal'>{{Cite conference |first=Thawatt |last=Gopal |title=EVDO Rev. A Control Channel Bandwidth Analysis for Paging |book-title=IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference |publisher=IEEE |pages=3262–3267 |date=11–15 March 2007 |doi=10.1109/WCNC.2007.601 |isbn=978-1-4244-0658-6}}</ref>
The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002, the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.
During the development of [[3G]] systems, [[2.5G]] systems such as [[CDMA2000 1x]] and [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]] were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.
The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://star-techcentral.com/tech/story.asp?file=/2005/9/20/corpit/12066894&sec=corpit |title=Mobile TV, anyone? |first=Edwin |last=Yapp |date=20 September 2005 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428163109/http://star-techcentral.com/tech/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F9%2F20%2Fcorpit%2F12066894&sec=corpit |archive-date=28 April 2006}}</ref> with companies such as [[RealNetworks]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=171000005 |title=RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones |last=Gonsalves |first=Antone |date=19 September 2005 |website=Information Week |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> and [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=details&nNewsID=517507 |title=Disney will offer mobile content |date=20 September 2005 |website=Media Week |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902183443/http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=details&nNewsID=517507 |archive-date=2012-09-02}}</ref> among the early pioneers in this type of offering.
In the mid-2000s, an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access]] (HSDPA). It is an enhanced [[3G]] (third generation) [[mobile telephony]] [[communication protocol]] in the [[High-Speed Packet Access]] (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System]] (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 [[Megabit|Mbit]]/s.
By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.
Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the [[mobile web]]. The first such devices, known as "[[dongle]]s", plugged directly into a computer through the [[USB]] port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "[[compact wireless router]]" such as the [[Novatel Wireless|Novatel]] [[MiFi]], which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over [[Wi-Fi]], rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.
Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was not needed. Instead, the [[SIM card]] could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the [[Amazon Kindle]] and the [[Barnes & Noble Nook|Nook]] from [[Barnes & Noble]], had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its [[iPad]] tablet devices later that year.
== 4G – Native IP networks ==
{{Main|4G}}
[[File:Windows Phone.jpg|thumb|[[Nokia]] [[Lumia 1020]].]]
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as [[streaming media]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Fahd Ahmad Saeed |title=Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks |url=http://www.ece.iupui.edu/~dskim/Classes/ECE695MWN/2006-saeed-Capacity_Limit_Problem_in_3G_Networks.ppt |access-date=23 April 2010 |publisher=Purdue School of Engineering}}</ref> Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation ([[4G]]) technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first publicly available [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] service was launched in Scandinavia by [[TeliaSonera]], in 2009. In the 2010s, a 4G technology has found diverse applications across various sectors, showcasing its versatility in delivering high-speed wireless communication, such as mobile broadband, [[internet of things]] (IoT), [[fixed wireless access]], and multimedia streaming (including music, video, [[Internet radio|radio]], and [[Mobile television|television]]).
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of [[circuit switching]], instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, using packet switching over mobile network via [[VoLTE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forum.nokia.com/Technology_Topics/Mobile_Technologies/VoIP/Nokia_VoIP_Framework/VoIP_support_in_Nokia_devices.xhtml |title=VoIP Support in Nokia Devices |website=Nokia Forum |access-date=16 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115458/http://www.forum.nokia.com/Technology_Topics/Mobile_Technologies/VoIP/Nokia_VoIP_Framework/VoIP_support_in_Nokia_devices.xhtml |archive-date=28 May 2009}}</ref>
== 5G – Cellular Mobile Communications ==
{{Main|5G}}
[[File:Foldable phones.jpg|thumb|[[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3|Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3 5G]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3|Galaxy Z Flip3 5G]].]]
Deployment of fifth-generation ([[5G]]) cellular networks commenced worldwide in 2019. The term "5G" was originally used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase in mobile telecommunication standards beyond the [[4G]]/[[IMT-Advanced]] standards. The [[3GPP]] defines 5G as any system that adheres to the [[5G NR]] (5G New Radio) standard. 5G can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave, with download speeds that can achieve [[Gigabit per second|gigabit-per-second]] (Gbit/s) range, aiming for a network latency of 1 ms. This near-real-time responsiveness and improved overall data performance are crucial for applications like [[Online game|online gaming]], [[Augmented reality|augmented]] and [[virtual reality]], [[autonomous vehicles]], IoT, and critical communication services.
== Satellite telephone ==
{{main|Satellite phone}}
A satellite phone is a type of [[mobile phone]] that connects to other phones or the [[Public switched telephone network|telephone network]] by [[Radio frequency|radio]] link through [[satellite]]s orbiting the [[Earth]] instead of terrestrial [[cell site]]s, as [[cellphone]]s do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite are provided. The advantage of a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as [[landline]] and [[Cellular network|cellular]] networks, are not available. Satellite phones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters on Earth or human actions such as war, so they have proven to be [[Dependability|dependable]] communication tools in emergency and humanitarian situations, when the local communications system have been compromised.
The [[Inmarsat]] system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in [[geostationary orbit]]s to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of [[low Earth orbit]] satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the [[Iridium Communications|Iridium]] and [[Globalstar]] satellite phone services.
=== Integration into conventional mobile phones ===
In the early 2020s, manufacturers began to integrate satellite connectivity into [[smartphone]] devices for use in remote areas, out of the [[cellular network]] range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=October 23, 2022 |title=The major space players and diverging strategies in the race to connect your smartphone via satellites |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/23/space-race-to-connect-satellites-to-phones-with-apple-spacex-att.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweezy |first=Tim |date=2023-01-05 |title=Qualcomm's Snapdragon Satellite Will Connect The World In The Most Remote Areas Imaginable |url=https://hothardware.com/news/qualcomms-snapdragon-satellite-will-connect-world-in-remotest-areas-imaginable |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=HotHardware |language=en-us}}</ref> The satellite-to-phone services use [[L band]] frequencies, which are compatible with most modern handsets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nin |first=Catherine Sbeglia |date=2023-01-10 |title=Qualcomm announces Snapdragon Satellite for premium phones |url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20230110/network-infrastructure/qualcomm-announces-snapdragon-satellite-for-premium-phones |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=RCR Wireless News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=T-Mobile to Expand Coverage With the Help of SpaceX's Starlink Satellites |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/t-mobile-to-expand-coverage-with-the-help-of-spacexs-starlink-satellites |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref> However, due to the antenna limitations in the conventional phones, in the early stages of implementation satellite connectivity is limited to satellite messaging and satellite emergency services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualcomm's Snapdragon Satellite will let Android phones text off the grid |url=https://www.engadget.com/qualcomm-snapdragon-satellite-messaging-android-211037007.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Engadget |date=January 5, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=The problems with Elon Musk's satellite phone plan |url=https://qz.com/the-problems-with-elon-musks-satellite-phone-plan-1849462167 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>
In 2022, the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone 14]] started supporting sending emergency text messages via [[Globalstar]] satellites.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Heather |last2=Velazco |first2=Chris |date=2022-11-16 |title=iPhone 14s now can send SOS via satellite. Use it carefully. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/15/iphone-satellite-sos/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 2023, the Apple [[iPhone 15]] added satellite communication with roadside service in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuohy |first=Jennifer Pattison |date=2023-09-12 |title=Apple is adding Roadside Assistance via satellite to the iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23870328/apple-iphone-roadside-assistance-emergency-sos-satellite-aaa |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] formed a partnership to use [[Starlink]] services via existing [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] spectrum, expected in late 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=T-mobile and Starlink satellite connectivity explained: What you need to know |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/t-mobile-starlink-satellite-connectivity-3207661/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX to Serve T-Mobile Phones With Second-Gen Starlink Satellites |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacex-to-serve-t-mobile-phones-with-second-gen-starlink-satellites |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-30 |title=How T-Mobile and SpaceX are teaming up to give you coverage from space |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/08/30/spacex-t-mobile-starlink-satellite/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Elon Musk's Starlink to offer direct-to-cell service in T-Mobile partnership |url=https://www.kiro7.com/news/trending/elon-musks-starlink-offer-direct-to-cell-service-t-mobile-partnership/7VEEU2SMNRGJJGJ7MJRYVL5G2Q/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=KIRO 7 News Seattle |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, [[AST SpaceMobile]] started building a [[3GPP]] standard-based cellular space network to allow existing, unmodified smartphones to connect to satellites in areas with coverage gaps.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A new firm says it can link satellites to ordinary smartphones |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2020/03/07/a-new-firm-says-it-can-link-satellites-to-ordinary-smartphones |access-date=2023-01-10 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jason |date=2023-09-20 |title=AST SpaceMobile's prototype satellite makes first 5G connection |url=https://spacenews.com/ast-spacemobiles-prototype-satellite-makes-first-5g-connection/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, [[Qualcomm]] announced Snapdragon Satellite, the service that will allow supported cellphones, starting with [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Snapdragon]] 8 Gen 2 chipset, to send and receive text messages via [[5G]] non-terrestrial networks (NTN).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualcomm announces Snapdragon Satellite for Android, and it's not just for emergencies |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/qualcomm_announces_snapdragon_satellite_twoway_satellite_messaging_for_android-news-57097.php |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, [[Iridium Communications|Iridium]] introduceed Project Stardust, a standard-based satellite-to-cellphone service supported via NB-IoT for 5G non-terrestrial networks, which will be utilized over Iridium's existing low-earth orbit satellites. Scheduled for launch in 2026, the service provides messaging, emergency communications and IoT for devices like cars, smartphones, tablets and related consumer applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iridium Project Stardust Satellite-to-Cellphone Offering Will Support 5G Messaging - Telecompetitor |url=https://www.telecompetitor.com/iridium-project-stardust-satellite-to-cellphone-offering-will-support-5g-messaging/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.telecompetitor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iridium Unveils Project Stardust; Developing the Only Truly Global, Standards-Based IoT and Direct-to-Device Service |url=https://investor.iridium.com/2024-01-10-Iridium-Unveils-Project-Stardust-Developing-the-Only-Truly-Global,-Standards-Based-IoT-and-Direct-to-Device-Service |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Iridium Satellite Communications |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Mobile device charger standards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; float:right;"
|+ USB power standards for mobile charger
|-
! Port
! Current
! Voltage
! Power (max)
|-
| rowspan=3 | Micro-USB
| 500 mA || 5 V || 2.5 W
|-
| 1 A || 5 V || 5 W
|-
| 2 A || 5 V || 10 W
|-
| rowspan=4 | USB-C<ref>{{cite book |title=Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0, version 1.1 |chapter=10 Power Rules |chapter-url=http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_081017.zip |publisher=USB Implementers Forum |access-date=2017-09-05 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811145015/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_081017.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 100 mA to 3 A || 5 V || 15 W
|-
| 1.7 A to 3 A || 9 V || 27 W
|-
| 1.8 A to 3 A || 15 V || 45 W
|-\
| 2.25 A to 5 A || 20 V || 100 W
|}
[[File:Mobile phone charger plugs.jpg|thumb|Mobile phone charger plugs prior to the universal standard (left to right) Samsung E900, Motorola V3, Nokia 6101 and Sony Ericsson K750.]]
[[File:Micro USB phone charger.jpg|thumb|The Micro-USB interface is found on chargers for [[feature phone]]s and [[smartphone]]s.]]
