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[[Fasciculus:Manhattan panorama under clouds.jpg|thumb|Novum Eboracum Urbs. [[Urbs|Urbes]] sunt necessariae civilizationis humanae res.]]
[[Fasciculus:Manhattan panorama under clouds.jpg|thumb|[[Urbs Novum Eboracum]]. Urbes cultum humanum significant.]]


'''Cultus humanus''',<ref>[[Cicero|Cic.]] ''[[de oratore|de orat.]]'' 1.33; [[Livius|Liv.]] 1.33.3; [[Columella|Col.]] ''[[Rei rusticae libri (Columella)|rust.]]'' 12.pr.2; [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curt.]] ''[[Historiae (Curtius)|Alex.]]'' 5.6.13; 7.3.12;
'''Civilizatio,''' Latino recepto '''humanus cultus''' et simpliciter '''humanitas,''' est [[societas]] vel [[cultura]], usitate [[societas multiplex]], quae [[agricultura]] utitur et in qua homines se in [[oppidum|oppidis]] et [[urbs|urbibus]] conlocant. <!-- Compared with other cultures, members of a civilization are commonly organized into a diverse [[division of labor]] and an intricate [[social hierarchy]]. -->
[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2006/nuntius1.php?id=29 ''Ephemeris'' 2006]</ref> vel in recentiore Latinitate '''civilizatio,'''<ref>[[Tuomo Pekkanen]] & [[Reijo Pitkäranta]], ''Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum'', sub voce ''sivilisaatio''. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, 2006; [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2010/nuntius2.php?id=501 ''Ephemeris'' 2010]</ref> est [[societas humana]] multiplex et globalis. Ad cultum humanum usus [[agricultura|agrorum]] colendorum (unde [[cultura]]) et habitatio [[urbs|urbana]] pertinent. Cultus humanus etiam [[humanitas|humanitatem]] significat.


== Historia ==
== De historia ==
Verbum ''civilizationis'' in scriptura populare academicaque saepe est synonyma latioris termini ''[[cultura]]e.''<ref>"Civilisation," ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' ed. 15 (1974), vol. 2:956.</ref> Omnis [[homo]] est particeps culturae, quae in universum est "artes, consuetudines, usus, . . . opiniones, aestimationes, mores, et usus materiales qui populi modus vivendi componunt."<ref>"[[wikt:en:Culture|Culture]]", ''[[Wiktionary]]'', inventum 25 Augusti 2007.</ref> Nihilominus, sensu latissimo, ''civilizatio'' est nomen multiplicis culturae agriculturalis et urbanae. Civilizationes possunt distingui secundum eorum gradum complexitatis temporationisque socialis, et eorum gradum diversitatis actionum oeconomicarum et culturalium.
[[Vocabulum]] ''civilizationis'' in popularibus et [[academia|academicis]] scriptis idem fere valet ac ''[[cultura]]'', qui quidem terminus latiore vi adhiberi solet.<ref>"Civilisation," ''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' ed. 15 (1974), vol. 2:956.</ref> Omnes homines particeps culturae sunt, quae in universum est "[[ars|artes]], consuetudines, usus, . . . opiniones, aestimationes, [[mos|mores]], et usus materiales qui populi modus vivendi componunt."<ref>"[[wikt:en:Culture|Culture]]", ''[[Wiktionary]]'', inventum 25 Augusti 2007.</ref> Nihilominus, sensu latissimo, ''civilizatio'' est nomen multiplicis culturae [[agricultura]]lis et [[urbs|urbanae]]. Civilizationes possunt distingui secundum eorum gradum complexitatis temporationisque [[societas humana|socialis]], et eorum gradum diversitatis actionum [[oeconomia|oeconomicarum]] et culturalium.


