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: Hokkien ''ê''/''gê'' (classifier), ''ê'' (possessive particle), Teochew ''gai5'' (classifier), ''gai7'' (possessive particle): from {{och-l|其|id=2}} ({{zh-ref|Li, 2002}}; Douglas, 1899<ref>{{R:nan:Douglas|dê|99}}</ref>). Cognate with {{cog|cdo|其|tr=gì|t=''possessive particle''}}, {{cog|mnp|的|tr=gâ̤|t=''possessive particle''}}. The modern forms of these cognates all derive from the {{zh-l|陽平|tr=-|t=''yangping''}} tone. |
: Hokkien ''ê''/''gê'' (classifier), ''ê'' (possessive particle), Teochew ''gai5'' (classifier), ''gai7'' (possessive particle): from {{och-l|其|id=2}} ({{zh-ref|Li, 2002}}; Douglas, 1899<ref>{{R:nan:Douglas|dê|99}}</ref>). Cognate with {{cog|cdo|其|tr=gì|t=''possessive particle''}}, {{cog|mnp|的|tr=gâ̤|t=''possessive particle''}}. The modern forms of these cognates all derive from the {{zh-l|陽平|tr=-|t=''yangping''}} tone. |
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; ''Wu classifier possessive particle'' |
; ''Wu classifier and possessive particle'' |
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: Though the expected pronunciation (in for instance [[w:Shanghainese|Shanghainese]]) would be {{IPAchar|/ku/}}, this has underwent glottalisation ({{zh-ref|Dai, 2004}}). Compare {{zh-l|*勒|to be in, to be at}}, {{zh-l|*搭|to}}. In Shanghainese, this often undergoes further lenition to {{IPAchar|/ɦəʔ/}}. |
: Though the expected pronunciation (in for instance [[w:Shanghainese|Shanghainese]]) would be {{IPAchar|/ku/}}, this has underwent glottalisation ({{zh-ref|Dai, 2004}}). Compare {{zh-l|*勒|to be in, to be at}}, {{zh-l|*搭|to}}. In Shanghainese, this often undergoes further lenition to {{IPAchar|/ɦəʔ/}}. |
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Revision as of 12:50, 12 November 2022
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Translingual
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Han character
個 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人田十口 (OWJR), four-corner 26200, composition ⿰亻固)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 107, character 17
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 758
- Dae Jaweon: page 228, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 3
- Unihan data for U+500B
Chinese
trad. | 個/箇 | |
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simp. | 个 |
Glyph origin
Old Chinese | |
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箇 | *kaːls |
個 | *kaːls |
居 | *kɯ, *kas |
橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
嫴 | *kaː |
姑 | *kaː |
辜 | *kaː |
酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
蛄 | *kaː |
鴣 | *kaː |
沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
古 | *kaːʔ |
罟 | *kaːʔ |
估 | *kaːʔ |
鈷 | *kaːʔ |
詁 | *kaːʔ |
牯 | *kaːʔ |
故 | *kaːs |
固 | *kaːs |
稒 | *kaːɡs |
痼 | *kaːɡs |
錮 | *kaːɡs |
鯝 | *kaːɡs |
棝 | *kaːɡs |
凅 | *kaːɡs |
枯 | *kʰaː |
軲 | *kʰaː |
跍 | *kʰaː |
骷 | *kʰaː |
苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
餬 | *ɡaː |
瑚 | *ɡaː |
湖 | *ɡaː |
鶘 | *ɡaː |
猢 | *ɡaː |
醐 | *ɡaː |
糊 | *ɡaː |
箶 | *ɡaː |
蝴 | *ɡaː |
胡 | *ɡaː |
瓳 | *ɡaː |
怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
据 | *ka |
裾 | *ka |
琚 | *ka |
椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
鶋 | *ka |
蜛 | *ka |
崌 | *ka |
涺 | *ka |
腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
鋸 | *kas |
倨 | *kas |
踞 | *kas |
涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kaːls) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 固 (OC *kaːs).
Etymology
The semantics may have developed along the grammaticalisation process "bamboo stalk" (箇) > "piece, item" > "classifier for every category of noun" > "possessive particle, generic particle". If so, it would then possibly be cognate with 竿 (OC *kaːn, “bamboo, rod”). Compare Tibetan མཁར་བ (mkhar ba), འཁར་བ ('khar ba, “walking stick, staff”) and Thai ก้าน (gâan, “stem, stalk”).
- Min Nan classifier and possessive particle
- Hokkien ê/gê (classifier), ê (possessive particle), Teochew gai5 (classifier), gai7 (possessive particle): from 其 (OC *ɡɯ) (Li, 2002; Douglas, 1899[1]). Cognate with Eastern Min 其 (gì, “possessive particle”), Northern Min 的 (gâ̤, “possessive particle”). The modern forms of these cognates all derive from the 陽平/阳平 (“yangping”) tone.
- Wu classifier and possessive particle
- Though the expected pronunciation (in for instance Shanghainese) would be /ku/, this has underwent glottalisation (Dai, 2004). Compare 勒 (“to be in, to be at”), 搭 (“to”). In Shanghainese, this often undergoes further lenition to /ɦəʔ/.
Pronunciation
Lua error in Module:wuu-pron at line 210: Invalid syllable: 5geq,5hheq,4eq,2ku. Wugniu expected, but another romanisation is supplied.