[[File:OnePlus 3 USB port and the cable.jpg|alt=|thumb|175x175px|The [[USB-C]] interface is increasingly found on (chargers for) smartphones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://technology.ihs.com/598651/usb-type-c-footprint-expands-across-market-segments |title=USB Type-C footprint expands across market segments |website=IHS Technology |access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>]]
Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s, users needed an adapter which was often proprietary by brand or manufacturer to charge their battery. Later, mobile phones from major brands typically used a [[USB]] cable with a micro-USB or, since the mid-2010s, [[USB-C]] interface. [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iPhone]] was the sole major brand to retain its own interface ([[Dock connector#Apple 30-pin dock connector|30-pin dock connector]] replaced by [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] in 2012). In 2023, Apple's [[IPhone 15|iPhone 15 series]] finally made the switch to USB-C, since then, all major brands used USB-C as the charger.
=== In China ===
{{As of|2007|6|14}}, all new [[mobile phone]]s applying for a license in [[China]] are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.eetimes.com/china-to-enforce-universal-cell-phone-charger-2/ | title=China to enforce universal cell phone charger |author=Cai Yan |date=2007-05-31 |magazine=[[EE Times]] |access-date=2007-08-25}}</ref><ref>The Chinese FCC's technical standard: {{Cite web |url=http://www.dianyuan.com/bbs/u/63/2015571206841181.pdf |title=YD/T 1591-2006, Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment |language=zh |website=Dian yuan}}</ref> This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.eetimes.com/how-to-conform-to-chinas-new-mobile-phone-interface-standards/ |first1=Crystal |last1=Lam |first2=Harry |last2=Liu |date=22 October 2007 |title=How to conform to China's new mobile phone interface standards |magazine=EE Times |access-date=2010-06-22}}</ref>
=== OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution ===
In September 2007, the [[Open Mobile Terminal Platform]] group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as [[Nokia]], [[Samsung]], [[Motorola]], [[Sony Ericsson]], and [[LG]]) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com/2100-1041_3-6209247.html |title=Pros seem to outdo cons in new phone charger standard |date=20 September 2007 |website=News.com |access-date=2007-11-26 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.omtp.org/News/Display.aspx?Id=4ec69ecb-0978-4df6-b045-34557aabbcbd |title=Broad Manufacturer Agreement Gives Universal Phone Cable Green Light |website=Open Mobile Terminal Platform |date=17 September 2007 |access-date=2007-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629183154/http://www.omtp.org/News/Display.aspx?Id=4ec69ecb-0978-4df6-b045-34557aabbcbd |archive-date=29 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[GSM Association]] (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009,<ref name="gsm20090217">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/press-releases/2009/2548.htm |website=GSM World |title=Agreement on Mobile phone Standard Charger |access-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217192039/http://www.gsmworld.com//newsroom//press-releases//2009//2548.htm |archive-date=17 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omtp.org/Publications/Display.aspx?Id=4dda105f-8472-4c12-ba04-75dd3c1d4ca6 |title=Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity |date=11 February 2009 |website=[[Open Mobile Terminal Platform]] |access-date=2009-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329233721/http://www.omtp.org/Publications/Display.aspx?Id=4dda105f-8472-4c12-ba04-75dd3c1d4ca6 |archive-date=29 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsmworld.com/our-work/mobile_planet/universal_charging_solution.htm |title=Universal Charging Solution |website=GSM World |access-date=2010-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626073016/http://www.gsmworld.com/our-work/mobile_planet/universal_charging_solution.htm |archive-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/article/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=218501515 |title=Meeting the challenge of the universal charge standard in mobile phones |website=Planet Analog |access-date=2010-06-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909022205/http://www.planetanalog.com/article/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=218501515 |archive-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the [[CTIA – The Wireless Association]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.ctia.org/media/press/body.cfm/prid/1817 |title=The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day |date=2009-04-22 |website=CTIA |access-date=2010-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214154849/http://ctia.org/media/press/body.cfm/PRID/1817 |archive-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2009/49.html |title=Universal phone charger standard approved |date=2009-10-22 |website=ITU |access-date=2010-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223040447/http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2009/49.html |archive-date=2009-12-23}}</ref>
=== EU smartphone power supply standards ===
{{Main|Universal charger}}
In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an [[European Commission|EC]]-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the [[European Union]] compatible with a [[common external power supply]] (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/rtte/chargers.htm |title=Chargers |date=2009-06-29 |website=European Commission |access-date=2010-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/06/europe-gets-universal-cellphone-charger-in-2010/ |title=Europe gets universal cellphone charger in 2010 |date=2009-06-13 |magazine=Wired |access-date=2010-06-22}}</ref> In January 2011, the [[International Electrotechnical Commission|International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)]] released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iec.ch/newslog/2011/nr0311.htm |title=One size-fits-all mobile phone charger: IEC publishes first globally relevant standard |date=2011-02-01 |website=International Electrotechnical Commission |access-date=2012-02-20}}</ref>
In 2022, the [[Radio Equipment Directive (2021)|Radio Equipment Directive 2021/0291]] required new [[smartphone]]s to use [[USB-C]] as a [[universal charger]] by the end of 2024, and laptops by 2026.<ref name="BBC USB-C">{{cite news |last1=Gerken |first1=Tom |title=December 2024 set as date for universal phone charger in EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-63907702 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=BBC News |date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT Satariano">{{cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |title=Europe wants to help clear out your drawer full of chargers. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/07/technology/eu-tablets-phones-usbc-chargers.html |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Camera phone]]
* [[The Mobile Revolution]]
* [[Autopatch]]
* [[History of prepaid mobile phones]]
* [[History of the telephone]]
* [[List of best-selling mobile phones]]
* [[Personal Communications Service]] PCS
* [[Pager]]
* [[Babylonokia]]
* [[SIM card]]
* {{sectionlink|Smartphone|History}}
* {{portal-inline|Telephones}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Agar |first=Jon |year=2004 |title=Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone |place=Cambridge |publisher=Icon |isbn=978-1-84046-541-9}}
*{{cite journal |last=Farley |first=Tom |year=2007 |title=The Cell-Phone Revolution |journal=American Heritage of Invention & Technology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=8–19 |issn=8756-7296 |oclc=108126426 |id=BL Shelfmark 0817.734000}}
{{Mobile phones}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Mobile Phones}}
[[Category:History of mobile phones| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Mobile communication devices}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
[[File:UK - 10 - Phones old and new (2997615876).jpg|thumb|300px|A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box, which stands empty. Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid-1980s that they became widely available. By 2011, it was estimated in Britain that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/8581624/Mobile-phone-calls-overtake-landline-calls-for-first-time.html |title=Mobile phone calls overtake landline calls for first time |last=Wallop |first=Harry |date=18 June 2011 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/8581624/Mobile-phone-calls-overtake-landline-calls-for-first-time.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |URL-status=live}} {{cbignore}}</ref>]]
The '''history of mobile phones''' covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network.
While the transmission of speech by signal has a long history, the first devices that were wireless, mobile, and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent. The first such devices were barely portable compared to today's compact hand-held devices, and their use was clumsy.
Drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of [[wireless communication]] and the prevalence of its use, with [[Mobile app|smartphones]] becoming common globally and a growing proportion of [[Internet access]] now done via [[mobile broadband]].
==Foundations==
===Predecessors===
In 1908, Professor Albert Jahn and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not really seem to have proceeded with production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19080707.2.68 |title=Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed |date=1908-07-07 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Call]] |volume=104 |number=37 |access-date=2013-10-21 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection}}</ref> In 1917, the Finnish inventor [[Eric Tigerstedt]] successfully filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone". Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and [[Zossen]].<ref name="dt-museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.deutsches-telefon-museum.eu/1900.htm |title=von 1900 bis 1999 |trans-title=from 1900 to 1999 |date=2007-12-29 |website=Deutsches Telefon Museum |language=de |access-date=2013-05-28}}</ref> In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]]. In 1925, the company {{nowrap|Zugtelephonie AG}} was founded to supply train-telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the [[Deutsche Reichsbahn]] and the [[Reichspost|German mail service]] on the route between [[Hamburg]] and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.izmf.de/en/content/development-digital-mobile-communications-germany |title=The development of digital mobile communications in Germany |website=Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk (IZMF) |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175410/http://www.izmf.de/en/content/development-digital-mobile-communications-germany |archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Simplicissimus Karl Arnold Mobile Telephony.jpg|thumb|right|Karl Arnold 1926 drawing of public use of mobile telephones.]]
Fiction anticipated the development of real-world mobile telephones. In 1906, the English caricaturist [[Lewis Baumer]] published a cartoon in [[Punch (magazine)|'' Punch'']] entitled "Forecasts for 1907"<ref name=":0" /> in which he showed a man and a woman in London's [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless-telegraphy equipment.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I00006GHuH4c0Ojo |title=Forecasts for 1907 |first=Lewis |last=Baumer |date=1906 |magazine=Punch}}</ref> Cartoonist [[W. K. Haselden]] published ''The Pocket Telephone: When Will It Ring?'' in 1919, depicting six awkward possibilities.<!--Note: Haselden died on Dec. 25, 1953. This cartoon will presumably enter the public domain in the US 70 years later, on Dec. 26, 2023. --><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenib.com/this-comic-from-1919-imagines-what-it-s-like-to-have-a-phone-in-your-pocket/|title=This Comic From 1919 Imagines What It's Like to Have a Phone in Your Pocket|author=The Archive|publisher=The Nib|date=March 22, 2019|access-date=July 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Pocket Telephone: When Will It Ring?|author=W. K. Haselden|publisher=The Mirror|date=March 5, 1919}}</ref> In 1923, [[Ilya Ehrenburg]] casually listed "pocket telephones" among the achievements of contemporary technology in a story in his collection ''Thirteen Pipes'' ({{lang-ru|Тринадцать трубок}}).<ref>Published by «Геликон» in Berlin.</ref> In 1926, the artist [[Karl Arnold (painter)|Karl Arnold]] drew a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine ''[[Simplicissimus]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.simplicissimus.info/uploads/tx_lombkswjournaldb/pdf/1/31/31_38.pdf#page=2 |title=Drahtlose Telephonie |first=Karl |last=Arnold |date=1926 |magazine=Simplicissimus |volume=31 |number=38 |page=498}}</ref> The popular American cartoon detective ''[[Dick Tracy]]'' acquired a two-way, atomic-battery-powered wrist radio in 1946, upgraded to a wrist TV in 1964.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/index.php?url=km/items/view/222024#:~:text=Dick%20Tracy%20is%20a%20long,way%20wrist%20TV%20in%201964.|title=Dick Tracy two-way wrist radio|access-date=July 6, 2023|publisher=Kansas Historical Society}}</ref>
The [[Second World War]] (1939-1945) saw the military use of radio-telephony links. [[Walkie-talkie|Hand-held radio transceivers]] have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed large amounts of power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. (Modern [[cellular network]]s allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice- and data communication.)
In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, [[American Telephone & Telegraph|AT&T]] offered ''Mobile Telephone Service''. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage areas and only a few available channels in urban areas. As calls were transmitted as unencrypted analog signals, anyone with radio equipment that could receive those frequencies could eavesdrop. The commercial introduction (in Japan in 1979) of [[Cellular network|cellular]] technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low-powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.
