Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox aircraft occurrence |
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence |
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| image = McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32(CF), Evergreen International Airlines JP5954210.jpg |
| image = McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32(CF), Evergreen International Airlines JP5954210.jpg |
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| image_upright = 1.15 |
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| caption = N931F, the aircraft involved in the accident, |
| alt = |
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| caption = N931F, the aircraft involved in the accident, 1988 |
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| occurrence_type = Accident |
| occurrence_type = Accident |
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| date = {{start date|1989|03|18}} |
| date = {{start date|1989|03|18}} |
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| summary |
| summary = [[Loss of control (aeronautics)|Loss of control]] following cargo door failure |
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| site = [[Saginaw, Texas]], near [[Carswell Air Force Base]], United States |
| site = [[Saginaw, Texas]], near [[Carswell Air Force Base]], United States |
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| coordinates = {{Coord|32|54|39|N|97|24|45|W|type:event|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|54|39|N|97|24|45|W|type:event|display=inline,title}} |
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| aircraft_type = [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33F]] |
| aircraft_type = [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33F]] |
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| aircraft_name = |
| aircraft_name = |
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| operator = [[Evergreen International Airlines]] |
| operator = [[Evergreen International Airlines]] |
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| IATA = 4U17<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|1}} |
| IATA = 4U17<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|1}} |
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| ICAO = EIA17 |
| ICAO = EIA17 |
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| callsign = |
| callsign = LOGAIR 931<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|1}} |
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| tail_number = {{Airreg|N|931F}} |
| tail_number = {{Airreg|N|931F}} |
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| origin = [[Kelly Field]], [[San Antonio]], Texas |
| origin = [[Kelly Field]], [[San Antonio]], Texas |
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| stopover = [[Carswell Air Force Base]], [[Fort Worth, Texas]] |
| stopover = [[Carswell Air Force Base]], [[Fort Worth, Texas]] |
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| stopover0 = |
| stopover0 = |
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| last_stopover = |
| last_stopover = |
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| destination = [[Tinker Air Force Base]], [[Oklahoma County, Oklahoma]] |
| destination = [[Tinker Air Force Base]], [[Oklahoma County, Oklahoma]] |
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| occupants = 2 |
| occupants = 2 |
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| crew = 2 |
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| fatalities = 2 |
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| |
| missing = |
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| survivors = 0 |
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| survivors = 0 |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17''' was a cargo flight operated by [[Evergreen International Airlines]] and flown by a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]. On March 18, 1989, the flight's planned route was scheduled to take it from [[Kelly Air Force Base]] (outside San Antonio) to [[Tinker Air Force Base]] (outside of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), with a stop at [[Carswell Air Force Base]] in Fort Worth, Texas. |
'''Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17''' ('''4U17/EIA17''') was a cargo flight operated by [[Evergreen International Airlines]] and flown by a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9]]. On March 18, 1989, the flight's planned route was scheduled to take it from [[Kelly Air Force Base]] (outside San Antonio, Texas) to [[Tinker Air Force Base]] (outside of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), with a stop at [[Carswell Air Force Base]] in Fort Worth, Texas. The two pilots were the only occupants on board. Shortly after taking off from Carswell, the aircraft's main cargo door opened, the crew lost control of the aircraft and it subsequently crashed while attempting an emergency landing, killing both pilots.<ref name="ASN">{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|date=|title=Accident description Evergreen Airlines Flight 17|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890318-0|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 July 2019|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> |