Sensu vetere sed iam saepe adhibito, terminus ''civilizationis'' potest adhiberi causa existimationis: ubi culturae multiplices et urbanae habentur meliores aliis culturis, "feris" vel "barbariis," notio ''civilizationis'' adhibetur pro "superioritate culturali (et saepe ethica) quorumdam gregum." Similiter, verbum ''civilizationis'' potest significare "elegantiam mentis, modorum, vel iudicii."<ref>"Civilization," ''[[Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]],'' editio 11, (Merriam-Webster, 2004), p. 226.</ref>
Sensu vetere sed iam saepe adhibito, terminus ''civilizationis'' potest adhiberi causa existimationis: ubi culturae multiplices et urbanae habentur meliores aliis culturis, "feris" vel "barbariis," notio ''civilizationis'' adhibetur pro "superioritate culturali (et saepe ethica) quorumdam gregum." Similiter, verbum ''civilizationis'' potest significare 'elegantiam [[mens|mentis]], modorum, vel iudicii'.<ref>"Civilization," ''[[Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]],'' editio 11, (Merriam-Webster, 2004), p. 226.</ref>


=== Praehistoria ===
===Praehistoria===
[[Fasciculus:Map of fertile cresent.png|thumb|left|[[Lunatus fertilis]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Map of fertile crescent.svg|thumb|[[Lunatus fertilis]].]]
==== Mundus Vetus ====
* [[Sumer]]
* [[Orientalis Propincuus Antiquus]]
** [[Aegyptus|Aegyptus Antiqua]]
** [[Mesopotamia]] / [[Sumer]]
** [[Levant]]{{dubsig}} / [[Canaan]]
** [[Elam]]
* [[Civilizatio Minoana]]
* [[Civilizatio Vallis Indi]]
* [[Armenia Praehistorica]]
* [[Aevum Helladicum]]
* [[Historia Sinae|Sina Antiqua]]
* [[Historia Coreae|Corea Antiqua]]


==== Mundus Nova ====
====Mundus vetus====
*[[Levans]]
* [[Civilization Norte Chico|Norte Chico]], [[Caral]], vel Caral-[[Supe Puerto|Supe]] Civilizatio
*[[Sumer]]
**[[Aegyptus|Aegyptus antiqua]]
**[[Mesopotamia]] / [[Sumer]]
**[[Elam]]
*[[Cultura Minoa]]
*[[Civilizatio Vallis Indi]]
*[[Armenia praehistorica]]
*[[Aevum Helladicum]]
*[[Historia Sinae|Sina antiqua]]
*[[Historia Coreae|Corea antiqua]]

==== Mundus novus ====
* [[Cultus Caralensis]]
* [[Olmec]]
* [[Olmec]]
* [[Toltec]]
* [[Toltec]]
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* [[Civilizatio Zapoteca]]
* [[Civilizatio Zapoteca]]