In the USSR, [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]], an engineer from Moscow, developed and presented a number of experimental pocket-sized communications radios in 1957–1961. The weight of one model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g and could fit in a palm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rusoldat.ru/radiofon.htm |script-title=ru:Радиофон |trans-title=Radiophone |last=Рыбчинский |first=Юрий |date=December 1961 |newspaper=[[Orlovskaya Pravda|Орловская Правда]] |location=Moscow |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://izmerov.narod.ru/okno/index.html |title=Отечественные Мобильники 50-Х |trans-title=Domestic Mobile Phones of the 50's |first=Oleg |last=Izmerov |website=Окно В Прошлое |language=ru}}</ref> However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile [[Altai (mobile telephone system)|"Altai" phone]] was made.<ref>"Nauka i zhizn" magazine, 8, 1957 and 10, 1958; "Technika-molodezhi" magazine, 2, 1959; "Za rulem" magazine, 12, 1957, "Yuny technik" magazine, 7, 1957, 2, 1958 and 9, 1996; "Orlovskaya pravda" newspaper, 12, 1961.</ref>
In 1965, the Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented a mobile automatic phone combined with a base station at the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]]. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.<ref>"Nauka i zhizn" magazine, 8, 1965.</ref>
Advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive ''generations'' from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular networks (1979–), second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks (1991–), third-generation (3G) broadband data services (launched commercially in 2001) to the fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks (launched in 2006 in South Korea). [[5G]] began deployment in 2019.
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== Cellular concept ==
{{see also|Cellular network}}
[[File:Transmitting tower top us.jpg|right|thumb|222px|A multi-directional, cellular network antenna array ("[[cell tower]]").]]
In December 1947, [[Douglas H. Ring]] and [[W. Rae Young]], [[Bell Labs]] engineers, proposed [[cellular network|hexagonal cells]] for mobile phones in vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf |title=1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells |website=Privateline.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062016/http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2012}}</ref> At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass before [[Richard H. Frenkiel]], [[Joel S. Engel]] and [[Philip T. Porter]] of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/ |title=Cellular Telephone Basics |first=Tom |last=Farley |date=1 January 2006 |website=Privateline.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205201702/http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/ |archive-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.
In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of [[frequency reuse]] and [[handoff]], as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970, [[Amos E. Joel, Jr.]], a Bell Labs engineer,<ref name="See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762">See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762.</ref> invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call [[handoff]]" process from one cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.
A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Switching Plan for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System |first1=Zachary C. |last1=Fluhr |first2=Eric |last2=Nussbaum |name-list-style=amp |date=November 1973 |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Communications]] |volume=21 |number=11 |pages=1281–1286|doi=10.1109/TCOM.1973.1091569 }}</ref> and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system |last1=Hachenburg |first1=V. |last2=Holm |first2=B.D. |last3=Smith |first3=J.I. |name-list-style=amp |journal=IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology |year=1977 |volume=26 |pages=82–88 |doi=10.1109/T-VT.1977.23660 |s2cid=9138183}}</ref>
== Emergence of automated services ==
The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in [[Sweden]] in 1956. Named [[MTD (mobile network)|MTA]] (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a [[rotary dial]]. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at [[Televerket (Sweden)|Televerket]] network operator. [[Ericsson]] provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and [[Marconi Company|Marconi]] provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of [[vacuum tube]]s and [[relay]]s, and weighed {{convert|40|kg}}. In 1962, an upgraded version called ''Mobile System B (MTB)'' was introduced. This was a [[push-button telephone]], and used [[transistors]] and [[DTMF]] signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the [[MTD (mobile network)|MTD]] version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZRo-lxUDwkC&pg=PA55 |title=Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China |last=Shi |first=Mingtao |year=2007 |publisher=Univerlagtuberlin |pages=55– |isbn=978-3-7983-2057-4 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobilen50ar.se/eng/FaktabladENGFinal.pdf |title=Facts about the Mobile. A Journey through Time |website=Mobilen50ar.se |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813122017/http://www.mobilen50ar.se/eng/FaktabladENGFinal.pdf |archive-date=2010-08-13}}</ref> The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
In 1958, development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR named "[[Altai (mobile telephone system)|Altay]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://englishrussia.com/?p=307 |title=First Russian Mobile Phone |date=2006-09-18 |website=EnglishRussia.com |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref> The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963, the service started in Moscow, and by 1970, was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a [[Trunked radio system|trunking system]] in some parts of Russia.
In 1959, a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, US, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}
In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.<ref>"Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966.</ref>
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the [[Autoradiopuhelin|ARP]] network in [[Finland]], launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a ''zero generation'' ([[Mobile radio telephone|0G]]) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}
== Handheld mobile phone ==
[[File:2007Computex e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg|thumb|125px|Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1972 handheld mobile phone prototype.]]
Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.<ref name="See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762"/> The first portable cellular phone commercially available for use on a cellular network was developed by E.F. Johnson and [[Millicom|Millicom, Inc]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agar |first=Jon |title=Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone. |publisher=Totem Books |date=December 2004}}</ref> It was introduced by Millicom subsidiary Comvik in Sweden in September 1981.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andersson |first=Per |title=Stenbeck. Biography of a Successful Businessman. |publisher=Modernista Press |year=2012 |pages=186}}</ref>
Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On 3 April 1973, [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], a [[Motorola]] researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. [[Joel S. Engel]] of [[Bell Labs]], his rival.<ref name="cooperinterview">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2963619.stm |title=A chat with the man behind mobiles |last=Shiels |first=Maggie |date=21 April 2003 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="radiotelsys">[[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[Motorola]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.motorola.com/sites/default/files/library/us/about-motorola-history-milestones/pdfs/DynaTAC_newsrelease_73_001.pdf |title=Motorola Demonstrates Portable Telephone |date=3 April 1979 |website=Motorola Communications Division press release}}</ref> The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed {{convert|2|kg}} and measured {{convert|23|by|13|by|4.5|cm}}. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.<ref name="recharge">{{cite web |url=http://www.cellular.co.za/cellphone_inventor.htm |title=Martin Cooper – The Inventor of the Cell Phone |website=Cellular.co.za |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123210326/http://www.cellular.co.za/cellphone_inventor.htm |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Commonly referred to as "the Brick", it was not commercially launched until October 1983,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Gallery: Cell Phone History |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/03/gallery-cell-phone-history/ |last1=Honan |first1=Mat }}</ref> and only then in the U.S.
[[John Francis Mitchell|John F. Mitchell]],<ref name=mitchellbio>{{cite web |url=http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography |title=John F. Mitchell Biography |date=2012-08-07 |website=Brophy.net |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref><ref name=giants>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php |title=The Top Giants in Telephony |date=2009-06-11 |website=History of the Cell Phone.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052435/http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php |archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=whoinventedcellphone>{{cite web |url=http://www.brophy.net/PivotX/?p=john-francis-mitchell-biography#CELLPHONEINVENTOR |title=Who invented the cell phone? |date=2012-08-07 |website=Brophy.net |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref> Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124546835819133721 |title=Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution, Oversaw Ill-fated Iridium Project |first=Stephen |last=Miller |date=20 June 2009 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name=chicagotrib>{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17,0,955426.story |title=John F. Mitchell, 1928–2009: Was president of Motorola from 1980 to '95 |first=Clare |last=Lane |date=17 June 2009 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=29 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706090016/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17,0,955426.story |archive-date=2009-07-06}}</ref>
==Early generations==
Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retrospectively when referring to the earlier systems.
=== 1G – Analog cellular ===
{{Main|1G}}
The first automatic analog cellular systems ever deployed were [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]]'s system first used in 1979 for car phones in Tokyo (and later the rest of the country of Japan), and the cellular systems released by Comvik in Sweden in [[September]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Telecom Dynamics: History of State of Swedish Telecom |journal=Vinnova Analysis, VA |date=January 2004 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2078454 |last1=Lindmark |first1=Sven }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Changing the World: The Nordics Take Charge |url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/changing-the-world/the-nordics-take-charge}}</ref> [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]] in the other [[Nordic countries]] in October of 1981.
The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the [[Advanced Mobile Phone System]] (AMPS).<ref name=att1946/> It was commercially introduced in the Americas on 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a [[Scanner (radio)|scanner]]; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a [[Frequency-division multiple access]] (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.
On 6 March 1983, the [[DynaTAC 8000X]] mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by [[Ameritech]]. It cost $100M to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7432915 |title=First Cell Phone a True 'Brick' |agency=Associated Press |date=11 April 2005 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> The phone had a talk time of just thirty minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retrobrick.com/moto8000.html |title=Motorola DynaTAC 8000x: This is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon |website=Retrobrick |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022171936/http://www.retrobrick.com/moto8000.html |archive-date=2006-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cellphones0000klin |last=A. Kling |first=Andrew |title=Cell Phones |year=2010 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cellphones0000klin/page/24 24–26] |publisher=Lucent Books |location=Farmington Hills, MI |isbn=9781420501643 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by [[Digital AMPS]] (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.
In February 1986, Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.
=== 2G – Digital cellular ===
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2019}}
{{Main|2G|2.5G|2.75G}}
[[File:GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg|thumb|Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters.]]
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] standard and the U.S. developed [[Code-division multiple access|CDMA]] standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast [[Out-of-band data|out-of-band]] phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the [[history of the prepaid mobile phone|advent]] of [[prepaid mobile phone]]s.
In 1991, the first GSM network ([[Radiolinja]]) launched in [[Finland]]. In general, the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in the United States, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In the United States, the [[IS-54]] standard was deployed in the same band as [[Advanced Mobile Phone System|AMPS]] and displaced some of the existing analog channels.
In 1993, [[IBM Simon]] was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.<ref name="Techblog">{{cite web |url=http://forums.techeblog.com/others-cell-phone/1205-cell-phone-generations-1g-2g-3g-now-4g.html |title=Cell Phone Generations 1G, 2G, 3G and now 4G |date=25 August 2010 |website=Tech Forums |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> The IBM Simon had a stylus, used to tap the touch screen. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA {{nowrap|1.8 MB}} memory card into the phone.<ref name="businessweek">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701034025/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-06-29/before-iphone-and-android-came-simon-the-first-smartphone |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone |first=Ira |last=Sager |date=29 June 2012 |magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>
Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny {{convert|100|-|200|g}} hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.
[[File:Mobile phone PHS Japan 1997-2003.jpg|thumb|left|[[Personal Handy-phone System]] mobiles and modems, 1997–2003.]]
The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of [[prepaid mobile phone|prepaid services]] in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.
2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998, the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.
The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.
=== 3G – Mobile broadband ===
{{Main|3G}}
[[File:iPhone3GS.JPG|thumb|[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone 3GS]].]]
As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of [[packet switching]] rather than [[circuit switching]] for data transmission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.privateline.com/3G/3G.htm |title=3G and Cellular radio Information |date=2005-01-23 |website=Privateline.com |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115031341/http://privateline.com/3G/3G.htm |archive-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
Inevitably, this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G [[CDMA]] networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to [[EV-DO]], which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:
* Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
* Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
* Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
* Introduction of [[Quality of service|QoS]] flags
All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as [[Voice over Internet Protocol|VoIP]].<ref name='Gopal'>{{Cite conference |first=Thawatt |last=Gopal |title=EVDO Rev. A Control Channel Bandwidth Analysis for Paging |book-title=IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference |publisher=IEEE |pages=3262–3267 |date=11–15 March 2007 |doi=10.1109/WCNC.2007.601 |isbn=978-1-4244-0658-6}}</ref>
The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002, the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.
During the development of [[3G]] systems, [[2.5G]] systems such as [[CDMA2000 1x]] and [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]] were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.
The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://star-techcentral.com/tech/story.asp?file=/2005/9/20/corpit/12066894&sec=corpit |title=Mobile TV, anyone? |first=Edwin |last=Yapp |date=20 September 2005 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428163109/http://star-techcentral.com/tech/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F9%2F20%2Fcorpit%2F12066894&sec=corpit |archive-date=28 April 2006}}</ref> with companies such as [[RealNetworks]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=171000005 |title=RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones |last=Gonsalves |first=Antone |date=19 September 2005 |website=Information Week |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> and [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=details&nNewsID=517507 |title=Disney will offer mobile content |date=20 September 2005 |website=Media Week |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902183443/http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=details&nNewsID=517507 |archive-date=2012-09-02}}</ref> among the early pioneers in this type of offering.