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== Aircraft and crew == |
== Aircraft and crew == |
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[[File:PH-DNN_DC-9-33RC_KLM_LPL_26JUN68_(5594651439).jpg|right|thumb|The aircraft involved while still in service with KLM]] |
[[File:PH-DNN_DC-9-33RC_KLM_LPL_26JUN68_(5594651439).jpg|right|thumb|The aircraft involved while still in service with KLM]] |
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The aircraft involved was a |
The aircraft involved, [[Aircraft registration|registered]] as N931F with [[serial number]] 41792, was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33F that was built in 1968 and delivered to KLM in a dual passenger-cargo configuration. It was later converted into a passenger-only aircraft in 1984. In 1987, the aircraft was reconfigured into a freighter where it was later delivered to Evergreen International Airlines in the same year.<ref name="NTSB">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1990-04-23|title=Aircraft Accident Report: Evergreen International Airlines, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-13F, N931F, Saginaw, Texas, March 18, 1989|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR9002.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-23|website=|publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|id=NTSB/AAR-90/02}} - [https://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR90-02.pdf Copy at] [[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]].</ref>{{Rp|6,49}} |
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The captain was 41-year-old Gerald Jack McCall, who had been with Evergreen International Airlines since 1984. He had a total of 7,238 hours of flight experience, including 1,938 hours on the DC-9. He was also a check airman on that aircraft. Other pilots who had flown with captain McCall described him as having a habit of checking the cargo door warning lights before takeoff.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|5–6,48}}<ref name="BAAA">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=CRASH OF A DOUGLAS DC-9 IN FORT WORTH: 2 KILLED|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-douglas-dc-9-fort-worth-2-killed |
The captain was 41-year-old Gerald Jack McCall, who had been with Evergreen International Airlines since 1984. He had a total of 7,238 hours of flight experience, including 1,938 hours on the DC-9. He was also a check airman on that aircraft. Other pilots who had flown with captain McCall described him as having a habit of checking the cargo door warning lights before takeoff.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|5–6,48}}<ref name="BAAA">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=CRASH OF A DOUGLAS DC-9 IN FORT WORTH: 2 KILLED|url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-douglas-dc-9-fort-worth-2-killed|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 September 2019|website=baaa-acro.com}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ap">{{Cite news|last=Gamboa|first=Suzzane|date=March 18, 1989|title=Two Die In Cargo Plane Crash|work=AP NEWS|url=https://apnews.com/ab5292d39cec7f1cd4476dd669ec9ca8|access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> The first officer was 39-year-old Thomas Bill Johnston, who had 10,863 flight hours, with 1,213 of them on the DC-9. He was also type rated on Learjet aircraft.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|5–6,48}}<ref name="BAAA" /> |
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== History of the flight == |
== History of the flight == |
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=== |
=== Preparation === |
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Flight 17 was carrying equipment for the United States Air Force, including {{Convert|12|lb|kg|abbr=}} of explosives.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|1–4}}<ref name="upi">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1989-03-18|title=Two killed in DC-9 crash near military base|work=United Press International|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/03/18/Two-killed-in-DC-9-crash-near-military-base/9307606200400/ |
Flight 17 was carrying equipment for the United States Air Force, including {{Convert|12|lb|kg|abbr=}} of explosives.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|1–4}}<ref name="upi">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1989-03-18|title=Two killed in DC-9 crash near military base|work=United Press International|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/03/18/Two-killed-in-DC-9-crash-near-military-base/9307606200400/|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> |
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On the day of the accident, the aircraft took off from Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma, stopping at Dyess Air Force Base, Kelly Field Annex, then, Fort Worth Carswell Air Force Base in Texas. The flight would then return to Tinker Air Force Base. After landing at Carswell Air Force Base, Air Force personnel loaded cargo onto the aircraft.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp| |
On the day of the accident, the aircraft took off from Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma, stopping at Dyess Air Force Base, Kelly Field Annex, then, Fort Worth Carswell Air Force Base in Texas. The flight would then return to Tinker Air Force Base. After landing at Carswell Air Force Base, Air Force personnel loaded cargo onto the aircraft.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|1}}[[File:Evergreen_Flight_17_N931F_route.jpg|right|thumb|Path of Flight 17]] |
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=== Accident === |
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[[File:Evergreen_Flight_17_N931F_route.jpg|right|thumb|Path of Flight 17]] |
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* V<sub>1</sub> was {{Convert|112|kn|km/h mph||abbr=}} |
* V<sub>1</sub> was {{Convert|112|kn|km/h mph||abbr=}} |
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*V<sub>2</sub> was {{Convert|125|kn|km/h mph||abbr=}} |
*V<sub>2</sub> was {{Convert|125|kn|km/h mph||abbr=}} |
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Flight 17 began its takeoff roll from runway 17 at 02:09:13 |
At 02:00 central standard time (CST) first officer Johnston left the cockpit to close the main cargo door. He returned two minutes later. The flight crew completed the before start checklist, which included verifying that the cargo door was closed. First officer Johnston told captain McCall "Cargo door's inspected, tail stand...I've removed it, sill guards are onboard."<ref name="NTSB" /> |
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=== Accident === |
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Flight 17 began its takeoff roll from runway 17 at 02:09:13 and lifted off at 02:09:46. At 02:09:49, three seconds after rotation, the main cargo door partially opened, which was indicated by the CVR recording a sudden increase in background noise. The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) activated, sounding "whoop whoop terrain" four times. First officer Johnston declared an emergency to air traffic control (ATC). The controller asked the crew the nature of the emergency, and first officer Johnston replied, "okay we got a cargo door open." After ATC asked Flight 17 to report on when they were on the downward leg of their emergency final approach, the flight crew developed problems with communication. The flight climbed to {{Convert|2,500|ft|m|}} and then began a right turn back towards Carswell. During the downwind leg, the main cargo door completely opened, causing the aircraft to yaw and roll uncontrollably. The aircraft then banked to the left, inverted, and crashed into a pasture near [[Saginaw, Texas|Saginaw]]. The aircraft exploded on impact, killing the crew.<ref name="ASN" /><ref name="upi" /> |
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== Investigation == |
== Investigation == |
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[[File:Scandinavian_Airlines_Cargo_Douglas_DC-9-33F_SE-DBN.jpg|right|thumb|A DC-9-30F with the main cargo door open]] |
[[File:Scandinavian_Airlines_Cargo_Douglas_DC-9-33F_SE-DBN.jpg|right|thumb|A DC-9-30F with the main cargo door open]] |
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During the investigation by National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), it was discovered that first officer Johnston did not fully close the cargo door as he held on to the control valve handle in the closed position shorter than required and mistakenly assumed that the door was properly closed due to its locked and latched indicators having been incorrectly applied. A design flaw in the cargo door warning circuit prevented both the pilots and maintenance personnel from noticing this error.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|36–40}}<ref name="ASN" /> |
During the investigation by National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), it was discovered that first officer Johnston did not fully close the cargo door as he held on to the control valve handle in the closed position shorter than required and mistakenly assumed that the door was properly closed due to its locked and latched indicators having been incorrectly applied. A design flaw in the cargo door warning circuit prevented both the pilots and maintenance personnel from noticing this error.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|36–40}}<ref name="ASN" /> |
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The NTSB concluded that the accident was caused by the main cargo door opening and the subsequent loss of control of the aircraft. The reason for the loss of control alone could not be determined because simulator and wind tunnel tests were unable to verify aerodynamic movements caused by the cargo door separation and captain McCall's attempt to correct them.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|40–43}} Evergreen International's inadequate procedures for securing the cargo door, the failure of McDonnell Douglas to provide emergency procedures for cargo doors opening mid-flight, and the failure of [[Federal Aviation Administration]] to issue an order for modifications to the cargo door warning alarms were also contributing factors.<ref name="ASN" /> |