=== Antiquitas classicalis ===
=== Antiquitas classica ===
[[Fasciculus:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|thumb|Praesidium apud [[Archaeoropolis|Archaeoropolin]] (Hispanice; ''Machu Picchu''), aedificatum a [[Quechua|Quechuis]] et appellatum "amissa [[Inca]]rum urbs," factum est inclutissimum civilizationis [[Tavantinsuiu]]s signum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Peru Machu Picchu Sunrise.jpg|thumb|Praesidium apud [[Archaeoropolis|Archaeoropolin]] (Hispanice ''Machu Picchu''), a [[Quechua|Quechuis]] [[aedificium|aedificatum]] et amissa [[Inca]]rum urbs appellatum, factum est notissimum civilizationis [[Tavantinsuiu]]s signum.]]
[[Fasciculus:PeruCaral01.jpg|thumb|[[Caral]], [[Civilizatio Norte Chico|Norte Chico]], antiquissima civilizatio in [[Hemisphaera Occidentalis|Hemisphaera Occidentali]].]]
[[Fasciculus:PeruCaral01.jpg|thumb|[[Caral Civilizatio|Caral]], [[Civilizatio Norte Chico|Norte Chico]], antiquissima civilizatio in [[Hemisphaerium Occidentale|Hemisphaerii Occidentalis]].]]
* Civilizationes Mediterraneae
* Mediterraneae [[Aevum Classicale|Aevi Classicalis]] Civilizationes
** [[Graecia Antiqua]] et [[Hellenismus|Hellenicae]] civilizatio
** [[Graecia Antiqua]] et [[Hellenismus|Hellenicae]] civilizatio
** [[Phoenicia]]
** [[Phoenicia]]
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** [[Illyria]]
** [[Illyria]]
** [[La Tène]] [[Celti]]
** [[La Tène]] [[Celti]]
* Civilizationes [[Media Orientalis|Mediae Orientalis]]
* Civilizationes [[Medius Oriens|Medii Orientis]]
** [[Civilizatio Persica]] post [[Achaemenides]]
** [[Civilizatio Persica]] post [[Achaemenides]]
** [[Templum Alterum]] [[Iudaismus]]
** [[Templum Alterum]] [[Iudaismus]]
** [[Civilizatio Phoeniciana]]
** [[Civilizatio Phoenica]]
** [[Islam]]ica Civilizationes
** Civilizationes [[Islam]]icae
** [[Georgia (civitas|Georgiana]] et [[Armenia]]na Civilizationes
** [[Georgia (civitas|Georgiana]] et [[Armenia]] civilizationes
* [[Hinduismus|Hinduistica]] et [[Buddhismus|Buddhistica]] Civilizationes
* [[Hinduismus|Hinduistica]] et [[Buddhismus|Buddhistica]] civilizationes
** [[Maurya]]na et Post-Mauryana [[Historia Indica|Indica]] Civilizatio
** [[Maurya]]na et Post-Mauryana [[Historia Indica|Indica]] civilizatio
** [[Imperium Guptanum]] in [[India Septentrionalis|India Septentrionali]]
** [[Imperium Guptanum]] in [[India septentrionalis|India septentrionali]]
** [[Imperium Cholanum]] in [[India Meridionalis|India Meridionali]]
** [[Imperium Cholanum]] in [[India meridionalis|India meridionali]]
** Civilizationes [[Ceylon]]{{dubsig}} Antiquae
** Civilizationes antiquae [[Taprobane]]nses
* Civilizationes [[Asia Orientalis|Asiae Orientalis]]