In the mid-2000s, an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely [[High-Speed Downlink Packet Access]] (HSDPA). It is an enhanced [[3G]] (third generation) [[mobile telephony]] [[communication protocol]] in the [[High-Speed Packet Access]] (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System]] (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 [[Megabit|Mbit]]/s.
By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.
Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the [[mobile web]]. The first such devices, known as "[[dongle]]s", plugged directly into a computer through the [[USB]] port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "[[compact wireless router]]" such as the [[Novatel Wireless|Novatel]] [[MiFi]], which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over [[Wi-Fi]], rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.
Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was not needed. Instead, the [[SIM card]] could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the [[Amazon Kindle]] and the [[Barnes & Noble Nook|Nook]] from [[Barnes & Noble]], had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its [[iPad]] tablet devices later that year.
== 4G – Native IP networks ==
{{Main|4G}}
[[File:Windows Phone.jpg|thumb|[[Nokia]] [[Lumia 1020]].]]
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as [[streaming media]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Fahd Ahmad Saeed |title=Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks |url=http://www.ece.iupui.edu/~dskim/Classes/ECE695MWN/2006-saeed-Capacity_Limit_Problem_in_3G_Networks.ppt |access-date=23 April 2010 |publisher=Purdue School of Engineering}}</ref> Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation ([[4G]]) technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first publicly available [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] service was launched in Scandinavia by [[TeliaSonera]], in 2009. In the 2010s, a 4G technology has found diverse applications across various sectors, showcasing its versatility in delivering high-speed wireless communication, such as mobile broadband, [[internet of things]] (IoT), [[fixed wireless access]], and multimedia streaming (including music, video, [[Internet radio|radio]], and [[Mobile television|television]]).
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of [[circuit switching]], instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, using packet switching over mobile network via [[VoLTE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forum.nokia.com/Technology_Topics/Mobile_Technologies/VoIP/Nokia_VoIP_Framework/VoIP_support_in_Nokia_devices.xhtml |title=VoIP Support in Nokia Devices |website=Nokia Forum |access-date=16 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115458/http://www.forum.nokia.com/Technology_Topics/Mobile_Technologies/VoIP/Nokia_VoIP_Framework/VoIP_support_in_Nokia_devices.xhtml |archive-date=28 May 2009}}</ref>
== 5G – Cellular Mobile Communications ==
{{Main|5G}}
[[File:Foldable phones.jpg|thumb|[[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3|Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3 5G]] and [[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3|Galaxy Z Flip3 5G]].]]
Deployment of fifth-generation ([[5G]]) cellular networks commenced worldwide in 2019. The term "5G" was originally used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase in mobile telecommunication standards beyond the [[4G]]/[[IMT-Advanced]] standards. The [[3GPP]] defines 5G as any system that adheres to the [[5G NR]] (5G New Radio) standard. 5G can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave, with download speeds that can achieve [[Gigabit per second|gigabit-per-second]] (Gbit/s) range, aiming for a network latency of 1 ms. This near-real-time responsiveness and improved overall data performance are crucial for applications like [[Online game|online gaming]], [[Augmented reality|augmented]] and [[virtual reality]], [[autonomous vehicles]], IoT, and critical communication services.
== Satellite telephone ==
{{main|Satellite phone}}
A satellite phone is a type of [[mobile phone]] that connects to other phones or the [[Public switched telephone network|telephone network]] by [[Radio frequency|radio]] link through [[satellite]]s orbiting the [[Earth]] instead of terrestrial [[cell site]]s, as [[cellphone]]s do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite are provided. The advantage of a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as [[landline]] and [[Cellular network|cellular]] networks, are not available. Satellite phones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters on Earth or human actions such as war, so they have proven to be [[Dependability|dependable]] communication tools in emergency and humanitarian situations, when the local communications system have been compromised.
The [[Inmarsat]] system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in [[geostationary orbit]]s to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of [[low Earth orbit]] satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the [[Iridium Communications|Iridium]] and [[Globalstar]] satellite phone services.
=== Integration into conventional mobile phones ===
In the early 2020s, manufacturers began to integrate satellite connectivity into [[smartphone]] devices for use in remote areas, out of the [[cellular network]] range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=October 23, 2022 |title=The major space players and diverging strategies in the race to connect your smartphone via satellites |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/23/space-race-to-connect-satellites-to-phones-with-apple-spacex-att.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweezy |first=Tim |date=2023-01-05 |title=Qualcomm's Snapdragon Satellite Will Connect The World In The Most Remote Areas Imaginable |url=https://hothardware.com/news/qualcomms-snapdragon-satellite-will-connect-world-in-remotest-areas-imaginable |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=HotHardware |language=en-us}}</ref> The satellite-to-phone services use [[L band]] frequencies, which are compatible with most modern handsets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nin |first=Catherine Sbeglia |date=2023-01-10 |title=Qualcomm announces Snapdragon Satellite for premium phones |url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/20230110/network-infrastructure/qualcomm-announces-snapdragon-satellite-for-premium-phones |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=RCR Wireless News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=T-Mobile to Expand Coverage With the Help of SpaceX's Starlink Satellites |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/t-mobile-to-expand-coverage-with-the-help-of-spacexs-starlink-satellites |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref> However, due to the antenna limitations in the conventional phones, in the early stages of implementation satellite connectivity is limited to satellite messaging and satellite emergency services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualcomm's Snapdragon Satellite will let Android phones text off the grid |url=https://www.engadget.com/qualcomm-snapdragon-satellite-messaging-android-211037007.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Engadget |date=January 5, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=The problems with Elon Musk's satellite phone plan |url=https://qz.com/the-problems-with-elon-musks-satellite-phone-plan-1849462167 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>
In 2022, the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone 14]] started supporting sending emergency text messages via [[Globalstar]] satellites.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Heather |last2=Velazco |first2=Chris |date=2022-11-16 |title=iPhone 14s now can send SOS via satellite. Use it carefully. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/15/iphone-satellite-sos/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 2023, the Apple [[iPhone 15]] added satellite communication with roadside service in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuohy |first=Jennifer Pattison |date=2023-09-12 |title=Apple is adding Roadside Assistance via satellite to the iPhone |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23870328/apple-iphone-roadside-assistance-emergency-sos-satellite-aaa |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, [[T-Mobile US|T-Mobile]] formed a partnership to use [[Starlink]] services via existing [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] spectrum, expected in late 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=T-mobile and Starlink satellite connectivity explained: What you need to know |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/t-mobile-starlink-satellite-connectivity-3207661/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX to Serve T-Mobile Phones With Second-Gen Starlink Satellites |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/spacex-to-serve-t-mobile-phones-with-second-gen-starlink-satellites |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-30 |title=How T-Mobile and SpaceX are teaming up to give you coverage from space |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/08/30/spacex-t-mobile-starlink-satellite/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Elon Musk's Starlink to offer direct-to-cell service in T-Mobile partnership |url=https://www.kiro7.com/news/trending/elon-musks-starlink-offer-direct-to-cell-service-t-mobile-partnership/7VEEU2SMNRGJJGJ7MJRYVL5G2Q/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=KIRO 7 News Seattle |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, [[AST SpaceMobile]] started building a [[3GPP]] standard-based cellular space network to allow existing, unmodified smartphones to connect to satellites in areas with coverage gaps.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A new firm says it can link satellites to ordinary smartphones |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2020/03/07/a-new-firm-says-it-can-link-satellites-to-ordinary-smartphones |access-date=2023-01-10 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jason |date=2023-09-20 |title=AST SpaceMobile's prototype satellite makes first 5G connection |url=https://spacenews.com/ast-spacemobiles-prototype-satellite-makes-first-5g-connection/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, [[Qualcomm]] announced Snapdragon Satellite, the service that will allow supported cellphones, starting with [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Snapdragon]] 8 Gen 2 chipset, to send and receive text messages via [[5G]] non-terrestrial networks (NTN).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qualcomm announces Snapdragon Satellite for Android, and it's not just for emergencies |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/qualcomm_announces_snapdragon_satellite_twoway_satellite_messaging_for_android-news-57097.php |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=GSMArena.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, [[Iridium Communications|Iridium]] introduceed Project Stardust, a standard-based satellite-to-cellphone service supported via NB-IoT for 5G non-terrestrial networks, which will be utilized over Iridium's existing low-earth orbit satellites. Scheduled for launch in 2026, the service provides messaging, emergency communications and IoT for devices like cars, smartphones, tablets and related consumer applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iridium Project Stardust Satellite-to-Cellphone Offering Will Support 5G Messaging - Telecompetitor |url=https://www.telecompetitor.com/iridium-project-stardust-satellite-to-cellphone-offering-will-support-5g-messaging/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.telecompetitor.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iridium Unveils Project Stardust; Developing the Only Truly Global, Standards-Based IoT and Direct-to-Device Service |url=https://investor.iridium.com/2024-01-10-Iridium-Unveils-Project-Stardust-Developing-the-Only-Truly-Global,-Standards-Based-IoT-and-Direct-to-Device-Service |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Iridium Satellite Communications |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Mobile device charger standards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; float:right;"
|+ USB power standards for mobile charger
|-
! Port
! Current
! Voltage
! Power (max)
|-
| rowspan=3 | Micro-USB
| 500 mA || 5 V || 2.5 W
|-
| 1 A || 5 V || 5 W
|-
| 2 A || 5 V || 10 W
|-
| rowspan=4 | USB-C<ref>{{cite book |title=Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0, version 1.1 |chapter=10 Power Rules |chapter-url=http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_081017.zip |publisher=USB Implementers Forum |access-date=2017-09-05 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811145015/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_081017.zip |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 100 mA to 3 A || 5 V || 15 W
|-
| 1.7 A to 3 A || 9 V || 27 W
|-
| 1.8 A to 3 A || 15 V || 45 W
|-\
| 2.25 A to 5 A || 20 V || 100 W
|}
[[File:Mobile phone charger plugs.jpg|thumb|Mobile phone charger plugs prior to the universal standard (left to right) Samsung E900, Motorola V3, Nokia 6101 and Sony Ericsson K750.]]
[[File:Micro USB phone charger.jpg|thumb|The Micro-USB interface is found on chargers for [[feature phone]]s and [[smartphone]]s.]]
[[File:OnePlus 3 USB port and the cable.jpg|alt=|thumb|175x175px|The [[USB-C]] interface is increasingly found on (chargers for) smartphones.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://technology.ihs.com/598651/usb-type-c-footprint-expands-across-market-segments |title=USB Type-C footprint expands across market segments |website=IHS Technology |access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref>]]
Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s, users needed an adapter which was often proprietary by brand or manufacturer to charge their battery. Later, mobile phones from major brands typically used a [[USB]] cable with a micro-USB or, since the mid-2010s, [[USB-C]] interface. [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iPhone]] was the sole major brand to retain its own interface ([[Dock connector#Apple 30-pin dock connector|30-pin dock connector]] replaced by [[Lightning (connector)|Lightning]] in 2012). In 2023, Apple's [[IPhone 15|iPhone 15 series]] finally made the switch to USB-C, since then, all major brands used USB-C as the charger.
