Timeline of Brussels: Difference between revisions
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* 1047 – The relics of [[Gudula|Saint Gudula]] are transferred from [[Moorsel]] to the original [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula|Church of St. Michael]].<ref name=":0" /> |
* 1047 – The relics of [[Gudula|Saint Gudula]] are transferred from [[Moorsel]] to the original [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula|Church of St. Michael]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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* 1063–1100 – The first [[fortifications of Brussels|fortifications]] are built. |
* 1063–1100 – The first [[fortifications of Brussels|fortifications]] are built. |
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* 1095 – [[Dieleghem Abbey]] first attested. |
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* 1105 – [[Forest Abbey]] is founded. |
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* 1142 or 1147 – The {{Interlanguage link|Battle of Ransbeek|fr|Guerre de Grimbergen#La bataille de Ransbeek}} takes place. |
* 1142 or 1147 – The {{Interlanguage link|Battle of Ransbeek|fr|Guerre de Grimbergen#La bataille de Ransbeek}} takes place. |
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* 1183 – The [[Duchy of Brabant]] is formed after the merger of the {{Interlanguage link|County of Brussels|lt=Counties of Uccle or Brussels|nl|Graafschap Brussel|fr|Comté de Bruxelles}} and [[County of Leuven|Leuven]] and the [[Landgraviate of Brabant]]. |
* 1183 – The [[Duchy of Brabant]] is formed after the merger of the {{Interlanguage link|County of Brussels|lt=Counties of Uccle or Brussels|nl|Graafschap Brussel|fr|Comté de Bruxelles}} and [[County of Leuven|Leuven]] and the [[Landgraviate of Brabant]]. |
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* 1190 – [[Richard I of England]] passes through the city.<ref name=":0" /> |
* 1190 – [[Richard I of England]] passes through the city.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* 1195 – [[Clinique Saint-Jean|Saint John Clinic]] is established. |
* 1195 – [[Clinique Saint-Jean|Saint John Clinic]] is established. |
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* 1196 – [[La Cambre Abbey]] is founded. |
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* 1225 – Construction begins on the current [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula|Church of St. Michael and St. Gudula]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |publisher = Hubbell |location = New York |title = Beautiful buildings in France & Belgium |author = Charles Harrison Townsend |date = 1916 |ol = 7213871M }}</ref> |
* 1225 – Construction begins on the current [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula|Church of St. Michael and St. Gudula]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |publisher = Hubbell |location = New York |title = Beautiful buildings in France & Belgium |author = Charles Harrison Townsend |date = 1916 |ol = 7213871M }}</ref> |
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* 1229 – 10 June: [[Henry I, Duke of Brabant]], issues a {{Interlanguage link|Charter of rights of Brussels|lt=charter of rights|nl|Stadskeure van Brussel}} for the city.<ref>"De keure van 1229", ''Brussel: Waar is de Tijd'', 6 (1999), pp. 133-135.</ref> |
* 1229 – 10 June: [[Henry I, Duke of Brabant]], issues a {{Interlanguage link|Charter of rights of Brussels|lt=charter of rights|nl|Stadskeure van Brussel}} for the city.<ref>"De keure van 1229", ''Brussel: Waar is de Tijd'', 6 (1999), pp. 133-135.</ref> |
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** 24 October – The [[Joyous Entry of 1356#Background|city is liberated]] by group of Brabantian patriots led by [[Everard 't Serclaes]], Lord of [[Kruikenburg Castle|Kruikenburg]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=State |first=Paul F. |url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/34469/1/140.pdf |title=Historical Dictionary of Brussels |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press, Inc.]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-8108-5075-3 |editor-last=Woronoff |editor-first=Jon |location=United States of America |pages= |language=en}}</ref> |
** 24 October – The [[Joyous Entry of 1356#Background|city is liberated]] by group of Brabantian patriots led by [[Everard 't Serclaes]], Lord of [[Kruikenburg Castle|Kruikenburg]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=State |first=Paul F. |url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/34469/1/140.pdf |title=Historical Dictionary of Brussels |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press, Inc.]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-8108-5075-3 |editor-last=Woronoff |editor-first=Jon |location=United States of America |pages= |language=en}}</ref> |
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** The expansion of the [[fortifications of Brussels|city's fortifications]] begins. |
** The expansion of the [[fortifications of Brussels|city's fortifications]] begins. |
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*1367 – [[Red Cloister]] is founded. |
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* 1370 – The [[Brussels massacre|Sacrament of Miracle]] occurs, killing 6–20, followed by the expulsion of the city's remaining [[Jews|Jewish]] population. |
* 1370 – The [[Brussels massacre|Sacrament of Miracle]] occurs, killing 6–20, followed by the expulsion of the city's remaining [[Jews|Jewish]] population. |
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* 1380 – [[Pipenpoy family|Geert Pipenpoy]] becomes the [[List of mayors of the City of Brussels|city's first mayor]]. |
* 1380 – [[Pipenpoy family|Geert Pipenpoy]] becomes the [[List of mayors of the City of Brussels|city's first mayor]]. |
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* 1595 – The [[Kaiserliche Reichspost]] [[Mail|postal service]] is established in the city. |
* 1595 – The [[Kaiserliche Reichspost]] [[Mail|postal service]] is established in the city. |
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[[File:Sallaert-antoon-ommeganck.jpg|thumb|[[Ommegang of Brussels]] in 1615]] |
[[File:Sallaert-antoon-ommeganck.jpg|thumb|[[Ommegang of Brussels]] in 1615]] |
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* 1607 – [[Brussels Carmel]] is founded. |
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* 1619 |
* 1619 |
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** The original ''[[Manneken Pis]]'' statue is commissioned. |
** The original ''[[Manneken Pis]]'' statue is commissioned. |
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** The city hosts the [[Congolese Round Table Conference]]. |
** The city hosts the [[Congolese Round Table Conference]]. |
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** [[Ballet of the 20th Century]] [[contemporary dance]] company is established. |