* Civilizationes [[Asia Orientalis|Asiae Orientalis]]
** [[Civilizatio Serica]]
** [[Civilizatio Serica]]
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** [[Historia Vietnamiae|Civilizatio Vietnamiensis]]
** [[Historia Vietnamiae|Civilizatio Vietnamiensis]]
** [[Historia Iaponiae|Civilizatio Iaponiensis]]
** [[Historia Iaponiae|Civilizatio Iaponiensis]]
* Civilizationes [[Asia Meridionalis|Asiae Meridionalis]] et Orientalis
*Civilizationes [[Asia Meridionalis|Asiae Meridionalis]] et Orientalis
** [[Funan]] et [[Chen-la]]
**[[Funan]] et [[Chen-la]]
** [[Angkor]] [[Historia Cambodiae|Cambodiae]]
**[[Angkor]] [[Historia Cambodiae|Cambodiae]]
** [[Srivijaya]], [[Singhasari]], et [[Majapahit]]
**[[Srivijaya]], [[Singhasari]], et [[Majapahit]]
** [[Historia Burmana|Burmana]], [[Historia Thailandiae|Thailandiensis]], et [[Historia Laoana|Laoana]]
**[[Historia Burmana|Burmana]], [[Historia Thailandiae|Thailandiensis]], et [[Historia Laoana|Laoana]]
* Civilizatio [[Media Asia|Mediae Asiae]]
*Civilizatio [[Media Asia|Mediae Asiae]]
** [[Thibetum|Tibetana]] Civilizatio
**Civilizatio [[Thibetum|Tibetana]]
** [[Populi Turcici|Turkica]] et [[Mongolia|Mongoliensis]] Civilizationes
**Civilizationes [[Populi Turcici|Turkica]] et [[Mongolia|Mongoliensis]]
*Civilizationes [[Europa]]eae
**[[Humanus Cultus Occidentalis]]
* Civilizationes [[Europa]]eae
** [[Christianitas Occidentalis]] <!--Christendom-->
**[[Christianitas Occidentalis]] <!--Christendom-->
** [[Byzantium]] et [[Christianitas Orientalis]]
**[[Byzantium]] et [[Christianitas Orientalis]]
** [[Historia Russica|Russica]] Civilizatio
**Civilizatio [[Historia Russica|Russica]]
* Civilizationes [[Meso-America]]nae
*Civilizationes [[Meso-America]]nae
** [[Aztecum|Azteca civilizatio]]
**[[Civilizatio Azteca]]
** [[Humanus cultus Maiensis|Civilizatio maiensis]] <!--
**[[Humanus cultus Maiensis|Civilizatio Maiensis]]
Since the voyages of discovery by European explorers of the 15th and 16th century, another development has occurred whereby which European forms of government, industry, commerce, and culture have spread from Western Europe to the Americas, South Africa, Australia, and through colonial empires to the rest of the planet. Today, we are all parts of an industrializing world civilization, divided among many nations and cultures. -->