The NTSB concluded that the accident was caused by the main cargo door opening and the subsequent loss of control of the aircraft. The reason for the loss of control alone could not be determined because the simulator and wind tunnel tests were unable to verify aerodynamic movements caused by the cargo door separation and captain McCall's attempt to correct them.<ref name="NTSB" />{{Rp|40–43}} Evergreen International's inadequate procedures for securing the cargo door, the failure of McDonnell Douglas to provide emergency procedures for cargo doors opening mid-flight, and the failure of [[Federal Aviation Administration]] to issue an order for modifications to the cargo door warning alarms were also contributing factors.<ref name="ASN" /> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[United Airlines Flight 811]] |
* [[United Airlines Flight 811]] |
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* [[American Airlines Flight 96]] |
* [[American Airlines Flight 96]] |
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* [[Turkish Airlines Flight 981]] |
* [[Turkish Airlines Flight 981]] |
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* [[1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident]] |
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* [[Alaska Airlines Flight 1282]] |
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* [[Tropical Airways Flight 1301]] |
* [[Tropical Airways Flight 1301]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}}{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1989}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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{{McDonnell Douglas DC-9 family}} |
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{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1989}} |
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{{Aviation incidents and accidents in the United States in the 1980s}} |
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[[Category:March 1989 events in the United States]] |
[[Category:March 1989 events in the United States]] |
Latest revision as of 10:21, 10 July 2024
![]() N931F, the aircraft involved in the accident, 1988 | |
Accident | |
---|---|
Date | March 18, 1989 |
Summary | Loss of control following cargo door failure |
Site | Saginaw, Texas, near Carswell Air Force Base, United States 32°54′39″N 97°24′45″W / 32.91083°N 97.41250°W |
Aircraft | |
Aircraft type | McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33F |
Operator | Evergreen International Airlines |
IATA flight No. | 4U17[1]: 1 |
ICAO flight No. | EIA17 |
Call sign | LOGAIR 931[1]: 1 |
Registration | N931F[2] |
Flight origin | Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas |
Stopover | Carswell Air Force Base, Fort Worth, Texas |
Destination | Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma County, Oklahoma |
Occupants | 2 |
Crew | 2 |
Fatalities | 2 |
Survivors | 0 |
Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17 (4U17/EIA17) was a cargo flight operated by Evergreen International Airlines and flown by a McDonnell Douglas DC-9. On March 18, 1989, the flight's planned route was scheduled to take it from Kelly Air Force Base (outside San Antonio, Texas) to Tinker Air Force Base (outside of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), with a stop at Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth, Texas. The two pilots were the only occupants on board. Shortly after taking off from Carswell, the aircraft's main cargo door opened, the crew lost control of the aircraft and it subsequently crashed while attempting an emergency landing, killing both pilots.[3]
Aircraft and crew
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/PH-DNN_DC-9-33RC_KLM_LPL_26JUN68_%285594651439%29.jpg/220px-PH-DNN_DC-9-33RC_KLM_LPL_26JUN68_%285594651439%29.jpg)
The aircraft involved, registered as N931F with serial number 41792, was a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33F that was built in 1968 and delivered to KLM in a dual passenger-cargo configuration. It was later converted into a passenger-only aircraft in 1984. In 1987, the aircraft was reconfigured into a freighter where it was later delivered to Evergreen International Airlines in the same year.[1]: 6, 49
The captain was 41-year-old Gerald Jack McCall, who had been with Evergreen International Airlines since 1984. He had a total of 7,238 hours of flight experience, including 1,938 hours on the DC-9. He was also a check airman on that aircraft. Other pilots who had flown with captain McCall described him as having a habit of checking the cargo door warning lights before takeoff.[1]: 5–6, 48 [4][5] The first officer was 39-year-old Thomas Bill Johnston, who had 10,863 flight hours, with 1,213 of them on the DC-9. He was also type rated on Learjet aircraft.[1]: 5–6, 48 [4]
History of the flight
[edit]Preparation
[edit]Flight 17 was carrying equipment for the United States Air Force, including 12 pounds (5.4 kg) of explosives.[1]: 1–4 [6]