** [[Ballet of the 20th Century]] [[contemporary dance]] company is established. |
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** 1 November: The city becomes the seat of the {{Interlanguage link|Secretariat-General of the Benelux|nl|Secretariaat-Generaal (Benelux)}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-21 |title=Benelux - PART 2 - INSTITUTIONS |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521195143/http://www.benelux.be/en/rgm/rgm_vdg_deel2.asp |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> |
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** 15 December: The [[Wedding of Baudouin of Belgium and Fabiola de Mora y Aragón|wedding of King Baudouin and Fabiola de Mora y Aragón]] takes place. |
** 15 December: The [[Wedding of Baudouin of Belgium and Fabiola de Mora y Aragón|wedding of King Baudouin and Fabiola de Mora y Aragón]] takes place. |
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* 1961 |
* 1961 |
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** The [[Brussels Ring]] is constructed. |
** The [[Brussels Ring]] is constructed. |
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** The [[RTBF]] Symphony Orchestra is formed.<ref name="Lawson2003-20th">{{cite book|editor= Colin Lawson|editor-link= Colin Lawson|title= Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00132-8 |chapter= Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DW1WyiooSMC&pg=PA277 }}</ref> |
** The [[RTBF]] Symphony Orchestra is formed.<ref name="Lawson2003-20th">{{cite book|editor= Colin Lawson|editor-link= Colin Lawson|title= Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00132-8 |chapter= Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DW1WyiooSMC&pg=PA277 }}</ref> |
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* 1979 |
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* |
** The [[Archives of the City of Brussels]] moves into the former ''{{ill|Magasins Waucquez|fr|Anciens magasins Waucquez}}''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brusselsmuseums.be/en/museum/4-archives-of-the-city-of-brussels-museums-of-the-city-of-brussels |access-date=30 May 2015 |title=Archives of the City of Brussels |publisher=Conseil bruxellois des Musées |work=Brusselsmuseums.be |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524095822/http://www.brusselsmuseums.be/en/museum/4-archives-of-the-city-of-brussels-museums-of-the-city-of-brussels |archive-date=2015-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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** The city celebrates the 1,000th anniversary of its founding.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* 1980 |
* 1980 |
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** The [[Flemish Community]] and the [[French Community of Belgium]] each designate Brussels as their capital city. |
** The [[Flemish Community]] and the [[French Community of Belgium]] each designate Brussels as their capital city. |
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** Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,008,715.<ref name="BISA">{{cite web |url=http://www.bisa.irisnet.be/en/themes/population/population |title=Population Totale |author=Brussels Institute for Statistics and Analysis |work=Structure de la population |access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> |
** Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,008,715.<ref name="BISA">{{cite web |url=http://www.bisa.irisnet.be/en/themes/population/population |title=Population Totale |author=Brussels Institute for Statistics and Analysis |work=Structure de la population |access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> |
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* 1981 |
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⚫ | |||
** 21 March: {{Interlanguage link|King Baudouin Park|nl|Koning Boudewijnpark (Jette)|fr|Parc Roi Baudouin}} is laid out.<ref name=":0" /> |
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* 1982–1985 – The [[Brabant killers|Brabant Killings]] occur in and around the city, killing 28 and injuring 22.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-24|title='Crazy Brabant Killers': Brussels murder mystery 'clue'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41734059|access-date=2021-03-22|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203032713/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41734059|url-status=live}}</ref> |
* 1982–1985 – The [[Brabant killers|Brabant Killings]] occur in and around the city, killing 28 and injuring 22.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-24|title='Crazy Brabant Killers': Brussels murder mystery 'clue'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41734059|access-date=2021-03-22|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203032713/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41734059|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* 1982 – The [[Brussels Urban Transport Museum]] is established. |
* 1982 – The [[Brussels Urban Transport Museum]] is established. |
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** 9 March: The [[Jewish Museum of Belgium]] opens. |
** 9 March: The [[Jewish Museum of Belgium]] opens. |
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** 12 June: [[Mini-Europe]] opens. |
** 12 June: [[Mini-Europe]] opens. |
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** 18 June: The [[Brussels-Capital Region]] is formed; the [[Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brussels.irisnet.be/about-the-region |title=About the Region |author=Centre d'Informatique pour la Region Bruxelloise |work=Brussels-Capital Region Portal |access-date=July 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123145227/http://www.brussels.irisnet.be/about-the-region |archive-date=2012-11-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
** 18 June: The [[Brussels-Capital Region]] is formed; the [[Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region]] is established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brussels.irisnet.be/about-the-region |title=About the Region |author=Centre d'Informatique pour la Region Bruxelloise |work=Brussels-Capital Region Portal |access-date=July 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123145227/http://www.brussels.irisnet.be/about-the-region |archive-date=2012-11-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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** 12 July: [[Charles Picqué]] becomes the first [[Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region]]. |
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** 6 October: The [[Belgian Comic Strip Center]] opens. |
** 6 October: The [[Belgian Comic Strip Center]] opens. |
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* 1990 |
* 1990 |
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** [[Freddy Thielemans]] becomes mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/belgian-mayors.html |title=Belgian mayors |location=London |work=City Mayors.com |publisher=[[City Mayors Foundation]] |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427004003/http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/belgian-mayors.html |archive-date=2013-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
** [[Freddy Thielemans]] becomes mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/belgian-mayors.html |title=Belgian mayors |location=London |work=City Mayors.com |publisher=[[City Mayors Foundation]] |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427004003/http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/belgian-mayors.html |archive-date=2013-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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** May: The [[Kunstenfestivaldesarts]] (KFDA) is inaugurated. |
** May: The [[Kunstenfestivaldesarts]] (KFDA) is inaugurated. |
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* 1995 |
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* |
** The [[Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts]] (EhB) is established. |
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** 1 January: The [[Province of Brabant]] is split into [[Flemish Brabant]] and [[Walloon Brabant]]. |
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* 1996 |
* 1996 |
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** The South Tower is renovated. |
** The South Tower is renovated. |
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** 20 October: The [[White March]] takes place as a protest against the mishandling of the [[Marc Dutroux|Dutroux affair]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite web |agency=Reuters |title=275,000 in Belgium Protest Handling of Child Sex Scandal |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/21/world/275000-in-belgium-protest-handling-of-child-sex-scandal.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170412040515/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/21/world/275000-in-belgium-protest-handling-of-child-sex-scandal.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> |
** 20 October: The [[White March]] takes place as a protest against the mishandling of the [[Marc Dutroux|Dutroux affair]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite web |agency=Reuters |title=275,000 in Belgium Protest Handling of Child Sex Scandal |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/21/world/275000-in-belgium-protest-handling-of-child-sex-scandal.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170412040515/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/21/world/275000-in-belgium-protest-handling-of-child-sex-scandal.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref> |
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* 1998 |
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* |
** The [[Musical Instrument Museum, Brussels|Musical Instruments Museum]] (MIM) relocates to the [[Hôtel de Spangen]] and the former [[Old England (department store)|Old England]] department store. |
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** 2 December The [[Grand-Place]] is declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/857/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> |
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* 1999 |
* 1999 |
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** 5 June: The [[René Magritte Museum]] opens. |
** 5 June: The [[René Magritte Museum]] opens. |
Revision as of 23:59, 6 July 2024
History of Belgium |
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Timeline • Military • Jewish history • LGBT Belgium portal |
The following is a timeline of the history of Brussels, Belgium.
Prehistory
- 3000–2200 BCE – First known settlements in the region during the Neolithic era, located in the Sonian Forest.[1]
- 1000–800 BCE – Celtic tribes settle in what is now Brussels.[2]
Roman Period
- 1st century CE – A Roman villa is constructed in Anderlecht, located near today's Allée de la Villa Romaine/Romeinse-Villadreef.[3]
- 2nd century CE – A Gallo-Roman villa is constructed in Jette, located in today's King Baudouin Park.[4]
- 175 CE – A Roman villa in existence in Laeken.[2]
Middle Ages
- 4th–6th centuries CE – Frankish tribes occupy territories between the Meuse and Scheldt rivers.[2]
- 580 – Saint Gaugericus builds a chapel on an island in the river Senne, laying the origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels.[5]
- 843 – 10 August: The region becomes part of Lotharingia after the signing of the Treaty of Verdun.[2]
- 870 – First mention of the County of Uccle or Brussels in the Treaty of Meerssen.
- 977–979 – A castrum is constructed.[2]
- 979 – Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, transfers the relics of Saint Gudula to the chapel built by Saint Gaugericus, marking the city's official founding.
- 959 – The city becomes part of Lower Lotharingia.[2]
- 1001 – Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine, becomes Count of Uccle or Brussels .
- 1012 – Saint Guy dies in Anderlecht on his return home from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[6]
- 1015–1020 – Oldest written record of the city by Olbert of Gembloux .[7]
- 1041–1047 – Palace of Coudenberg is built.[2]
- 1047 – The relics of Saint Gudula are transferred from Moorsel to the original Church of St. Michael.[2]
- 1063–1100 – The first fortifications are built.
- 1095 – Dieleghem Abbey first attested.
- 1105 – Forest Abbey is founded.
- 1142 or 1147 – The Battle of Ransbeek takes place.
- 1183 – The Duchy of Brabant is formed after the merger of the Counties of Uccle or Brussels and Leuven and the Landgraviate of Brabant.
- 1190 – Richard I of England passes through the city.[2]
- 1195 – Saint John Clinic is established.
- 1196 – La Cambre Abbey is founded.
- 1225 – Construction begins on the current Church of St. Michael and St. Gudula.[2][8]
- 1229 – 10 June: Henry I, Duke of Brabant, issues a charter of rights for the city.[9]
- 1250 – The Great Beguinage is formalised by John the Victorious.[10]
- 1252 – The Beguinage of Anderlecht is founded.
- 1267 – John the Victorious relocates the capital of the Duchy of Brabant from Leuven to the city.
- 1282 – First mention of the Drapery Court.[2]
- 1292 – John the Victorious grants the town the right to revenues collected at the city gates.[2]
- 1295 – John the Peaceful authorises aldermen to collect duty on beer as a town revenue.[2]
- 1296 – 14 February: Obbrussel becomes part of the Coop of Brussels .
- 1303–1306
- Unsuccessful revolt by the Guilds of Brussels to secure power-sharing with the patriciate.
- First democratic government.[2]
- 1304 – The Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon is founded.[11]
- 1306 – Seven Noble Houses of Brussels first attested.[2]
- 1308 – The Meyboom is first attested.[12]
- 1348 – The Ommegang begins as a Marian procession.[13]
- 1349
- The Black Death arrives in the city.[2]
- Pogrom against the Jewish population.[2]
- 1356
- The Joyous Entry of Joanna and Wenceslaus into the city takes place.
- 17 August: Battle of Scheut : Louis II, Count of Flanders defeats Joanna, Duchess of Brabant, who then besieges Brussels.
- 24 October – The city is liberated by group of Brabantian patriots led by Everard 't Serclaes, Lord of Kruikenburg.[2]
- The expansion of the city's fortifications begins.
- 1367 – Red Cloister is founded.
- 1370 – The Sacrament of Miracle occurs, killing 6–20, followed by the expulsion of the city's remaining Jewish population.
- 1380 – Geert Pipenpoy becomes the city's first mayor.
- 1383 – The original Halle Gate is built.
- 1388 – 31 March: Everard t'Serclaes dies at the L'Étoile/De Sterre guildhall on the Grand-Place/Grote Markt.
- 1401 – The Town Hall begins construction on the Grand-Place.
- 1421
- 1436 – Rogier van der Weyden appointed city artist.[2]
- 1455
- The Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament of the Miracle is built.
- The Town Hall is completed.[2]
- 1476 – The first printing press is in operation in the city.[15]
- 1477
- The Habsburgs come to power in the Burgundian Netherlands, with the city as their capital.[16]
- Popular insurrection.[2]
16th–18th centuries
- 1511 – The Miracle of 1511 takes place.
- 1515 – 28 January: Joyous Entry of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Philip the Prudent.
- 1521 – May–October: Erasmus moves to Anderlecht for health, political, and religious reasons and stays in the house of Canon Peter Wijchmans.
- 1536 – The original King's House is built on the Grand-Place for the Duke of Brabant.[17]
- 1555 – 25 October: Charles V abdicates in the Aula Magna of the Palace of Coudenberg.[2]
- 1561 – The city's port and the Willebroek Canal are opened.[18]
- 1567 – August 22: The Duke of Alba arrives in the city.[2]
- 1568 – The Counts of Egmont and Horn are executed at the Grand-Place.
- 1575 – A plague outbreak kills thousands.[2]
- 1576 – 4 September: The Calvinist Republic of Brussels is founded.
- 1577 – 24 September: The Joyous Entry of William the Silent into the city takes place.
- 1580 – 9–10 July: The city tries to capture Halle under command of Olivier van den Tympel .
- 1585 – 10 March: The city is besieged by the Army of Flanders.[19][20]
- 1595 – The Kaiserliche Reichspost postal service is established in the city.
- 1607 – Brussels Carmel is founded.
- 1619
- The original Manneken Pis statue is commissioned.
- 12 July: A riot breaks out after the city imposes a tax on wine and beer (the gigot).[2]
- 1622 – The funeral of Archduke Albert VII takes place.
- 1646 – The Small Beguinage is founded.
- 1672 – Fort of Monterey is built.
- 1695 – 13–15 August: The city is bombarded by the French, destroying a third of its buildings, including the Grand-Place.
- 1697–1698: Reconstruction of the Grand-Place is largely completed.[2]
- 1698 – 1 May: Manneken Pis receives his first costume from the Governor of the Austrian Netherlands, Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria.[21][22]
- 1700 – The first Theatre of La Monnaie, then spelled La Monnoye, is built.
- 1705 – Fort Jaco is built.
- 1706 – The English–Dutch army enters Brussels.[2]
- 1711 – The Royal Academy of Fine Arts is established.
- 1714
- The Belfry of Brussels collapses.
- March 6: Treaty of Rastatt is signed; the city becomes part of the Austrian Netherlands.[2]
- 1717 – 14–18 April: Peter the Great visits the city.[2][23]
- 1719 – François Anneessens is executed at the Grand-Place.
- 1731 – 3–4 February: The Palace of Coudenberg is destroyed by fire.[2]
- 1744 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine enters the city.
- 1746 – The city is besieged and captured by the French.
- 1749 – January: The city is returned to Austria with the rest of the Austrian Netherlands following the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
- 1772
- The Imperial and Royal Academy is established.[24]
- The Opéra flamand is established.
- 1774 – The Rue Royale/Koningsstraat is laid out.[11]
- 1775
- Brussels Park is laid out.
- The Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein is laid out.[2]
- 1778 – The Palace of the Nation begins construction.
- 1779 – The Brussels Arsenal is built.
- 1781 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor visits the city.
- 1782
- The Place Royale/Koningsplein is laid out.
- The Royal Park Theatre opens.
- 1787 – The Vauxhall opens.
- 1783 – The Royal Palace of Brussels begins construction.
- 1784
- The city's gates are demolished, except for the Halle Gate.
- The Palace of Schonenberg is built.
- 1787 – The Church of St. James on Coudenberg is consecrated.
- 1789 – The Brabant Revolution reaches the city and makes the Austrian authorities flee.
- 1790
- 11 January: The city becomes the capital of the United Belgian States.
- 2 December: The Austrians take the city back and pledge to reverse the reforms of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1792 – 14 November: General Charles-François Dumouriez enters the city.[2]
- 1795 – The French rule begins; the city becomes part of the department of the Dyle.
- 1796
- The Guilds of Brussels are suppressed.[25]
- La Cambre Abbey and Forest Abbey are abolished.