== Notae ==
==Notae==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
<references />


{{NexInt}}
== Vide etiam ==
* [[Cultura]]
*[[Archaeologia]]
* [[Historia mundi]]
*[[Cultura]]
* [[Scala Kardashev]] <!--
*[[Evolutio hominis]]
* [[Civilized core]]
*[[Historia mundi]]
*[[Potestas ignis]]<!--
* The [[Holocene calendar]], which uses a dating system similar to astronomical year numbering but adds 10,000, placing a zero at the start of the ''Human Era'' (HE, the beginning of human civilization cca. 11,500 years ago), approximating the [[Holocene Epoch]] (HE, post Ice Age) and spanning the whole of civilization, for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]], and [[historical]] dating.
* [[Human population]] -->
*[[Scala Kardashev]]
*[[Civilized core]]
*The [[Holocene calendar]], which uses a dating system similar to astronomical year numbering but adds 10,000, placing a zero at the start of the ''Human Era'' (HE, the beginning of human civilization cca. 11,500 years ago), approximating the [[Holocene Epoch]] (HE, post Ice Age) and spanning the whole of civilization, for easier [[geological]], [[archaeological]], [[dendrochronological]], and [[historical]] dating.
*[[Human population]] -->


== Bibliographia ==
== Bibliographia ==
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* Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. [[2000]]. ''Civilizations.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-90171-1.
* Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. [[2000]]. ''Civilizations.'' [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-90171-1.
* Ferrill, Arther. [[1985]]. ''The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-25093-6.
* Ferrill, Arther. [[1985]]. ''The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-25093-6.
* Fitzgerald, C. P. [[1969]]. ''The Horizon History of China.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: American Heritage. ISBN 0-8281-0005-5.
* Fitzgerald, C. P. [[1969]]. ''The Horizon History of China.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: American Heritage. ISBN 0-8281-0005-5.
* Fuller, J. F. C. [[1954]]–[[1957]]. ''A Military History of the Western World.'' 3 vols. [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Funk & Wagnalls.
*[[Sigmundus Freud|Freud, Sigmund]]. [[1929]] ''[[Das Unbehagen in der Kultur]]''
*Fuller, J. F. C. [[1954]]–[[1957]]. ''A Military History of the Western World.'' 3 vols. [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Funk & Wagnalls.
** ''From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto.'' ISBN 0-306-80304-6.
** ''From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto.'' ISBN 0-306-80304-6.
** ''From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo.'' ISBN 0-306-80305-4.
** ''From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo.'' ISBN 0-306-80305-4.
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* Keppie, Lawrence. [[1984]]. ''The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire.' Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-20447-1.
* Keppie, Lawrence. [[1984]]. ''The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire.' Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-20447-1.
* Korotayev, Andrey. [[2004]]. ''World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.' Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-6310-0.
* Korotayev, Andrey. [[2004]]. ''World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.' Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-6310-0.
* Kradin, Nikolay. [[2006]]. "Archaeological Criteria of Civilization." ''Social Evolution & History'' 5():89–108. ISSN 1681-4363.
* Kradin, Nikolay. [[2006]]. Archaeological Criteria of Civilization. ''Social Evolution & History'' 5():89–108. ISSN 1681-4363.
* Lansing, Elizabeth. [[1971]]. ''The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-036357-9.
* Lansing, Elizabeth. [[1971]]. ''The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-036357-9.
* Lee, Ki-Baik. [[1984]]. ''A New History of Korea.'' Convertit Edward W. Wagner, cum Edward J. Shultz. [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]]: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-61575-1.
* Lee, Ki-Baik. [[1984]]. ''A New History of Korea.'' Convertit Edward W. Wagner, cum Edward J. Shultz. [[Cantabrigia (Massachusetta)|Cantabrigiae]]: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-61575-1.
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* Southworth, John Van Duyn. [[1968]]. ''The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Twayne.
* Southworth, John Van Duyn. [[1968]]. ''The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Twayne.
* Thomas, Hugh. [[1981]]. ''An Unfinished History of the World.'' Rev. ed. [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Pan. ISBN 0-330-26458-3.
* Thomas, Hugh. [[1981]]. ''An Unfinished History of the World.'' Rev. ed. [[Londinium|Londinii]]: Pan. ISBN 0-330-26458-3.
* Yap, Yong, et Arthur Cotterell. [[1975]]. ''The Early Civilization of China.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Putnam. ISBN 0-399-11595-1.
* Yap, Yong, et Arthur Cotterell. [[1975]]. ''The Early Civilization of China.'' [[Novum Eboracum (urbs)|Novi Eboraci]]: Putnam. ISBN 0399115951.
* Yurdusev, A. Nuri. [[2003]]. ''International Relations and the Philosophy of History: A Civilizational Approach.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Yurdusev, A. Nuri. [[2003]]. ''International Relations and the Philosophy of History: A Civilizational Approach.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.


== Nexus externi ==
==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.worldhistoricalatlas.com Historicae civilizationum tabulae]
*[http://www.worldhistoricalatlas.com Historicae civilizationum tabulae]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/interactive/civilisations/ BBC de civilizatione]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/interactive/civilisations/ BBC de civilizatione]

{{stipula}}


[[Categoria:Cultura|!]]
[[Categoria:Cultura|!]]
[[Categoria:Civilizationes|!]]
[[Categoria:Civilizationes|!]]
[[Categoria:1000 paginae]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Historia}}