Definitions
- single; alone; individual
- height; build; stature
- (dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) one
- The generic classifier for people or for things lacking specific classifiers.
- Classifier for hours and months.
- Alternative classifier, for nouns having specific classifiers. Often colloquial and regional. Usage varies greatly between different topolects.
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Puxian Min, Wenzhounese Wu) Classifier for money: yuan, dollar; buck
- 三個九毫九/三个九毫九 [Cantonese] ― saam1 go3 gau2 hou4 gau2 [Jyutping] ― three dollars and ninety-nine cents
- 八個六/八个六 [Cantonese] ― baat3 go3 luk6 [Jyutping] ― eight dollars and sixty cents
- 三個銀/三个银 [Sixian Hakka] ― sâm ke ngiùn [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― three dollars
- 兩斤五個/两斤五个 [Teochew] ― no6 geng1 ngou6 gai5 [Peng'im] ― two catties for five dollars
- 個銀三粒/个银三粒 [Teochew] ― gai5 ngeng5 san1 liab8 [Peng'im] ― three for a buck
- (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for money: ten thousand yuan, dollars, etc.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and numbers, showing that the following numbers are approximate, not accurate.
- (Mandarin, Cantonese, colloquial) Particle, placed between a verb and its object or complement, adding a sense of ease, swiftness and one-offness to the action.
- (Mandarin, colloquial) Particle used after 些 (xiē).
- Particle between a verb and its complement.
- (dialectal Mandarin) Particle used in some time-related words.
- (literary or Wu, Xiang, Gan, dialectal Cantonese, dialectal Min) (= 搿) this; that
- (Cantonese, Wu) Word-initial particle, serving as the definite article.
- (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min, Wu) Possessive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de).
- → 嘅 (ge3) (Cantonese); 格 (kaq), 額/额 (gheq) (Wu) (Mandarin influenced); 的 (ê) (Hokkien)
- 我個冊/我个册 [Hokkien] ― góa ê chheh [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― my book
- 我個書/我个书 [Teochew] ― ua2 gai7 ze1 [Peng'im] ― my book
- 我個小囡/我个小囡 [Shanghainese] ― 3ngu 5hheq 2xiau-noe [Wugniu] ― my child
- 客家個精神/客家个精神 [Sixian Hakka] ― hak-kâ ke chîn-sṳ̀n [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ] ― the Hakka spirit
- (dialectal) Sentence-final declarative, affirmative, or prohibitive particle. Equivalent to Mandarin 的 (de), 了 (le).
- (often dialectal) Emphatic particle between a pronoun and a noun, usually to highlight some negative quality of the person.
- (Teochew) to be
- 我個潮州來個。 [Teochew, trad.]
- From: Based on 2011, Hui Ling Xu; Stephen Matthews, On the polyfunctionality and grammaticalization of the morpheme kai in the Chaozhou dialect, in Foong Ha Yap; Karen Grunow-Hårsta; Janick Wrona (eds.), Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, page 121
- ua2 gai5 dio5 ziu1 lai5 gai7 [Peng'im]
- I come from Chaozhou. (i.e., It is Chaozhou that I come from.)
我个潮州来个。 [Teochew, simp.]
- (dated Shanghainese) Used to indicate the past tense.
Usage notes
- For Hokkien, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the general classifier ê and 的 for the possessive particle ê, reserving 個 for the month classifier kò.
- For Hakka, Taiwan's Ministry of Education recommends 个 for the possessive particle.
- In Cantonese, when used for "yuan/dollar", 個 is usually only used when followed by cents.
- Northern Wu languages can mark for tenses, as well as aspects. In Old Shanghainese, this is used to mark the past tense, as opposed to a perfect aspect.
Synonyms
See 個/derived terms § Chinese.
Compounds
See 個/derived terms § Chinese.
Descendants
Others:
References
- ^ Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “dê”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, [With 1923 Supplement after the Appendix by Thomas Barclay, Shanghai: Commercial Press, Ltd.] edition (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 99; New Edition (With Chinese Character Glosses) edition, London: Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 99
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
Counter
Kanji in this term |
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個 |
こ Grade: 5 |
tōon |
Usage notes
This is one of the most common counter words in Japanese. It can be used to count small, round objects.
See also
See Template:ja-number-counter:個.
Korean
Hanja
Compounds
- 개인 (個人, gaein, “individual”)
Vietnamese
Han character
- generic classifier
References
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Hakka Chinese
- Wu Chinese
- Hokkien terms with usage examples
- Cantonese terms with usage examples
- Cantonese Chinese
- Teochew Chinese
- Puxian Min Chinese
- Wenzhounese Wu
- Hakka terms with usage examples
- Teochew terms with usage examples
- Chinese slang
- Mandarin Chinese
- Chinese colloquialisms
- Chinese literary terms
- Xiang Chinese
- Gan Chinese
- Chinese dialectal terms
- Min Chinese
- Wu terms with usage examples
- Southern Min Chinese
- Wu terms with quotations
- Teochew terms with quotations
- Chinese dated terms
- Shanghainese Wu
- Beginning Mandarin
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese fifth grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading か
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading か
- Japanese kanji with tōon reading こ
- Japanese terms spelled with 個 read as こ
- Japanese terms read with tōon
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese counters
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 個
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters