后
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Han character
后 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 竹一口 (HMR), four-corner 72261, composition ⿸𠂋口)
Derived characters
- 𰂀, 垢, 𰃙, 𣢨, 姤, 䞧, 𥅠, 𭸫,㖃, 𫩲, 詬(诟), 㧨, 㤧, 骺, 銗, 𬭅, 㻈, 洉, 𪲉, 茩, 𫀱, 逅, 𬖙, 垕, 垢, 𫝴, 𧮶, 缿, 劶, 郈, 㸸, 𧲿, 𪊪, 𧊛, 𩗇, 鮜(鲘), 𪁆, 𬷎, 𧙺
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 176, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3298
- Dae Jaweon: page 393, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 580, character 1
- Unihan data for U+540E
Chinese
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 后 | |||
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Shang | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Oracle bone inscriptions often wrote 后 as 毓, depicting a woman giving birth. Wang Guowei posits the meaning extended from childbirth to succession, then to empress. In the modern form, the birthing figure would be 𠂆 and the child figure 𠮛.[1]
According to Kōjien[zh 1] and 学研漢和大字典, ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 人 (“person (variant form)”) + 口 (“hole”) — a depiction of a person's (人) anus, with the additional meaning of “behind”, “rear”, as well as coming to mean “emperor/empress”, who would live in a palace “behind” wordly troubles.
Etymology 1
simp. and trad. |
后 |
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”). Cognate with Tibetan གོ (go, “head; headman”), མགོ (mgo, “head, top, beginning”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hau6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): heu
- Eastern Min (BUC): hâiu
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gheu
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hòu
- Wade–Giles: hou4
- Yale: hòu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: how
- Palladius: хоу (xou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hau6
- Yale: hauh
- Cantonese Pinyin: hau6
- Guangdong Romanization: heo6
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐu̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: heu
- Hakka Romanization System: heu
- Hagfa Pinyim: heu4
- Sinological IPA: /heu̯⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hâiu
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɑu²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: huwX, huwH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢˤ(r)oʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːʔ/, /*ɡoːs/
Definitions
后
Usage notes
- The surname 后 (hòu) is not to be confused with the surname 後/后 (hòu).
Compounds
- 仙后座 (Xiānhòuzuò)
- 元后
- 后冠 (hòuguān)
- 后土 (hòutǔ)
- 后妃 (hòufēi)
- 后帝 (hòudì)
- 后座 (hòuzuò)
- 后王 (hòuwáng)
- 后皇
- 后稷 (Hòujì)
- 后羿 (Hòuyì)
- 后羿射日
- 后辛
- 后辟
- 后里 (Hòulǐ)
- 夏后氏 (Xiàhòushì)
- 大天后宮
- 天后 (Tiānhòu)
- 太后 (tàihòu)
- 太皇太后 (tài huáng tàihòu)
- 川后
- 影后 (yǐnghòu)
- 慈安太后
- 慈禧太后 (Cíxǐ Tàihòu)
- 武后
- 母后 (mǔhòu)
- 王后 (wánghòu)
- 甄后
- 皇后 (huánghòu)
- 皇太后 (huángtàihòu)
- 皇天后土 (huángtiānhòutǔ)
- 稱王封后
- 竇太后
- 群后
- 蕭太后
- 西后
- 西太后 (Xītàihòu)
- 賀后罵殿/贺后骂殿
- 賈后
- 韋后
- 風后
- 馬后練服/马后练服
- 齊后破環/齐后破环
See also
Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子/国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text) | |||||
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王 (wáng), 國王/国王 (guówáng) |
后 (hòu), 皇后 (huánghòu) |
車/车 (jū), 城堡 (chéngbǎo) |
象 (xiàng), 主教 (zhǔjiào) |
馬/马 (mǎ), 騎士/骑士 (qíshì) |
兵 (bīng) |
Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 后 – see 後 (“behind; rear; back; later; after; afterwards; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 後). |
Notes:
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Usage notes
In the traditional-Chinese literate context, the use of 后 (hòu) as a variant of 後 is mostly confined to the occurrences in a few well-known historical texts such as the Great Learning (《大學》).
References
- ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: ぐ (gu)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←こう (kou, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: ご (go); ごう (gō)
- Kun: きさき (kisaki, 后); きさい (kisai, 后)
Compounds
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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后 |
こう Grade: 6 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 后 (MC huwX|huwH).
Affix
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
后 |
きさき Grade: 6 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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妃 |
Derivation unknown.
Possibly originally a contraction of 君幸 (kimi saki, literally “lordly good fortune”). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) きさき [kìsáꜜkì] (Nakadaka – [2])[2]
- (Tokyo) きさき [kìsákí] (Heiban – [0])[2]
- IPA(key): [kʲisa̠kʲi]
Noun
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
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后 |
きさい Grade: 6 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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皇后 |
/kisaki/ → /kisaĩ/ → /kisai/
Sound shift from kisaki above.
Appears to be less common in isolation than the kisaki reading above.[3][2]
Noun
- (uncommon, archaic) Same as きさき (kisaki) above
- c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Agemaki)
- 「もし、世の中移りて、帝・后の、思しおきつるままにも、おはしまさば...」
- “Moshi, yononaka utsurite, mikado, kisai no, oboshi-okitsuru mama ni mo, owashimasaba...”
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- 「もし、世の中移りて、帝・后の、思しおきつるままにも、おはしまさば...」
- c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Agemaki)
Derived terms
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
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后 |
ご Grade: 6 |
kan'yōon |
For pronunciation and definitions of 后 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 后, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 后 (MC huwH).
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅮᇢ〮 (Yale: hhwúw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 후〯 (hwǔ) (Yale: hwǔ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷu]
- Phonetic hangul: [후]
Hanja
Compounds
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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