R
- , shine harafi na goma sha takwas na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na asali na ISO . Its sunan Turanci # ne <i id="mwGg">ar</i> (pronounced /ɑːr / ) jam'i ARS, [1] ko a Ireland ko /ɔːr / . [2]
Tarihi
Tsofaffi
Kalmar prognatus kamar yadda aka rubuta akan Sarcophagus na Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (280 BC) yana bayyana cikakken ci gaban Latin R a wancan lokacin; harafin P a lokaci guda har yanzu yana riƙe da sifar sa ta rarrabe ta daga Girkanci ko Tsohuwar Italic rho . Harafin asalin Semitic na iya yin wahayi daga wani hieroglyph na Masar don tp, "kai".[ana buƙatar hujja] An yi amfani da shi don /r/ ta Semites saboda a cikin yaren su, kalmar "kai" rêš (shima sunan harafin) Ya bunƙasa zuwa Girkanci ' Ρ ' ῥῶ ( rhô ) da Latin R.
The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as
) but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets; most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the "P" shape of the letter. The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the p and the Ρ shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish. The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. From around 50 AD, the letter P would be written with its loop fully closed, assuming the shape formerly taken by R.
Tsinuwa I
Misalin karni na 18 na amfani da r rotunda a cikin rubutun baƙaƙen Turanci Harafi R daga harafin Luca Pacioli, a cikin De divina proportione (1509) Ƙananan minuscule (ƙaramin harafi) ( r ) ya haɓaka ta hanyoyi da yawa akan fom ɗin babban birnin. Tare da rubuce -rubucen minuscule na Latin gabaɗaya, ya ci gaba daga ƙarshe daga laƙabin Romawa ta hanyar rubutun banbanci na Late Antiquity zuwa ƙaramin Carolingian na ƙarni 9.
A rubutun hannu, ya zama gama gari ba a rufe kasan madauki ba amma a ci gaba da shiga kafa, yana adana ƙarin bugun alkalami. Ƙunƙarar madaidaiciya-ƙafar ƙafa ta gajarta cikin madaidaicin arc da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin Carolingian kuma har zuwa yau.
An yi amfani da ƙaramin kiraigraphic minuscule r, wanda aka fi sani da r rotunda (ꝛ) a jere ko, lanƙwasa siffar r don ɗaukar nauyin o (kamar a cikin oꝛ sabanin ko ) Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bambancin inda r ya bi wasu ƙananan haruffa tare da madaidaicin madaidaiciya zuwa dama (kamar b, h, p ) da kuma rubuta geminate rr (as ꝛꝛ ) Amfann da r rotunda galibi an daura shi ne da nau'ikan baƙaƙen haruffa, kuma glyph ɗin ya faɗi rashin amfani tare da haruffan haruffa a cikin mahallin Ingilishi galibi zuwa ƙarni na 18.
Rubutun insular ya yi amfani da ƙaramin abu wanda ke riƙe da bugun ƙasa biyu, amma wanda bai rufe madauki ba ("Insular r ", ꞃ) wannan bambance-bambancen yana rayuwa a cikin nau'in Gaelic da aka shahara a Ireland har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 (amma yanzu galibi an iyakance shi don dalilai na ado)
Suna
Sunan harafin a Latin ya kasance er ( /ɛr/ ) bin tsarin wasu haruffan da ke wakiltar ci gaba, kamar F, L, M, N da S. An adana wannan sunan a Faransanci da sauran yaruka da yawa. A cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya, sunan harafin ya canza daga /ɛr/ zuwa /ar/, bin tsarin da aka nuna a cikin wasu kalmomi da yawa kamar gona (kwatanta ferme na Faransa) da tauraro (kwatanta Stern na Jamus)
A cikin Hiberno-Turanci ana kiran harafin /ɒr/ ko /ɔːr/, ɗan kama da doki, tama, orr .
Wani lokaci ana kiran harafin R littera canīna (a zahiri 'harafin canine', galibi ana fassara shi cikin Ingilishi azaman wasiƙar kare ). Wannan kalmar Latin tana magana akan Latin R wanda aka ƙaddara don yin sauti kamar ƙaramin kare, salon magana da ake kira vōx canīna ('muryar kare') Kyakkyawan misali na R wanda aka ƙera yana cikin kalmar Mutanen Espanya don kare, perro .
A cikin Romeo da Juliet na William Shakespeare, nas ɗin Juliet ne ya yi irin wannan bayanin a Dokar 2, yanayin 4, lokacin da ta kira harafin R "sunan kare". Hakanan ana samun bayanin a cikin Nahawun Ingilishi na Ben Jonson .
Furuci da amfani
Pronunciations of Rr Languages in italics do not use the roman alphabet; the table refers to romanizations Language Dialect(s) Pronunciation (IPA) Environment Notes Albanian Samfuri:IPAslink rr represents a trilled /r/ Arabic Most dialects Samfuri:IPAslink North Mesopotamian, Judeo-Iraqi Samfuri:IPAslink Egyptian Samfuri:IPAslink Catalan Samfuri:IPAslink Word-initially Samfuri:IPAslink Usually Danish Samfuri:IPAslink Samfuri:IPAslink Archaic Dutch Most dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Brabantish, Limburgish Samfuri:IPAslink English Non-rhotic Samfuri:IPAslink Before vowels silent After vowels Rhotic Samfuri:IPAslink Before vowels ʵ After vowels Faroese Samfuri:IPAslink French Samfuri:IPAslink Galician Samfuri:IPAslink German Standard Samfuri:IPAslink Before vowels Samfuri:IPAslink After vowels Gutnish Samfuri:IPAslink Haitian Samfuri:IPAslink Hebrew Samfuri:IPAslink Samfuri:IPAslink Archaic Hopi Samfuri:IPAslink Irish Samfuri:IPAslink Samfuri:IPAslink After i; before e, i Italian Samfuri:IPAslink Japanese Standard Samfuri:IPAslink Leonese Samfuri:IPAslink Mandarin Standard Samfuri:IPAslink Manx Samfuri:IPAslink silent Māori Samfuri:IPAslink Norwegian Most dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Western and Southern dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Tromsø Samfuri:IPAslink Portuguese Samfuri:IPAslink In certain environments Samfuri:IPAslink In certain environments Scottish Gaelic Samfuri:IPAslink Usually Samfuri:IPAslink After i; before e, i Sicilian Samfuri:IPAslink Spanish Some dialects Samfuri:IPAslink After a vowel Most dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Word-initially All dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Usually Puerto Rican Samfuri:IPAslink Word-initially Swedish Most dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Southern dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Turkish Samfuri:IPAslink Venetian Most dialects Samfuri:IPAslink Venice Samfuri:IPAslink Vietnamese Northern dialect Samfuri:IPAslink Most dialects Samfuri:IPAslink, Samfuri:IPAslink, Samfuri:IPAslink, Samfuri:IPAslink Turanci
Harafin ⟩ ne na takwas ya fi na kowa wasika a Turanci da huɗu-fi na kowa baƙi (bayan ⟩ ⟩ kuma ⟩
Harafin ⟩ ake amfani da su samar da kawo karshen "-re", wanda aka yi amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar cibiyar a wasu irin English kuskure, kamar British Turanci . Ingilishi na Kanada shima yana amfani da ƙarshen "-re", sabanin Ingilishi na Amurka, inda galibi ana maye gurbin ƙarshen ta "-er" ( tsakiya ) Wannan baya shafar furtawa.
Wasu harsuna
⟨r⟩ represents a rhotic consonant in many languages, as shown in the table below.
Alveolar trill [r] Saurara wasu yarukan Ingilishi na Ingilishi ko cikin magana mai ƙarfi, daidaitaccen Yaren mutanen Holland, Finnish, Galician, Jamusanci a wasu yaruka, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesiyan, Italiyanci, Czech, Javanese, Lithuanian, Latvian, Latin, Norwegian mafi yawa a arewa maso yamma, Polish, Fotigal tsarin gargajiya), Romanian, Rasha, Scots, Slovak, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Sundanese, Ukrainian, Welsh ; ma Catalan, Spanish kuma Albanian ⟩ Kusan Alveolar [ɹ] Saurara Turanci (yawancin iri), Yaren mutanen Holland a cikin wasu yarukan Dutch (a cikin takamaiman matsayi na kalmomi), Faroese, Sicilian Murfin Alveolar / Alveolar famfo [ɾ] Saurara Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish kuma Albanian ⟩ Turkish, Dutch, Italian, Venetian, Bagalike, Leonese, Norwegian, Irish, Harshen Maori Sautin muryar retroflex [ʐ] Saurara Yaren mutanen Norway kusa da Tromsø ; Mutanen Espanya da ake amfani da su a matsayin allophone na / r / a cikin wasu lafazin Kudancin Amurka; An yi amfani da Hopi kafin wasali, kamar a cikin raana, "toad", daga ranar Rana ta Spain; Harshen Hanyu Pinyin na Ingantaccen Sinanci . Kimanin Retroflex [ɻ] Saurara wasu yarukan Ingilishi (a Amurka, Kudu maso Yammacin Ingila, da Dublin ), Gutnish Kwallan Retroflex [ɽ] Saurara Yaren mutanen Norway lokacin da <d> ke bi, wani lokacin cikin Ingilishi na Scottish Tashin mahaifa [ʀ] Saurara Matsayin matakin Jamusanci; wasu yarukan Yaren mutanen Holland (a cikin Brabant da Limburg, da wasu yarukan birni a Netherlands), Yaren mutanen Sweden a Kudancin Sweden, Yaren mutanen Norway a ɓangarorin yamma da kudanci, Venetian kawai a yankin Venice. Muryar muryar uvular [ʁ] Saurara Arewa Mesopotamian Larabci, Judeo-Iraqi Larabci, Jamus, Danish, Faransa, misali Turai Portuguese ⟩ misali Brazilian Portuguese ⟩ Puerto Rican Spanish ⟩ da 'r-' a yammacinta, Norwegian a yammacin da kuma kudancin . Wasu harsuna iya amfani da harafin ⟩ a cikin harafi (ko Latin transliterations makircinsu) su wakilci rhotic baƙaƙe daban-daban daga alveolar trill. A Haiti Creole, shi wakiltar wani sauti haka rauni da cewa shi ne sau da yawa da aka rubuta interchangeably da ⟩ misali 'Kweyol' don 'Kreyol'.
Brazil Portuguese yana da babban yawan allophones na /ʁ / kamar [ χ ] [ h ] [ ɦ ] [ x ] [ ɣ ] [ ɹ ] da [ r ] da karshen uku wadanda za a iya amfani kawai a wasu riƙa [ ɣ ] da [ r ] kamar yadda ⟩ [ ɹ ] a syllable coda, kamar yadda wani allophone na /ɾ / bisa ga Turai Portuguese kullum da kuma /ʁ / bisa ga Brazilian Portuguese na kullum) Yawanci aƙalla biyu daga cikinsu suna cikin yare ɗaya, kamar Rio de Janeiro ' [ ʁ ], [ χ ], [ ɦ ] kuma, ga speakersan masu magana, [ ɣ ] .
Sauran tsarin
Haruffan Sautin na Ƙasa yana amfani da saɓani da yawa na harafin don wakiltar baƙaƙe daban -daban; ⟩ wakiltar alveolar trill .
Haruffa masu alaƙa
Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin
- R tare da diacritics : Ŕ ŕ Ɍ ɍ Ř Ř ř Ŗ Ṙ ṙ Ȑ ȑ ȑ Ȓ ȓ Ṛ ṛ ṛ ṝ ṝ Ṟ ṟ Ꞧ ꞧ ꞧ Ɽ ɽ ɽ ̃ R̃ r̃ ᵲ ꭨ ᵳ [3] ᶉ
- International karin lafazi Alphabet -specific alamomin alaka R: ɹ ɺ ɾ ɻ ɽ ʀ ʁ ʶ ˞ ʴ
- Tsofaffin alamomin da ba a saba da su ba a cikin Harafin Sauti na Duniya: ɿ ɿ
- Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da R:
Bambance -bambancen Calligraphic a cikin haruffan Latin
- Ꝛ : R rotunda
- Ꞃ : "Insular" R ( nau'in Gaelic )
Kakannin kakanni da lingsan uwan juna a wasu haruffa
- Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Resh, wanda haruffa masu zuwa ke fitowa daga ciki
- Ρ : Harafin Helenanci Rho, wanda daga baya haruffa ke fitowa
- Ƙari : Tsohuwar harafin R, kakan Latin na zamani R
- Ƙari : Harafin Runic Raido
- Р : Harafin Cyrillic Er
- Ƙari : Harafin Gothic Reda
- Ƙari : Tsohuwar harafin R, kakan Latin na zamani R
- Ρ : Harafin Helenanci Rho, wanda daga baya haruffa ke fitowa
Ragewa, alamomi da alamomi
- : Alama don " amsa " a cikin liturgy
- Ƙari : Likitan likita Rx
- Ƙari[ana buƙatar hujja] : Ruble alama
- Ƙari : Alamar alamar kasuwanci mai rijista
Physics
Sanarwa Yawa Naúra R juriya na lantarki ohm (Ω) Tensor Ricci marar raka'a annuri gas akai joule per mole -kelvin (J/(mol · K)) r radius vector (matsayi) mita (m) r radius na juyawa ko tazara tsakanin abubuwa biyu kamar talakawa a cikin dokar Newton na ɗaukar nauyi mita (m) Kimiyya
- A cikin dabarun sunadarai, ana amfani da su don nuna wani mai maye, wanda kuma aka sani da "rukunin R". Misali, "Na (KO)
- A cikin sunan IUPAC da aka fi so don sunadarai ana amfani da su don nuna takamaiman enantiomer . Misali (R) -2- (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid" yana daya daga cikin enantiomers na mecoprop .
Encoding
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Sauran wakilci
Duba kuma
- Gutural R
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje
Media related to R at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of R at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of r at Wiktionary
Haruffan Latin na ISO Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz - ↑ "R", Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition (1989); "ar", op. cit
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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