- The Church of St. Gaugericus is demolished.
19th century
- 1801 – 8 July: The Brussels Stock Exchange is founded by decree of Napoleon.[2]
- 1803
- The Museum of Fine Arts opens.[26]
- First Consul Napoleon visits the city.[2]
- 1806 – 25 March: The Academy of Brussels, an academy of the Imperial University of France, is established.
- 1810
- Official visit by Emperor Napoleon.[2]
- 19 May: Ordinance to built the Small Ring.[2]
- 1813 – The Royal Conservatory of Brussels is founded.
- 1815
- The Duchess of Richmond's ball takes place.
- The city becomes the joint capital of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- 1819
- The new Theatre of La Monnaie is inaugurated.
- The city is illuminated by gas.[2]
- 1822 – The Société Générale de Belgique is headquartered in the city.[27]
- 1826
- The Botanical Garden of Brussels is founded.
- The Royal Observatory of Belgium is founded.
- 1830
- 25 August: The Belgian Revolution starts in the city.[28]
- The Royal Theatre Toone is founded.
- Population: 98,279 city; 120,981 metro.[29]
- 1831
- 7 February: The Constitution of Belgium is ratified; the city becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Belgium.[16]
- 21 July: The coronation of King Leopold I takes place at the Place Royale/Koningsplein.
- 1832
- A cholera epidemic kills over 3,000.[2]
- 22 September: The Brussels–Charleroi Canal is officially opened.[30]
- 1834 – 24 June: The Free University of Brussels is founded.[2]
- 1835 – 5 May: The first passenger train on a public railway in continental Europe departs from the Allée Verte/Groendreef railway station.
- 1837 – 19 June: The Royal Library of Belgium is founded.[31]
- 1845
- Saint Mary's Royal Church begins construction.
- First telegraph line links the city with Antwerp.[2]
- 1846
- The Museum of Natural Sciences is founded.
- Population: 123,874.[32]
- 1847
- The Avenue Louise/Louizalaan is commissioned.
- May: Systematic construction of sidewalks begins.[2]
- 20 June: The Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries open.[2]
- 1848 – September: The second International Peace Congress is held in the city.
- 1850 – Population: 142,289 city; 222,424 metro.[29]
- 1853 – 7 April: The European Quarter is annexed from Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Etterbeek and Schaerbeek by the City of Brussels.
- 1855
- The Brussels-Luxembourg railway station is built.
- Last public execution is held at Halle Gate.[2]
- 1856 – The reconstructed Royal Theatre of La Monnaie opens.
- 1857
- The Ancienne Belgique opens.
- Saint-Louis University moves to the city from Mechelen.
- First municipal water service is established.[2]
- 1859 – The Congress Column is erected.
- 1860
- Population: 185,982 city; 300,341 metro.[29]
- Duties and tolls on goods entering the city are abolished.
- 1861 – The Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos is laid out.
- 1864 – The Avenue Louise and Bois de la Cambre are annexed from Ixelles by the City of Brussels.
- 1868 – The Wiertz Museum opens.
- 1869 – Trams begin operating in the city.
- 1871
- The covering of the Senne takes place; the Central Boulevards are laid out.
- The Bank of Brussels is established.[27]
- The Halle Gate is renovated in the neo-Gothic style.[33]
- 1873
- The new building for the Brussels Stock Exchange is completed.
- The daily Old Market on the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein is established.
- 1874
- The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken begin construction.
- 23 December: Les Tramways Bruxellois is formed.
- 1877
- Ixelles Cemetery is created.
- 6 May: The Musical Instruments Museum opens.
- 1880
- A National Exhibition is held to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Belgian independence.[2]
- The Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark is laid out.
- The White slave trade affair scandal is exposed and attracts international attention.
- The Midi Fair begins.
- A National Exhibition is held to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Belgian independence.[2]
- 1881 – L'Echo newspaper begins its publication.[34]
- 1883 – The Palace of Justice is inaugurated.
- 1885
- Population: 171,751.[32]
- 15 June: Saint-Gilles Prison opens.[2]
- 1886 – The city is linked by telephone to Paris.[2]
- 1887
- Le Soir newspaper begins its publication.[34]
- The Palace for Fine Arts is built.
- The Brussels City Museum opens in the King's House.
- 1 October: The Brussels Arsenal reopens as the Royal Flemish Theatre.
- 1888
- Het Laatste Nieuws newspaper begins its publication.[34]
- 24 November: The first Saint Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen takes place as a student protest against a reorganisation of the Free University.
- 1889 – 18 November: The Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 begins.
- 1890
- The Abattoirs of Anderlecht enter service as a central abattoir for the whole city.
- The Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare is laid out.
- 1891
- August: The International Socialist Labor Congress is held in the city.
- 12 December: VIVAQUA is established.
- 1893
- The Paris–Brussels cycle race begins.[35]
- The Hôtel Tassel is built.
- The Hankar House is built.
- The Autrique House is built.
- 1894 – The Société Belge d'Études Coloniales is headquartered in the city.
- 1895 – The Hotel Métropole opens at the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein.
- 1896
- The King's House is rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style.
- The Villa Bloemenwerf is built.
- 1 March: The first public showing of moving pictures takes place in the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries.
- 1897
- The Brussels International world's fair is held.
- The Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan is laid out.
- 1898 – The Saint Roch Quarter is demolished.
- 1899
- The Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis is built.
- 1 October: The Pavilion of Human Passions is inaugurated.
- 1900
- The Cantillon brewery is founded.