=== In China ===
{{As of|2007|6|14}}, all new [[mobile phone]]s applying for a license in [[China]] are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.eetimes.com/china-to-enforce-universal-cell-phone-charger-2/ | title=China to enforce universal cell phone charger |author=Cai Yan |date=2007-05-31 |magazine=[[EE Times]] |access-date=2007-08-25}}</ref><ref>The Chinese FCC's technical standard: {{Cite web |url=http://www.dianyuan.com/bbs/u/63/2015571206841181.pdf |title=YD/T 1591-2006, Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment |language=zh |website=Dian yuan}}</ref> This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.eetimes.com/how-to-conform-to-chinas-new-mobile-phone-interface-standards/ |first1=Crystal |last1=Lam |first2=Harry |last2=Liu |date=22 October 2007 |title=How to conform to China's new mobile phone interface standards |magazine=EE Times |access-date=2010-06-22}}</ref>
=== OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution ===
In September 2007, the [[Open Mobile Terminal Platform]] group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as [[Nokia]], [[Samsung]], [[Motorola]], [[Sony Ericsson]], and [[LG]]) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com/2100-1041_3-6209247.html |title=Pros seem to outdo cons in new phone charger standard |date=20 September 2007 |website=News.com |access-date=2007-11-26 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.omtp.org/News/Display.aspx?Id=4ec69ecb-0978-4df6-b045-34557aabbcbd |title=Broad Manufacturer Agreement Gives Universal Phone Cable Green Light |website=Open Mobile Terminal Platform |date=17 September 2007 |access-date=2007-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629183154/http://www.omtp.org/News/Display.aspx?Id=4ec69ecb-0978-4df6-b045-34557aabbcbd |archive-date=29 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The [[GSM Association]] (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009,<ref name="gsm20090217">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/press-releases/2009/2548.htm |website=GSM World |title=Agreement on Mobile phone Standard Charger |access-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217192039/http://www.gsmworld.com//newsroom//press-releases//2009//2548.htm |archive-date=17 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omtp.org/Publications/Display.aspx?Id=4dda105f-8472-4c12-ba04-75dd3c1d4ca6 |title=Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity |date=11 February 2009 |website=[[Open Mobile Terminal Platform]] |access-date=2009-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329233721/http://www.omtp.org/Publications/Display.aspx?Id=4dda105f-8472-4c12-ba04-75dd3c1d4ca6 |archive-date=29 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsmworld.com/our-work/mobile_planet/universal_charging_solution.htm |title=Universal Charging Solution |website=GSM World |access-date=2010-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626073016/http://www.gsmworld.com/our-work/mobile_planet/universal_charging_solution.htm |archive-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/article/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=218501515 |title=Meeting the challenge of the universal charge standard in mobile phones |website=Planet Analog |access-date=2010-06-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909022205/http://www.planetanalog.com/article/printableArticle.jhtml?articleID=218501515 |archive-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the [[CTIA – The Wireless Association]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.ctia.org/media/press/body.cfm/prid/1817 |title=The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day |date=2009-04-22 |website=CTIA |access-date=2010-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214154849/http://ctia.org/media/press/body.cfm/PRID/1817 |archive-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> with the [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2009/49.html |title=Universal phone charger standard approved |date=2009-10-22 |website=ITU |access-date=2010-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223040447/http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2009/49.html |archive-date=2009-12-23}}</ref>
=== EU smartphone power supply standards ===
{{Main|Universal charger}}
In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an [[European Commission|EC]]-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the [[European Union]] compatible with a [[common external power supply]] (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/rtte/chargers.htm |title=Chargers |date=2009-06-29 |website=European Commission |access-date=2010-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/06/europe-gets-universal-cellphone-charger-in-2010/ |title=Europe gets universal cellphone charger in 2010 |date=2009-06-13 |magazine=Wired |access-date=2010-06-22}}</ref> In January 2011, the [[International Electrotechnical Commission|International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)]] released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iec.ch/newslog/2011/nr0311.htm |title=One size-fits-all mobile phone charger: IEC publishes first globally relevant standard |date=2011-02-01 |website=International Electrotechnical Commission |access-date=2012-02-20}}</ref>
In 2022, the [[Radio Equipment Directive (2021)|Radio Equipment Directive 2021/0291]] required new [[smartphone]]s to use [[USB-C]] as a [[universal charger]] by the end of 2024, and laptops by 2026.<ref name="BBC USB-C">{{cite news |last1=Gerken |first1=Tom |title=December 2024 set as date for universal phone charger in EU |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-63907702 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=BBC News |date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="NYT Satariano">{{cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |title=Europe wants to help clear out your drawer full of chargers. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/07/technology/eu-tablets-phones-usbc-chargers.html |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=7 June 2022}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Camera phone]]
* [[The Mobile Revolution]]
* [[Autopatch]]
* [[History of prepaid mobile phones]]
* [[History of the telephone]]
* [[List of best-selling mobile phones]]
* [[Personal Communications Service]] PCS
* [[Pager]]
* [[Babylonokia]]
* [[SIM card]]
* {{sectionlink|Smartphone|History}}
* {{portal-inline|Telephones}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Agar |first=Jon |year=2004 |title=Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone |place=Cambridge |publisher=Icon |isbn=978-1-84046-541-9}}
*{{cite journal |last=Farley |first=Tom |year=2007 |title=The Cell-Phone Revolution |journal=American Heritage of Invention & Technology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=8–19 |issn=8756-7296 |oclc=108126426 |id=BL Shelfmark 0817.734000}}
{{Mobile phones}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Mobile Phones}}
[[Category:History of mobile phones| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -27,43 +27,5 @@
Advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive ''generations'' from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular networks (1979–), second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks (1991–), third-generation (3G) broadband data services (launched commercially in 2001) to the fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks (launched in 2006 in South Korea). [[5G]] began deployment in 2019.
-== Early services ==
-{{See also|Car phone}}
-
-=== MTS ===
-In 1949, AT&T commercialized [[Mobile Telephone Service]]. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about {{nowrap|30,000 calls}} each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to speak and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about {{convert|80|lb}}<ref name=att1946>{{cite web |url=http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/46mobile.html |title=1946: First Mobile Telephone Call |year=2011 |website=AT&T Labs |access-date=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212113039/http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/46mobile.html |archive-date=2012-12-12}}</ref>
-
-Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.<ref name=GS2006>{{cite book |first1=Gordon A. |last1=Gow |first2=Richard K. |last2=Smith |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction |location=Maidenhead |publisher=McGraw-Hill International (UK) |page=23 |isbn=0-335-21761-3}}</ref> Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $0.30–0.40 per local call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $176 per month and $3.50–4.75 per call.<ref name=att1946/>
-
-In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html |title=Car radiophone paved way for mobiles |date=28 October 2009 |website=BT Today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055313/http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html |archive-date=2014-08-08}}</ref> which was launched around the city of [[Telephony in Greater Manchester#Car radio-phone|Manchester]] in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to [[London]] in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.
-
-=== IMTS ===
-AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of '''[[Improved Mobile Telephone Service]]'''. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.<ref name=att1946/>
-
-Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just {{nowrap|40,000 customers}} system wide. In New York City, for example, {{nowrap|2,000 customers}} shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.<ref name=att1946/>
-
-=== Radio Common Carrier ===
-[[File:Mobile radio telephone.jpg|thumb|right|A mobile radio telephone.]]
-
-'''Radio Common Carrier'''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22radio+common+carrier%22&pg=PA94 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: Telecommunications |date=1 October 1992 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Office of the Federal Register]]}}</ref> or '''RCC''' was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.
-
-Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used [[Selective calling|two-tone sequential paging]] to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used [[DTMF]]. Some used ''Secode 2805'', which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)
-
-At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.
-
-=== Other services ===
-In 1969, Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the {{convert|360|km}} New York-[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.<ref name=GS2006/>
-
-In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the [[Rabbit (telecommunications)|"Rabbit" phone system]] was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than {{convert|300|feet}} feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device.
-With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a [[femtocell]].
-
-=== European mobile radio networks ===
-{{more citations needed section|date=April 2012}}
-In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.
-
-In 1966, Norway had a system called [[OLT (mobile network)|OLT]] which was manually controlled. Finland's [[Autoradiopuhelin|ARP]], launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish [[MTD (mobile network)|MTD]]. All were replaced by the automatic [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]], (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.
-
-In July 1971, Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.<ref>''Wireless World'', July 1971.</ref>
-
-[[West Germany]] had a network called [[A-Netz]] launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972, this was displaced by [[B-Netz]] which connected calls automatically.
+vyuvhbujhnhbgvvvvvvvvvhgvgb
== Cellular concept ==
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0 => '== Early services ==',
1 => '{{See also|Car phone}}',
2 => '',
3 => '=== MTS ===',
4 => 'In 1949, AT&T commercialized [[Mobile Telephone Service]]. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about {{nowrap|30,000 calls}} each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to speak and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about {{convert|80|lb}}<ref name=att1946>{{cite web |url=http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/46mobile.html |title=1946: First Mobile Telephone Call |year=2011 |website=AT&T Labs |access-date=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212113039/http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/46mobile.html |archive-date=2012-12-12}}</ref>',
5 => '',
6 => 'Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.<ref name=GS2006>{{cite book |first1=Gordon A. |last1=Gow |first2=Richard K. |last2=Smith |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction |location=Maidenhead |publisher=McGraw-Hill International (UK) |page=23 |isbn=0-335-21761-3}}</ref> Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing US$15 per month, plus $0.30–0.40 per local call, equivalent to (in 2012 US dollars) about $176 per month and $3.50–4.75 per call.<ref name=att1946/>',
7 => '',
8 => 'In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html |title=Car radiophone paved way for mobiles |date=28 October 2009 |website=BT Today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055313/http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html |archive-date=2014-08-08}}</ref> which was launched around the city of [[Telephony in Greater Manchester#Car radio-phone|Manchester]] in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to [[London]] in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.',
9 => '',
10 => '=== IMTS ===',
11 => 'AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of '''[[Improved Mobile Telephone Service]]'''. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.<ref name=att1946/>',
12 => '',
13 => 'Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just {{nowrap|40,000 customers}} system wide. In New York City, for example, {{nowrap|2,000 customers}} shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.<ref name=att1946/>',
14 => '',
15 => '=== Radio Common Carrier ===',
16 => '[[File:Mobile radio telephone.jpg|thumb|right|A mobile radio telephone.]]',
17 => '',
18 => ''''Radio Common Carrier'''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22radio+common+carrier%22&pg=PA94 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: Telecommunications |date=1 October 1992 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Office of the Federal Register]]}}</ref> or '''RCC''' was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.',
19 => '',
20 => 'Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used [[Selective calling|two-tone sequential paging]] to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used [[DTMF]]. Some used ''Secode 2805'', which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)',
21 => '',
22 => 'At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.',
23 => '',
24 => '=== Other services ===',
25 => 'In 1969, Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the {{convert|360|km}} New York-[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.<ref name=GS2006/>',
26 => '',
27 => 'In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the [[Rabbit (telecommunications)|"Rabbit" phone system]] was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than {{convert|300|feet}} feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device.',
28 => 'With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a [[femtocell]].',
29 => '',
30 => '=== European mobile radio networks ===',
31 => '{{more citations needed section|date=April 2012}}',
32 => 'In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.',
33 => '',
34 => 'In 1966, Norway had a system called [[OLT (mobile network)|OLT]] which was manually controlled. Finland's [[Autoradiopuhelin|ARP]], launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish [[MTD (mobile network)|MTD]]. All were replaced by the automatic [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]], (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.',
35 => '',
36 => 'In July 1971, Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.<ref>''Wireless World'', July 1971.</ref>',
37 => '',
38 => '[[West Germany]] had a network called [[A-Netz]] launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972, this was displaced by [[B-Netz]] which connected calls automatically.'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mobile communication devices</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_-_10_-_Phones_old_and_new_(2997615876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_-_10_-_Phones_old_and_new_%282997615876%29.jpg/300px-UK_-_10_-_Phones_old_and_new_%282997615876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_-_10_-_Phones_old_and_new_%282997615876%29.jpg/450px-UK_-_10_-_Phones_old_and_new_%282997615876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/UK_-_10_-_Phones_old_and_new_%282997615876%29.jpg/600px-UK_-_10_-_Phones_old_and_new_%282997615876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2093" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box, which stands empty. Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid-1980s that they became widely available. By 2011, it was estimated in Britain that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <b>history of mobile phones</b> covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network.
</p><p>While the transmission of speech by signal has a long history, the first devices that were wireless, mobile, and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent. The first such devices were barely portable compared to today's compact hand-held devices, and their use was clumsy.
</p><p>Drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless communication</a> and the prevalence of its use, with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">smartphones</a> becoming common globally and a growing proportion of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> now done via <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">mobile broadband</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Foundations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Foundations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Predecessors"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Predecessors</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cellular_concept"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cellular concept</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Emergence_of_automated_services"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Emergence of automated services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Handheld_mobile_phone"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Handheld mobile phone</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Early_generations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Early generations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#1G_–_Analog_cellular"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">1G – Analog cellular</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#2G_–_Digital_cellular"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">2G – Digital cellular</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#3G_–_Mobile_broadband"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">3G – Mobile broadband</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#4G_–_Native_IP_networks"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">4G – Native IP networks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#5G_–_Cellular_Mobile_Communications"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">5G – Cellular Mobile Communications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Satellite_telephone"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Satellite telephone</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Integration_into_conventional_mobile_phones"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Integration into conventional mobile phones</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mobile_device_charger_standards"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Mobile device charger standards</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#In_China"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">In China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#OMTP/GSMA_Universal_Charging_Solution"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#EU_smartphone_power_supply_standards"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">EU smartphone power supply standards</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Foundations">Foundations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Predecessors">Predecessors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1908, Professor Albert Jahn and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not really seem to have proceeded with production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> In 1917, the Finnish inventor <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Tigerstedt" title="Eric Tigerstedt">Eric Tigerstedt</a> successfully filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone". Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zossen" title="Zossen">Zossen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dt-museum_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dt-museum-3">[3]</a></sup> In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. In 1925, the company <span class="nowrap">Zugtelephonie AG</span> was founded to supply train-telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a> and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichspost" title="Reichspost">German mail service</a> on the route between <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simplicissimus_Karl_Arnold_Mobile_Telephony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Simplicissimus_Karl_Arnold_Mobile_Telephony.jpg/220px-Simplicissimus_Karl_Arnold_Mobile_Telephony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Simplicissimus_Karl_Arnold_Mobile_Telephony.jpg/330px-Simplicissimus_Karl_Arnold_Mobile_Telephony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e0/Simplicissimus_Karl_Arnold_Mobile_Telephony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Karl Arnold 1926 drawing of public use of mobile telephones.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Fiction anticipated the development of real-world mobile telephones. In 1906, the English caricaturist <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Baumer" title="Lewis Baumer">Lewis Baumer</a> published a cartoon in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)"><i> Punch</i></a> entitled "Forecasts for 1907"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></sup> in which he showed a man and a woman in London's <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless-telegraphy equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Cartoonist <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._K._Haselden" class="mw-redirect" title="W. K. Haselden">W. K. Haselden</a> published <i>The Pocket Telephone: When Will It Ring?</i> in 1919, depicting six awkward possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In 1923, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Ehrenburg" title="Ilya Ehrenburg">Ilya Ehrenburg</a> casually listed "pocket telephones" among the achievements of contemporary technology in a story in his collection <i>Thirteen Pipes</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Тринадцать трубок</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> In 1926, the artist <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Arnold_(painter)" title="Karl Arnold (painter)">Karl Arnold</a> drew a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicissimus" title="Simplicissimus">Simplicissimus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The popular American cartoon detective <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tracy" title="Dick Tracy">Dick Tracy</a></i> acquired a two-way, atomic-battery-powered wrist radio in 1946, upgraded to a wrist TV in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939-1945) saw the military use of radio-telephony links. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">Hand-held radio transceivers</a> have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed large amounts of power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. (Modern <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a> allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice- and data communication.)
</p><p>In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">AT&T</a> offered <i>Mobile Telephone Service</i>. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage areas and only a few available channels in urban areas. As calls were transmitted as unencrypted analog signals, anyone with radio equipment that could receive those frequencies could eavesdrop. The commercial introduction (in Japan in 1979) of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low-powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.
</p><p>In the USSR, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kupriyanovich" title="Leonid Kupriyanovich">Leonid Kupriyanovich</a>, an engineer from Moscow, developed and presented a number of experimental pocket-sized communications radios in 1957–1961. The weight of one model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g and could fit in a palm.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_(mobile_telephone_system)" title="Altai (mobile telephone system)">"Altai" phone</a> was made.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1965, the Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented a mobile automatic phone combined with a base station at the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kupriyanovich" title="Leonid Kupriyanovich">Leonid Kupriyanovich</a>. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive <i>generations</i> from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular networks (1979–), second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks (1991–), third-generation (3G) broadband data services (launched commercially in 2001) to the fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks (launched in 2006 in South Korea). <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> began deployment in 2019.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cellular_concept">Cellular concept</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cellular concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transmitting_tower_top_us.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Transmitting_tower_top_us.jpg/222px-Transmitting_tower_top_us.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Transmitting_tower_top_us.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A multi-directional, cellular network antenna array ("<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell tower</a>").</figcaption></figure>
<p>In December 1947, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_H._Ring" title="Douglas H. Ring">Douglas H. Ring</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Rae_Young" title="W. Rae Young">W. Rae Young</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> engineers, proposed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">hexagonal cells</a> for mobile phones in vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass before <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Frenkiel" title="Richard H. Frenkiel">Richard H. Frenkiel</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Engel" title="Joel S. Engel">Joel S. Engel</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_T._Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip T. Porter">Philip T. Porter</a> of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.
</p><p>In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency reuse">frequency reuse</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Handoff">handoff</a>, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_E._Joel,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Amos E. Joel, Jr.">Amos E. Joel, Jr.</a>, a Bell Labs engineer,<sup id="cite_ref-See_Amos_Joel_patent_3,663,762_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See_Amos_Joel_patent_3,663,762-17">[17]</a></sup> invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Handoff">handoff</a>" process from one cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.
</p><p>A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Emergence_of_automated_services">Emergence of automated services</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emergence of automated services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1956. Named <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)" title="MTD (mobile network)">MTA</a> (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dial" title="Rotary dial">rotary dial</a>. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televerket_(Sweden)" title="Televerket (Sweden)">Televerket</a> network operator. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi</a> provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>, and weighed 40 kilograms (88 lb). In 1962, an upgraded version called <i>Mobile System B (MTB)</i> was introduced. This was a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-button_telephone" title="Push-button telephone">push-button telephone</a>, and used <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">transistors</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMF" title="DTMF">DTMF</a> signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTD_(mobile_network)" title="MTD (mobile network)">MTD</a> version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
</p><p>In 1958, development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR named "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_(mobile_telephone_system)" title="Altai (mobile telephone system)">Altay</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963, the service started in Moscow, and by 1970, was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunked_radio_system" title="Trunked radio system">trunking system</a> in some parts of Russia.
</p><p>In 1959, a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, US, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoradiopuhelin" title="Autoradiopuhelin">ARP</a> network in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a <i>zero generation</i> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a>) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Handheld_mobile_phone">Handheld mobile phone</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Handheld mobile phone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg/125px-2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg/188px-2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg/250px-2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1972 handheld mobile phone prototype.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-See_Amos_Joel_patent_3,663,762_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See_Amos_Joel_patent_3,663,762-17">[17]</a></sup> The first portable cellular phone commercially available for use on a cellular network was developed by E.F. Johnson and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicom" title="Millicom">Millicom, Inc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> It was introduced by Millicom subsidiary Comvik in Sweden in September 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On 3 April 1973, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a>, a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Engel" title="Joel S. Engel">Joel S. Engel</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, his rival.<sup id="cite_ref-cooperinterview_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooperinterview-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radiotelsys_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiotelsys-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres (9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in). The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.<sup id="cite_ref-recharge_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recharge-29">[29]</a></sup> Commonly referred to as "the Brick", it was not commercially launched until October 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and only then in the U.S.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Mitchell" title="John Francis Mitchell">John F. Mitchell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mitchellbio_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchellbio-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-giants_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giants-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whoinventedcellphone_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoinventedcellphone-33">[33]</a></sup> Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chicagotrib_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagotrib-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_generations">Early generations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early generations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retrospectively when referring to the earlier systems.
</p>
<h3><span id="1G_.E2.80.93_Analog_cellular"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1G_–_Analog_cellular">1G – Analog cellular</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1G – Analog cellular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></div>
<p>The first automatic analog cellular systems ever deployed were <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>'s system first used in 1979 for car phones in Tokyo (and later the rest of the country of Japan), and the cellular systems released by Comvik in Sweden in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September" title="September">September</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone" title="Nordic Mobile Telephone">NMT</a> in the other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> in October of 1981.
</p><p>The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">Advanced Mobile Phone System</a> (AMPS).<sup id="cite_ref-att1946_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-att1946-38">[38]</a></sup> It was commercially introduced in the Americas on 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanner_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanner (radio)">scanner</a>; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">Frequency-division multiple access</a> (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.
</p><p>On 6 March 1983, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DynaTAC_8000X" class="mw-redirect" title="DynaTAC 8000X">DynaTAC 8000X</a> mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameritech" title="Ameritech">Ameritech</a>. It cost $100M to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> The phone had a talk time of just thirty minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPS" title="Digital AMPS">Digital AMPS</a> (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.
</p><p>In February 1986, Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.
</p>
<h3><span id="2G_.E2.80.93_Digital_cellular"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2G_–_Digital_cellular">2G – Digital cellular</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2G – Digital cellular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/History of mobile phones">improve this article</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5G" class="mw-redirect" title="2.5G">2.5G</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.75G" class="mw-redirect" title="2.75G">2.75G</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg/220px-GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg/330px-GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg/440px-GSM-Telefone-1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Global System for Mobile Communications">GSM</a> standard and the U.S. developed <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a> standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-band_data" title="Out-of-band data">out-of-band</a> phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">advent</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone" title="Prepaid mobile phone">prepaid mobile phones</a>.
</p><p>In 1991, the first GSM network (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinja" title="Radiolinja">Radiolinja</a>) launched in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. In general, the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in the United States, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In the United States, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-54" class="mw-redirect" title="IS-54">IS-54</a> standard was deployed in the same band as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System" title="Advanced Mobile Phone System">AMPS</a> and displaced some of the existing analog channels.
</p><p>In 1993, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Simon" title="IBM Simon">IBM Simon</a> was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-Techblog_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Techblog-42">[42]</a></sup> The IBM Simon had a stylus, used to tap the touch screen. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA <span class="nowrap">1.8 MB</span> memory card into the phone.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-43">[43]</a></sup>
Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100–200 grams (3.5–7.1 oz) hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_PHS_Japan_1997-2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mobile_phone_PHS_Japan_1997-2003.jpg/220px-Mobile_phone_PHS_Japan_1997-2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mobile_phone_PHS_Japan_1997-2003.jpg/330px-Mobile_phone_PHS_Japan_1997-2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mobile_phone_PHS_Japan_1997-2003.jpg/440px-Mobile_phone_PHS_Japan_1997-2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Handy-phone_System" title="Personal Handy-phone System">Personal Handy-phone System</a> mobiles and modems, 1997–2003.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepaid_mobile_phone" title="Prepaid mobile phone">prepaid services</a> in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.
</p><p>2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998, the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
</p><p>Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.
</p><p>The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.
</p>
<h3><span id="3G_.E2.80.93_Mobile_broadband"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="3G_–_Mobile_broadband">3G – Mobile broadband</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 3G – Mobile broadband"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPhone3GS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPhone3GS.JPG/220px-IPhone3GS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPhone3GS.JPG/330px-IPhone3GS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IPhone3GS.JPG/440px-IPhone3GS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1713" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_3GS" title="IPhone 3GS">iPhone 3GS</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> rather than <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a> for data transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
</p><p>Inevitably, this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO" class="mw-redirect" title="EV-DO">EV-DO</a>, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:
</p>
<ul><li>Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s</li>
<li>Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time</li>
<li>Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot</li>
<li>Introduction of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">QoS</a> flags</li></ul>
<p>All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">VoIP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopal_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopal-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002, the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.
</p><p>During the development of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> systems, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5G" class="mw-redirect" title="2.5G">2.5G</a> systems such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000_1x" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA2000 1x">CDMA2000 1x</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a> were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution">EDGE</a> system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.
</p><p>The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> with companies such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> among the early pioneers in this type of offering.
</p><p>In the mid-2000s, an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Downlink Packet Access">High-Speed Downlink Packet Access</a> (HSDPA). It is an enhanced <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> (third generation) <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">mobile telephony</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</a> in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Packet Access">High-Speed Packet Access</a> (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Mobile Telecommunications System">Universal Mobile Telecommunications System</a> (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabit" title="Megabit">Mbit</a>/s.
</p><p>By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.
</p><p>Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">mobile web</a>. The first such devices, known as "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">dongles</a>", plugged directly into a computer through the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_wireless_router&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compact wireless router (page does not exist)">compact wireless router</a>" such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novatel_Wireless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novatel Wireless (page does not exist)">Novatel</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiFi" title="MiFi">MiFi</a>, which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.
</p><p>Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi was not needed. Instead, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a> and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a> from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a>, had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> tablet devices later that year.
</p>
<h2><span id="4G_.E2.80.93_Native_IP_networks"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="4G_–_Native_IP_networks">4G – Native IP networks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 4G – Native IP networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_Phone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Windows_Phone.jpg/220px-Windows_Phone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Windows_Phone.jpg/330px-Windows_Phone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Windows_Phone.jpg/440px-Windows_Phone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumia_1020" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumia 1020">Lumia 1020</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>) technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first publicly available <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> service was launched in Scandinavia by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a>, in 2009. In the 2010s, a 4G technology has found diverse applications across various sectors, showcasing its versatility in delivering high-speed wireless communication, such as mobile broadband, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">internet of things</a> (IoT), <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_wireless_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed wireless access">fixed wireless access</a>, and multimedia streaming (including music, video, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">television</a>).
</p><p>One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a>, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, using packet switching over mobile network via <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoLTE" class="mw-redirect" title="VoLTE">VoLTE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span id="5G_.E2.80.93_Cellular_Mobile_Communications"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="5G_–_Cellular_Mobile_Communications">5G – Cellular Mobile Communications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 5G – Cellular Mobile Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foldable_phones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Foldable_phones.jpg/220px-Foldable_phones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Foldable_phones.jpg/330px-Foldable_phones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Foldable_phones.jpg/440px-Foldable_phones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="9000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Z_Fold_3" title="Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3">Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3 5G</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Z_Flip_3" title="Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3">Galaxy Z Flip3 5G</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Deployment of fifth-generation (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>) cellular networks commenced worldwide in 2019. The term "5G" was originally used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase in mobile telecommunication standards beyond the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>/<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-Advanced" class="mw-redirect" title="IMT-Advanced">IMT-Advanced</a> standards. The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> defines 5G as any system that adheres to the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G NR</a> (5G New Radio) standard. 5G can be implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave, with download speeds that can achieve <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">gigabit-per-second</a> (Gbit/s) range, aiming for a network latency of 1 ms. This near-real-time responsiveness and improved overall data performance are crucial for applications like <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a>, IoT, and critical communication services.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Satellite_telephone">Satellite telephone</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Satellite telephone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></div>
<p>A satellite phone is a type of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> that connects to other phones or the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">telephone network</a> by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio</a> link through <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> orbiting the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> instead of terrestrial <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">cell sites</a>, as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphones</a> do. Therefore, they can work in most geographic locations on the Earth's surface, as long as open sky and the line-of-sight between the phone and the satellite are provided. The advantage of a satellite phone is that it can be used in such regions where local terrestrial communication infrastructures, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landline</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a> networks, are not available. Satellite phones rarely get disrupted by natural disasters on Earth or human actions such as war, so they have proven to be <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">dependable</a> communication tools in emergency and humanitarian situations, when the local communications system have been compromised.
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a> system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbits</a> to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a> satellite phone services.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Integration_into_conventional_mobile_phones">Integration into conventional mobile phones</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Integration into conventional mobile phones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the early 2020s, manufacturers began to integrate satellite connectivity into <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> devices for use in remote areas, out of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a> range.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> The satellite-to-phone services use <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> frequencies, which are compatible with most modern handsets.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> However, due to the antenna limitations in the conventional phones, in the early stages of implementation satellite connectivity is limited to satellite messaging and satellite emergency services.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_14" title="IPhone 14">iPhone 14</a> started supporting sending emergency text messages via <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a> satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> In 2023, the Apple <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_15" title="IPhone 15">iPhone 15</a> added satellite communication with roadside service in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile</a> formed a partnership to use <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> services via existing <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> spectrum, expected in late 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">AST SpaceMobile</a> started building a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> standard-based cellular space network to allow existing, unmodified smartphones to connect to satellites in areas with coverage gaps.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> In 2023, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> announced Snapdragon Satellite, the service that will allow supported cellphones, starting with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Snapdragon" title="Qualcomm Snapdragon">Snapdragon</a> 8 Gen 2 chipset, to send and receive text messages via <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> non-terrestrial networks (NTN).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> In 2024, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium</a> introduceed Project Stardust, a standard-based satellite-to-cellphone service supported via NB-IoT for 5G non-terrestrial networks, which will be utilized over Iridium's existing low-earth orbit satellites. Scheduled for launch in 2026, the service provides messaging, emergency communications and IoT for devices like cars, smartphones, tablets and related consumer applications.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mobile_device_charger_standards">Mobile device charger standards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mobile device charger standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; float:right;">
<caption>USB power standards for mobile charger
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Port
</th>
<th>Current
</th>
<th>Voltage
</th>
<th>Power (max)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Micro-USB
</td>
<td>500 mA</td>
<td>5 V</td>
<td>2.5 W
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1 A</td>
<td>5 V</td>
<td>5 W
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2 A</td>
<td>5 V</td>
<td>10 W
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">USB-C<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>100 mA to 3 A</td>
<td>5 V</td>
<td>15 W
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1.7 A to 3 A</td>
<td>9 V</td>
<td>27 W
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1.8 A to 3 A</td>
<td>15 V</td>
<td>45 W
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2.25 A to 5 A</td>
<td>20 V</td>
<td>100 W
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_charger_plugs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mobile_phone_charger_plugs.jpg/220px-Mobile_phone_charger_plugs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mobile_phone_charger_plugs.jpg/330px-Mobile_phone_charger_plugs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mobile_phone_charger_plugs.jpg/440px-Mobile_phone_charger_plugs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Mobile phone charger plugs prior to the universal standard (left to right) Samsung E900, Motorola V3, Nokia 6101 and Sony Ericsson K750.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micro_USB_phone_charger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Micro_USB_phone_charger.jpg/220px-Micro_USB_phone_charger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Micro_USB_phone_charger.jpg/330px-Micro_USB_phone_charger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Micro_USB_phone_charger.jpg/440px-Micro_USB_phone_charger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption>The Micro-USB interface is found on chargers for <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">feature phones</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OnePlus_3_USB_port_and_the_cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OnePlus_3_USB_port_and_the_cable.jpg/175px-OnePlus_3_USB_port_and_the_cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OnePlus_3_USB_port_and_the_cable.jpg/263px-OnePlus_3_USB_port_and_the_cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OnePlus_3_USB_port_and_the_cable.jpg/350px-OnePlus_3_USB_port_and_the_cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a> interface is increasingly found on (chargers for) smartphones.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s, users needed an adapter which was often proprietary by brand or manufacturer to charge their battery. Later, mobile phones from major brands typically used a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> cable with a micro-USB or, since the mid-2010s, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a> interface. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> was the sole major brand to retain its own interface (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_connector#Apple_30-pin_dock_connector" title="Dock connector">30-pin dock connector</a> replaced by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a> in 2012). In 2023, Apple's <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_15" title="IPhone 15">iPhone 15 series</a> finally made the switch to USB-C, since then, all major brands used USB-C as the charger.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_China">In China</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As of 14 June 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, all new <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> applying for a license in <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="OMTP.2FGSMA_Universal_Charging_Solution"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="OMTP/GSMA_Universal_Charging_Solution">OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In September 2007, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Mobile_Terminal_Platform" title="Open Mobile Terminal Platform">Open Mobile Terminal Platform</a> group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a>) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="GSM Association">GSM Association</a> (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-gsm20090217_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsm20090217-75">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTIA_%E2%80%93_The_Wireless_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="CTIA – The Wireless Association">CTIA – The Wireless Association</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> with the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="EU_smartphone_power_supply_standards">EU smartphone power supply standards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: EU smartphone power supply standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_charger" title="Universal charger">Universal charger</a></div>
<p>In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">EC</a>-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> compatible with a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">common external power supply</a> (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> In January 2011, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)</a> released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2022, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Equipment_Directive_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Equipment Directive (2021)">Radio Equipment Directive 2021/0291</a> required new <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> to use <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB-C</a> as a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_charger" title="Universal charger">universal charger</a> by the end of 2024, and laptops by 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_USB-C_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_USB-C-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Satariano_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Satariano-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mobile_Revolution" title="The Mobile Revolution">The Mobile Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopatch" title="Autopatch">Autopatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">History of prepaid mobile phones</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">History of the telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones" title="List of best-selling mobile phones">List of best-selling mobile phones</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Communications_Service" title="Personal Communications Service">Personal Communications Service</a> PCS</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonokia" title="Babylonokia">Babylonokia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone#History" title="Smartphone">Smartphone § History</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWallop2011" class="citation news cs1">Wallop, Harry (18 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/8581624/Mobile-phone-calls-overtake-landline-calls-for-first-time.html">"Mobile phone calls overtake landline calls for first time"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobile-phones/8581624/Mobile-phone-calls-overtake-landline-calls-for-first-time.html">the original</a></span> on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mobile+phone+calls+overtake+landline+calls+for+first+time&rft.date=2011-06-18&rft.aulast=Wallop&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fmobile-phones%2F8581624%2FMobile-phone-calls-overtake-landline-calls-for-first-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|URL-status=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|url-status=</code> suggested) (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> </span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19080707.2.68">"Wireless Phone Cases Dismissed"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Call" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Call">San Francisco Call</a></i>. Vol. 104, no. 37. 7 July 1908<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span> – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Call&rft.atitle=Wireless+Phone+Cases+Dismissed&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=37&rft.date=1908-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSFC19080707.2.68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-dt-museum-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dt-museum_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsches-telefon-museum.eu/1900.htm">"von 1900 bis 1999"</a> [from 1900 to 1999]. <i>Deutsches Telefon Museum</i> (in German). 29 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Telefon+Museum&rft.atitle=von+1900+bis+1999&rft.date=2007-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.deutsches-telefon-museum.eu%2F1900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730175410/http://www.izmf.de/en/content/development-digital-mobile-communications-germany">"The development of digital mobile communications in Germany"</a>. <i>Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk (IZMF)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izmf.de/en/content/development-digital-mobile-communications-germany">the original</a> on 30 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informatikzentrum+Mobilfunk+%28IZMF%29&rft.atitle=The+development+of+digital+mobile+communications+in+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.izmf.de%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fdevelopment-digital-mobile-communications-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer1906" class="citation magazine cs1">Baumer, Lewis (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I00006GHuH4c0Ojo">"Forecasts for 1907"</a>. <i>Punch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punch&rft.atitle=Forecasts+for+1907&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fpunch.photoshelter.com%2Fimage%2FI00006GHuH4c0Ojo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Archive2019" class="citation news cs1">The Archive (22 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenib.com/this-comic-from-1919-imagines-what-it-s-like-to-have-a-phone-in-your-pocket/">"This Comic From 1919 Imagines What It's Like to Have a Phone in Your Pocket"</a>. The Nib<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=This+Comic+From+1919+Imagines+What+It%27s+Like+to+Have+a+Phone+in+Your+Pocket&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.au=The+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fthenib.com%2Fthis-comic-from-1919-imagines-what-it-s-like-to-have-a-phone-in-your-pocket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFW._K._Haselden1919" class="citation news cs1">W. K. Haselden (5 March 1919). "The Pocket Telephone: When Will It Ring?". The Mirror.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Pocket+Telephone%3A+When+Will+It+Ring%3F&rft.date=1919-03-05&rft.au=W.+K.+Haselden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published by «Геликон» in Berlin.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1926" class="citation magazine cs1">Arnold, Karl (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simplicissimus.info/uploads/tx_lombkswjournaldb/pdf/1/31/31_38.pdf#page=2">"Drahtlose Telephonie"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Simplicissimus</i>. Vol. 31, no. 38. p. 498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Simplicissimus&rft.atitle=Drahtlose+Telephonie&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=498&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.simplicissimus.info%2Fuploads%2Ftx_lombkswjournaldb%2Fpdf%2F1%2F31%2F31_38.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kshs.org/index.php?url=km/items/view/222024#:~:text=Dick%20Tracy%20is%20a%20long,way%20wrist%20TV%20in%201964.">"Dick Tracy two-way wrist radio"</a>. Kansas Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dick+Tracy+two-way+wrist+radio&rft.pub=Kansas+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.kshs.org%2Findex.php%3Furl%3Dkm%2Fitems%2Fview%2F222024%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDick%2520Tracy%2520is%2520a%2520long%2Cway%2520wrist%2520TV%2520in%25201964.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFРыбчинский1961" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Рыбчинский, Юрий (December 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusoldat.ru/radiofon.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Радиофон</bdi></a> [Radiophone]. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlovskaya_Pravda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlovskaya Pravda (page does not exist)">Орловская Правда</a></i> (in Russian). Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft.date=1961-12&rft.aulast=%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.rusoldat.ru%2Fradiofon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIzmerov" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Izmerov, Oleg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izmerov.narod.ru/okno/index.html">"Отечественные Мобильники 50-Х"</a> [Domestic Mobile Phones of the 50's]. <i>Окно В Прошлое</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%92+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+50-%D0%A5&rft.aulast=Izmerov&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fizmerov.narod.ru%2Fokno%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nauka i zhizn" magazine, 8, 1957 and 10, 1958; "Technika-molodezhi" magazine, 2, 1959; "Za rulem" magazine, 12, 1957, "Yuny technik" magazine, 7, 1957, 2, 1958 and 9, 1996; "Orlovskaya pravda" newspaper, 12, 1961.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nauka i zhizn" magazine, 8, 1965.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062016/http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf">"1947 memo by Douglas H. Ring proposing hexagonal cells"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Privateline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Privateline.com&rft.atitle=1947+memo+by+Douglas+H.+Ring+proposing+hexagonal+cells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.privateline.com%2Farchive%2FRingcellreport1947.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2006" class="citation web cs1">Farley, Tom (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151205201702/http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/">"Cellular Telephone Basics"</a>. <i>Privateline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/">the original</a> on 5 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Privateline.com&rft.atitle=Cellular+Telephone+Basics&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.privateline.com%2Fmt_cellbasics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-See_Amos_Joel_patent_3,663,762-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-See_Amos_Joel_patent_3,663,762_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-See_Amos_Joel_patent_3,663,762_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFluhrNussbaum1973" class="citation journal cs1">Fluhr, Zachary C. & Nussbaum, Eric (November 1973). "Switching Plan for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System". <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Communications" title="IEEE Transactions on Communications">IEEE Transactions on Communications</a></i>. <b>21</b> (11): 1281–1286. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1973.1091569">10.1109/TCOM.1973.1091569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=Switching+Plan+for+a+Cellular+Mobile+Telephone+System&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1281-1286&rft.date=1973-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1973.1091569&rft.aulast=Fluhr&rft.aufirst=Zachary+C.&rft.au=Nussbaum%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHachenburgHolmSmith1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hachenburg, V.; Holm, B.D. & Smith, J.I. (1977). "Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system". <i>IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology</i>. <b>26</b>: 82–88. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FT-VT.1977.23660">10.1109/T-VT.1977.23660</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9138183">9138183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Vehicular+Technology&rft.atitle=Data+signaling+functions+for+a+cellular+mobile+telephone+system&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=82-88&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FT-VT.1977.23660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9138183%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hachenburg&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Holm%2C+B.D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShi2007" class="citation book cs1">Shi, Mingtao (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZRo-lxUDwkC&pg=PA55"><i>Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China</i></a>. Univerlagtuberlin. pp. 55–. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7983-2057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7983-2057-4"><bdi>978-3-7983-2057-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+Base+of+mobile+cellular+operators+in+Germany+and+China&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=Univerlagtuberlin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-7983-2057-4&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Mingtao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZRo-lxUDwkC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813122017/http://www.mobilen50ar.se/eng/FaktabladENGFinal.pdf">"Facts about the Mobile. A Journey through Time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mobilen50ar.se</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilen50ar.se/eng/FaktabladENGFinal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mobilen50ar.se&rft.atitle=Facts+about+the+Mobile.+A+Journey+through+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.mobilen50ar.se%2Feng%2FFaktabladENGFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishrussia.com/?p=307">"First Russian Mobile Phone"</a>. <i>EnglishRussia.com</i>. 18 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EnglishRussia.com&rft.atitle=First+Russian+Mobile+Phone&rft.date=2006-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fenglishrussia.com%2F%3Fp%3D307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAgar2004" class="citation book cs1">Agar, Jon (December 2004). <i>Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone</i>. Totem Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constant+Touch%3A+a+Global+History+of+the+Mobile+Phone.&rft.pub=Totem+Books&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2012" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Per (2012). <i>Stenbeck. Biography of a Successful Businessman</i>. Modernista Press. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stenbeck.+Biography+of+a+Successful+Businessman.&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Modernista+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cooperinterview-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cooperinterview_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShiels2003" class="citation web cs1">Shiels, Maggie (21 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2963619.stm">"A chat with the man behind mobiles"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+chat+with+the+man+behind+mobiles&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2003-04-21&rft.aulast=Shiels&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F2963619.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-radiotelsys-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radiotelsys_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a>, et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper">"Radio Telephone System"</a>, US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorola.com/sites/default/files/library/us/about-motorola-history-milestones/pdfs/DynaTAC_newsrelease_73_001.pdf">"Motorola Demonstrates Portable Telephone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Motorola Communications Division press release</i>. 3 April 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motorola+Communications+Division+press+release&rft.atitle=Motorola+Demonstrates+Portable+Telephone&rft.date=1979-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.motorola.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flibrary%2Fus%2Fabout-motorola-history-milestones%2Fpdfs%2FDynaTAC_newsrelease_73_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-recharge-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-recharge_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123210326/http://www.cellular.co.za/cellphone_inventor.htm">"Martin Cooper – The Inventor of the Cell Phone"</a>. <i>Cellular.co.za</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cellular.co.za/cellphone_inventor.htm">the original</a> on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cellular.co.za&rft.atitle=Martin+Cooper+%E2%80%93+The+Inventor+of+the+Cell+Phone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.cellular.co.za%2Fcellphone_inventor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-giants-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giants_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117052435/http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php">"The Top Giants in Telephony"</a>. <i>History of the Cell Phone.com</i>. 11 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofthecellphone.com/people/john-mitchell.php">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Cell+Phone.com&rft.atitle=The+Top+Giants+in+Telephony&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.historyofthecellphone.com%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-mitchell.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wsj-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Stephen (20 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124546835819133721">"Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution, Oversaw Ill-fated Iridium Project"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Motorola+Executive+Helped+spur+Cellphone+Revolution%2C+Oversaw+Ill-fated+Iridium+Project&rft.date=2009-06-20&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB124546835819133721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-chicagotrib-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chicagotrib_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLane2009" class="citation news cs1">Lane, Clare (17 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706090016/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17,0,955426.story">"John F. Mitchell, 1928–2009: Was president of Motorola from 1980 to '95"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17,0,955426.story">the original</a> on 6 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=John+F.+Mitchell%2C+1928%E2%80%932009%3A+Was+president+of+Motorola+from+1980+to+%2795&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fchi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17%2C0%2C955426.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022171936/http://www.retrobrick.com/moto8000.html">"Motorola DynaTAC 8000x: This is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon"</a>. <i>Retrobrick</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrobrick.com/moto8000.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Retrobrick&rft.atitle=Motorola+DynaTAC+8000x%3A+This+is+the+Original+Mobile+Phone+Design+Icon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.retrobrick.com%2Fmoto8000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214154849/http://ctia.org/media/press/body.cfm/PRID/1817">"The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day"</a>. <i>CTIA</i> (Press release). 22 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctia.org/media/press/body.cfm/prid/1817">the original</a> on 14 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wireless+Association+Announces+One+Universal+Charger+Solution+to+Celebrate+Earth+Day&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ctia.org%2Fmedia%2Fpress%2Fbody.cfm%2Fprid%2F1817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT_Satariano-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Satariano_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSatariano2022" class="citation news cs1">Satariano, Adam (7 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/07/technology/eu-tablets-phones-usbc-chargers.html">"Europe wants to help clear out your drawer full of chargers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europe+wants+to+help+clear+out+your+drawer+full+of+chargers.&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft.aulast=Satariano&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1.800.gay%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F07%2Ftechnology%2Feu-tablets-phones-usbc-chargers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_mobile_phones&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAgar2004" class="citation book cs1">Agar, Jon (2004). <i>Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone</i>. Cambridge: Icon. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-541-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-541-9"><bdi>978-1-84046-541-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constant+Touch%3A+a+Global+History+of+the+Mobile+Phone&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Icon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84046-541-9&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Farley, Tom (2007). "The Cell-Phone Revolution". <i>American Heritage of Invention & Technology</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 8–19. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/8756-7296">8756-7296</a>. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/108126426">108126426</a>. BL Shelfmark 0817.734000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+of+Invention+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Cell-Phone+Revolution&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8-19&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F108126426&rft.issn=8756-7296&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+mobile+phones" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li>
<li><b>Digital</b>:</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6G_(network)" class="mw-redirect" title="6G (network)">6G</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment<br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_telecommunications" title="Category:Mobile telecommunications">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile phone</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Blake_(telephone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Blake (telephone)">Francis Blake (telephone)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li>Americas
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li>(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1716299549' |