On the day of the accident, the aircraft took off from Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma, stopping at Dyess Air Force Base, Kelly Field Annex, then, Fort Worth Carswell Air Force Base in Texas. The flight would then return to Tinker Air Force Base. After landing at Carswell Air Force Base, Air Force personnel loaded cargo onto the aircraft.[1]: 1
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Evergreen_Flight_17_N931F_route.jpg/220px-Evergreen_Flight_17_N931F_route.jpg)
According to the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), captain McCall was the pilot flying.[1]: 2 The flight crew calculated the following takeoff speeds:
- V1 was 112 knots (207 km/h; 129 mph)
- VR (rotation speed) was 116 knots (215 km/h; 133 mph)
- V2 was 125 knots (232 km/h; 144 mph)
At 02:00 central standard time (CST) first officer Johnston left the cockpit to close the main cargo door. He returned two minutes later. The flight crew completed the before start checklist, which included verifying that the cargo door was closed. First officer Johnston told captain McCall "Cargo door's inspected, tail stand...I've removed it, sill guards are onboard."[1]
Accident
[edit]Flight 17 began its takeoff roll from runway 17 at 02:09:13 and lifted off at 02:09:46. At 02:09:49, three seconds after rotation, the main cargo door partially opened, which was indicated by the CVR recording a sudden increase in background noise. The ground proximity warning system (GPWS) activated, sounding "whoop whoop terrain" four times. First officer Johnston declared an emergency to air traffic control (ATC). The controller asked the crew the nature of the emergency, and first officer Johnston replied, "okay we got a cargo door open." After ATC asked Flight 17 to report on when they were on the downward leg of their emergency final approach, the flight crew developed problems with communication. The flight climbed to 2,500 feet (760 m) and then began a right turn back towards Carswell. During the downwind leg, the main cargo door completely opened, causing the aircraft to yaw and roll uncontrollably. The aircraft then banked to the left, inverted, and crashed into a pasture near Saginaw. The aircraft exploded on impact, killing the crew.[3][6]
Investigation
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Scandinavian_Airlines_Cargo_Douglas_DC-9-33F_SE-DBN.jpg/220px-Scandinavian_Airlines_Cargo_Douglas_DC-9-33F_SE-DBN.jpg)
During the investigation by National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), it was discovered that first officer Johnston did not fully close the cargo door as he held on to the control valve handle in the closed position shorter than required and mistakenly assumed that the door was properly closed due to its locked and latched indicators having been incorrectly applied. A design flaw in the cargo door warning circuit prevented both the pilots and maintenance personnel from noticing this error.[1]: 36–40 [3]
The NTSB concluded that the accident was caused by the main cargo door opening and the subsequent loss of control of the aircraft. The reason for the loss of control alone could not be determined because the simulator and wind tunnel tests were unable to verify aerodynamic movements caused by the cargo door separation and captain McCall's attempt to correct them.[1]: 40–43 Evergreen International's inadequate procedures for securing the cargo door, the failure of McDonnell Douglas to provide emergency procedures for cargo doors opening mid-flight, and the failure of Federal Aviation Administration to issue an order for modifications to the cargo door warning alarms were also contributing factors.[3]
See also
[edit]- United Airlines Flight 811
- American Airlines Flight 96
- Turkish Airlines Flight 981
- 1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident
- Alaska Airlines Flight 1282
- Tropical Airways Flight 1301
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Aircraft Accident Report: Evergreen International Airlines, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-13F, N931F, Saginaw, Texas, March 18, 1989" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. April 23, 1990. NTSB/AAR-90/02. Retrieved December 23, 2020. - Copy at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.
- ^ "FAA Registry (N931F)". Federal Aviation Administration.
- ^ a b c d Ranter, Harro. "Accident description Evergreen Airlines Flight 17". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "CRASH OF A DOUGLAS DC-9 IN FORT WORTH: 2 KILLED". baaa-acro.com. Retrieved September 9, 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Gamboa, Suzzane (March 18, 1989). "Two Die In Cargo Plane Crash". AP NEWS. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
- ^ a b "Two killed in DC-9 crash near military base". United Press International. March 18, 1989. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- March 1989 events in the United States
- Tarrant County, Texas
- Transportation disasters in Texas
- 1989 in Texas
- Aviation accidents and incidents in Texas
- Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-9
- Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
- Airliner accidents and incidents caused by design or manufacturing errors
- Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1989