- New Saint John Clinic is built.[36]
- 4 April: Edward, Prince of Wales is shot at by Jean-Baptiste Sipido at Brussels-North railway station.[2]
20th century
- 1901 – The Maison & Atelier Horta is built.
- 1902 – 15 November: Attempted assassination of Leopold II by Gennaro Rubino.
- 1904 – 26 June: The Josaphat Park opens.
- 1905
- The Cauchie House is built.
- Busses begin operating in the city.[2]
- 25 September: The Cinquantenaire Arcade opens.[2]
- 1908 – The Chapel of the Resurrection is built.
- 1910
- The Hôtel Astoria opens.
- 23 April–1 November: The Brussels International world's fair is held.
- 1911
- The Stoclet Palace is built.
- The North–South connection begins construction.[2]
- 30 October–3 November: The first Solvay Conference is held.
- 1914
- 11 May–4 June: The Great Zwanz Exhibition is held.
- 21 August: The city is captured and occupied by the German Army.[2]
- 1915 – Edith Cavell is executed by firing squad at the Tir National/Nationale Schietbaan.
- 1917 – The Constant Vanden Stock Stadium opens.
- 1918 – 21 August: King Albert I returns to the city.
- 1919
- The Lignes Farman airline begins operating its Paris–Brussels route.[37]
- Population: 685,268 metro.[38]
- 1920 – The Oscar Bossaert Stadium opens.
- 1921 – 30 March: Haren, Laeken and Neder-Over-Heembeek are annexed by the City of Brussels.[2]
- 1922
- The Experimental Garden Jean Massart is established.[39]
- 12 November: Tour & Taxis officially opens. [40]
- 1923
- The Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History opens.
- The Brugmann Hospital opens.
- 23 May: The Societé anonyme belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation aérienne (Sabena) is established.[2]
- 1927 – 24–29 October: The fifth Solvay Conference, perhaps the most famous, is held.
- 1928
- The Charlier Museum opens.
- The Villa van Buuren is built.[41]
- 1929
- 4 January: Tintin first appears in Le Petit Vingtième.
- 19 October: The Centre for Fine Arts opens.
- 1930
- The Hotel Le Plaza opens.
- 18 June: The National Institute for Radio Broadcast (NIR) established.
- 23 August: The Jubilee Stadium opens.
- 1931 – The Brussels Symphony Orchestra is founded.
- 1934
- The Villa Empain is built.
- The Citroën Garage is built.
- 22 February: The funeral of King Albert I takes place.
- 1935
- The Brussels International world's fair is held; the Palais des Expositions is built.
- The Basilica of the Sacred Heart is consecrated.
- 1937 – The Queen Elisabeth Competition begins.
- 1938
- The Royal Belgian Film Archive is established.
- The Flagey Building is built.
- 1939 – The Constantin Meunier Museum opens.
- 1940
- 17 May
- World War II: The German occupation begins.[2]
- Belgian Government flees the city to Bordeaux.[42]
- 31 May: The German Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France is headquartered in the city.[42][43]
- 1 July: The Zéro intelligence network in formed by employees of the Bank of Brussels.[42]
- 20 July: The Frontstalag 110 prisoner-of-war camp is established by the Germans.[44][45]
- 31 July: The Radio Bruxelles and Zender Brussel radio stations are established by the Military Administration.[42]
- 15 August: La Libre Belgique clandestine newspaper begins its publication.[42]
- 17 December: The Belgian National Movement is established. [42]
- 17 May
- 1941
- 1 February: Le Drapeau Rouge and De Roode Vaan clandestine newspapers begin its publication by the Communist Party of Belgium.[42]
- 13 March: The Frontstalag 110 POW camp is dissolved.[44][45]
- 29 May: The 'Hunger march for the release of prisoners of war', 3,000 women rally behind slogans and march trough the city. [42]
- 18 August: The Comet Line starts operating.[46]
- 10 October: Bombing of the Rex headquarters at Rue de Laeken/Lakensestraat , Jean-Joseph Oedekerken is killed.[42]
- 25 November: The Free University of Brussels closes.[42][47]
- 1942
- January: Groupe G is formed by a group of former students of the Free University of Brussels.
- 10 March: Violence erupts in the city during a parade of the Walloon Legion before leaving for the Eastern Front, marked by bombings and attacks from communist militants against collaborators and military targets.[48]
- 3 September: A razzia occurs in the Marolles/Marollen, 718 are arrested and transported to Dossin.[49]
- 24 September: Greater Brussels is formed by merging 18 municipalities into the City of Brussels; Jan Grauls is appointed mayor.[42]
- 1943
- 20 January: Attack on the Gestapo headquarters by Baron Jean de Selys Longchamps DFC.
- 14 April: Paul Colin is assassinated by Arnaud Fraiteur.[50]
- 7 September: The city is bombarded by the Allies, killing 342.
- 1944
- 1 August: Attacks in the city against the Occupier and collaborators, they retaliated and execute 30 people.[42]
- 23 August: 15 people are executed by the Occupier.[42]
- 3–4 September: The city is liberated by the Welsh Guards; the Palace of Justice is burnt by the Germans to destroy legal records during their retreat.
- 8 September: The Belgian government in exile returns to the city after four years in London.
- 20 September: Prince Charles, Count of Flanders takes becomes regent.[51]
- 20 November: The Free University of Brussels reopens.
- 15 December: The District of Brussels, formed by Nazi Germany, is no longer in control of the territory.
- 1948
- The Treaty of Brussels, founding the Western Union (WU), is signed.
- Brussels Airport opens.
- 1950
- 1 August: King Leopold III ask the Government and Parliament to vote on a law delegating his powers to Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant.[52]
- 11 August: Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant, becomes regent and becomes the Prince Royal.[52]
- 23–27 August: The city hosts the 1950 European Athletics Championships.
- 1951 – 17 July: The coronation of King Baudouin takes place in the Palace of the Nation.[52][53]
- 1952 – The North–South connection is completed; Brussels-Central railway station and Brussels-South railway station open.
- 1953 – Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles is formed replacing Les Tramways Bruxellois as the city's main public transport operator.
- 1956: The Atomium starts construction.
- 1958
- 17 April–19 October: Expo 58 world's fair is held.
- The city becomes one of the seats of the European Community.
- 1959 – The State Administrative Center begins construction.[2]
- 1960
- The city hosts the Congolese Round Table Conference.
- Ballet of the 20th Century contemporary dance company is established.
- 1 November: The city becomes the seat of the Secretariat-General of the Benelux .[54]
- 15 December: The wedding of King Baudouin and Fabiola de Mora y Aragón takes place.
- 1961
- 15 February: Sabena Flight 548 crashes on approach to Brussels Airport, killing all 72 people on board and one person on the ground.[2]
- 21 December: The Film Museum is founded.
- 1962
- The Royal Institute for Theatre, Cinema and Sound (RITCS) is established.
- 1963 – 2 August: Brussels becomes part of the bilingual area Brussels-Capital.[55]
- 1965 – The Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis is demolished and is replaced with the Sablon Tower .[2]
- 1967
- The South Tower is built.
- 1 May: The European Commission starts moving into the Berlaymont.
- 22 May: The À L'Innovation department store is destroyed by fire.[2]
- 16 October: NATO's headquarters are established in the city.
- 1968 – May: Student demonstrations at the Free University of Brussels.[2]
- 1969
- The Brussels Hilton opens.
- 1 October: The Free University splits along linguistic lines into the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB).
- 1970 – 8 October: Forest National/Vorst Nationaal opens.
- 1971
- The Flower carpet begins at the Grand-Place.
- 26 July: The Brussels Agglomeration is created.[56]
- 25 November: First and only elections of the Brussels Agglomeration Council .[2]
- 1974 – The Brussels Independent Film Festival begins.
- 1975
- Bank Brussels Lambert is headquartered in the city.
- The Université catholique de Louvain's Jardin des plantes médicinales Paul Moens is established.
- 1976
- 20 September The Brussels Metro begins operating.
- 28 September: The Brussels Planetarium opens.
- 1978
- The Brussels Ring is constructed.
- The RTBF Symphony Orchestra is formed.[57]
- 1979
- The Archives of the City of Brussels moves into the former Magasins Waucquez .[58]
- The city celebrates the 1,000th anniversary of its founding.[2]
- 1980
- The Flemish Community and the French Community of Belgium each designate Brussels as their capital city.
- Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,008,715.[59]
- 1981
- 21 March: King Baudouin Park is laid out.[2]
- 4 December: The Wittockiana is founded by Michel Wittock.
- 1982–1985 – The Brabant Killings occur in and around the city, killing 28 and injuring 22.[60]
- 1982 – The Brussels Urban Transport Museum is established.
- 1983 – 17 May: La Fonderie, Brussels Museum of Industry and Labour, is established.
- 1985
- 16 May: Pope John Paul II visits the city.[61]
- 29 May: The Heysel Stadium disaster takes place.[61]
- 1986 – 29 September: Autoworld opens.
- 1988 – Kinepolis Brussels opens.
- 1989
- 9 March: The Jewish Museum of Belgium opens.
- 12 June: Mini-Europe opens.
- 18 June: The Brussels-Capital Region is formed; the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region is established.[62]
- 12 July: Charles Picqué becomes the first Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
- 6 October: The Belgian Comic Strip Center opens.
- 1990
- 23 December: The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company is formed by the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region replacing Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles.
- Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 964,385.[59]
- 1991 – First comic strip murals is created on the Rue du Marché au Charbon/Kolenmarkt.
- 1993
- The Espace Léopold opens.
- 7 August: The funeral of King Baudouin takes place.
- 9 August: The coronation of King Albert II takes place in the Palace of the Nation.
- 1994
- The City of Brussels is designated capital of Belgium and seat of the Federal Government.[63]
- Freddy Thielemans becomes mayor.[64]
- May: The Kunstenfestivaldesarts (KFDA) is inaugurated.
- 1995
- The Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts (EhB) is established.
- 1 January: The Province of Brabant is split into Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant.
- 1996
- The South Tower is renovated.
- 20 October: The White March takes place as a protest against the mishandling of the Dutroux affair.[65]
- 1998
- The Musical Instruments Museum (MIM) relocates to the Hôtel de Spangen and the former Old England department store.
- 2 December The Grand-Place is declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2][66]
- 1999
- 5 June: The René Magritte Museum opens.
- 8 September: The Clockarium is established.
- 4 December: The Wedding of Prince Philippe and Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz takes place.
- 2000
- The city is named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities.[67]
- 27 May: The first Zinneke Parade is held.
21st century
- 2001
- Tour & Taxis begins redevelopment.
- 13 July: Lambermont Accord is signed, increasing the representation of Dutch speakers in Parliament.
- 25 October: Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant is born at Erasmus Hospital.
- 2002 – 10 December: The Film Museum in integrated into CINEMATEK.
- 2003 – 20 September: The Wittockiana opens to the public.
- 2004 – The North Galaxy Towers are built.
- 2005 – 19 July: The BELvue Museum opens in the Hôtel Belle-Vue.
- 2006 – The Atomium is renovated.[68]
- 2007
- The Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel (HUB) is established.[69]
- 25 May: The WIELS contemporary art centre opens in the former Wielemans-Ceuppens brewery.
- 2009
- 2 June: The Magritte Museum opens.
- 12 December: The funeral of Queen Fabiola takes place.
- 2010 – Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,089,538.[59]
- 2012 – First Picnic the Streets occurs.
- 2013
- 7 May: Rudi Vervoort becomes Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
- 21 July: The coronation of King Philippe takes place in the Palace of the Nation.
- 6 December: The Fin-de-Siècle Museum opens.
- 13 December: Yvan Mayeur becomes mayor.
- 2014
- 1 January: Odisee is established.
- 10 March: Vlaams-Brusselse Media forms.
- 23 May: Choco-Story Brussels is established.
- 24 May: The Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting occurs, killing 4.
- 2015
- 25 September: Train World opens in Schaerbeek railway station.
- 11 December: Design Museum Brussels opens.
- 2016
- 2017
- 6 May: The House of European History (HEH) opens.
- 25 May: NATO's new headquarters open.[74]
- 2018
- 5 May: KANAL - Centre Pompidou opens in the former Citroën Garage.
- 12 May: Manneken Pis receives his 1000th costume created by fashion designer Jean-Paul Lespagnard.[75]
- 2019 – 12 October: The MigratieMuseumMigration opens.
- 2020
- 2 February: The first recorded case of COVID-19 in Belgium after nine Belgian nationals living in Hubei were repatriated.
- 11 March: First COVID-19 related death in Belgium is confirmed of a 90-year-old female patient from who was being treated in Etterbeek.[76]
- 18 March: The city joins the rest of Belgium in a nationwide lockdown that lasts until 8 June in an attempt to reduce the number of cases.
- 2023
- 14 September: The Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles becomes part of Université catholique de Louvain.[77]
- 16 October: The Brussels shooting occurs, killing 3 and injuring 1.
See also
- History of Brussels
- List of mayors of the City of Brussels (largest municipality in the Brussels-Capital Region)
- List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region
- Timeline of Belgian history
- Timelines of other municipalities in Belgium: Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, Leuven, Liège
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- ^ whc.unesco.org https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/857/. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Association of European Cities of Culture of the Year 2000". Krakow the Open City. 17 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
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Bibliography
In English
- Published in the 19th century
- New Picture of Brussels, and its Environs, or, Stranger's Guide to the Curiosities of that Interesting City, London: Samuel Leigh, 1820, OCLC 63579821
- "Brussels". Galignani's Traveller's Guide through Holland and Belgium (4th ed.). Paris: A. and W. Galignani. 1822. hdl:2027/njp.32101073846667.
- David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Brussels". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
- "Brussels", Cabinet Cyclopædia, vol. Cities and Principal Towns of the World, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, 1830, OCLC 2665202
- "Brussels", A hand-book for travellers on the continent (2nd ed.), London: John Murray, 1838, OCLC 2030550
- Frederick Knight Hunt (1845), "Brussels", The Rhine: its scenery & historical & legendary associations, London: Jeremiah How
- "Brussels". Coghlan's Illustrated Guide to the Rhine (18th ed.). London: Trubner & Co. 1863.
- Stranger's Guide to Brussels and its environs (6th ed.), Kiessling & Co., 1876
- W. Pembroke Fetridge (1885), "Brussels to Antwerp", Harper's hand-book for travellers in Europe and the east, New York: Harper & Brothers
- Published in the 20th century
- "Brussels". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/njp.32101065312876 – via Hathi Trust.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ernest Gilliat-Smith (1906), The story of Brussels, London: Dent, OL 24358871M
- Ernest Gilliat-Smith (1908). "Brussels". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - "Brussels", Belgium and Holland, Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC 397759
- "Brussels". Belgium. Grieben's Guide Books. Vol. 141. London: Williams & Norgate. 1910. hdl:2027/uiuc.3096224_001.
- Published in the 21st century
- Anton Kreukels; et al., eds. (2005). "Brussels". Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning: Comparative Case Studies of European City-Regions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-49606-8.
- Xhardez, Catherine (2016). "The integration of new immigrants in Brussels: an institutional and political puzzle". Brussels Studies. Translated by Jane Corrigan. doi:10.4000/brussels.1434. - translation of "L’intégration des nouveaux arrivants à Bruxelles : un puzzle institutionnel et politique"
In other languages
- Almanach royal de la cour, des provinces méridionales et de la ville de Bruxelles (in French). Bruxelles: A. Stapleaux. 1817.
- Marie-Nicolas Bouillet [in French]; L.G. Gourraigne (1914). "Bruxelles". Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de geographie (in French) (34th ed.). Paris: Hachette.
- Hennaut, Eric (2000). La Grand-Place de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
- Henne, Alexandre; Wauters, Alphonse (1845). Histoire de la ville de Bruxelles (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Perichon.
- Spapens, Christian (2005). Les Boulevards extérieurs de la Porte de Hal à la Place Rogier. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 40. Brussels: Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine. ISBN 978-2-96005-026-4.
- Zeiller, Martin (1654). "Brussel". Topographia Circuli Burgundici. Topographia Germaniae (in German). Frankfurt. p. 44+.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Brussels.
- Europeana. Items related to Brussels, various dates.