[[an:Civilización]]
[[ar:حضارة]]
[[arz:حضاره]]
[[az:Sivilizasiya]]
[[bat-smg:Cėvėlėzacėjė]]
[[be:Цывілізацыя]]
[[be-x-old:Цывілізацыя]]
[[bg:Цивилизация]]
[[bs:Civilizacija]]
[[ca:Civilització]]
[[cs:Civilizace]]
[[cy:Gwareiddiad]]
[[da:Civilisation]]
[[de:Zivilisation]]
[[el:Πολιτισμός]]
[[en:Civilization]]
[[eo:Civilizo]]
[[es:Civilización]]
[[et:Tsivilisatsioon]]
[[eu:Zibilizazio]]
[[fa:تمدن]]
[[fi:Sivilisaatio]]
[[fiu-vro:Tsivilisats'uun]]
[[fr:Civilisation]]
[[gan:文明]]
[[gl:Civilización]]
[[gu:સંસ્કૃતિ]]
[[hak:Vùn-mìn]]
[[he:ציוויליזציה]]
[[hi:सभ्यता]]
[[hif:Sabhyata]]
[[hr:Civilizacija]]
[[hu:Civilizáció]]
[[id:Peradaban]]
[[is:Siðmenning]]
[[it:Civiltà]]
[[ja:文明]]
[[ka:ცივილიზაცია]]
[[kn:ನಾಗರೀಕತೆ]]
[[ko:문명]]
[[krc:Цивилизация]]
[[lb:Zivilisatioun]]
[[lt:Civilizacija]]
[[lv:Civilizācija]]
[[mg:Haifomba]]
[[ml:നാഗരികത]]
[[mn:Соёл иргэншил]]
[[ms:Tamadun]]
[[mwl:Ceblizaçon]]
[[nl:Beschaving]]
[[nn:Sivilisasjon]]
[[no:Sivilisasjon]]
[[oc:Civilizacion]]
[[pl:Cywilizacja]]
[[pnb:رہتل]]
[[pt:Civilização]]
[[qu:Hawaykawsay]]
[[ro:Civilizație]]
[[ru:Цивилизация]]
[[rue:Цівілізація]]
[[sah:Цивилизация]]
[[sh:Civilizacija]]
[[si:ශිෂ්ටාචාරය]]
[[simple:Civilization]]
[[sk:Civilizácia]]
[[sl:Civilizacija]]
[[sr:Цивилизација]]
[[sv:Civilisation]]
[[sw:Ustaarabu]]
[[ta:நாகரிகம்]]
[[te:నాగరికత]]
[[th:อารยธรรม]]
[[tl:Kabihasnan]]
[[tr:Uygarlık]]
[[uk:Цивілізація]]
[[ur:تہذیب]]
[[uz:Tamaddun]]
[[vec:Siviltà]]
[[vi:Văn minh]]
[[war:Sibilisasyón]]
[[wo:Xay]]
[[yi:ציוויליזאציע]]
[[zh:文明]]
[[zh-yue:文明]]

Redactio novissime (die 25 Augusti 2023, hora 23:14) facta

Urbs Novum Eboracum. Urbes cultum humanum significant.

Cultus humanus,[1] vel in recentiore Latinitate civilizatio,[2] est societas humana multiplex et globalis. Ad cultum humanum usus agrorum colendorum (unde cultura) et habitatio urbana pertinent. Cultus humanus etiam humanitatem significat.

De historia

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Vocabulum civilizationis in popularibus et academicis scriptis idem fere valet ac cultura, qui quidem terminus latiore vi adhiberi solet.[3] Omnes homines particeps culturae sunt, quae in universum est "artes, consuetudines, usus, . . . opiniones, aestimationes, mores, et usus materiales qui populi modus vivendi componunt."[4] Nihilominus, sensu latissimo, civilizatio est nomen multiplicis culturae agriculturalis et urbanae. Civilizationes possunt distingui secundum eorum gradum complexitatis temporationisque socialis, et eorum gradum diversitatis actionum oeconomicarum et culturalium.

Sensu vetere sed iam saepe adhibito, terminus civilizationis potest adhiberi causa existimationis: ubi culturae multiplices et urbanae habentur meliores aliis culturis, "feris" vel "barbariis," notio civilizationis adhibetur pro "superioritate culturali (et saepe ethica) quorumdam gregum." Similiter, verbum civilizationis potest significare 'elegantiam mentis, modorum, vel iudicii'.[5]

Praehistoria

[recensere | fontem recensere]
Lunatus fertilis.

Mundus vetus

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Mundus novus

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Antiquitas classica

[recensere | fontem recensere]
Praesidium apud Archaeoropolin (Hispanice Machu Picchu), a Quechuis aedificatum et amissa Incarum urbs appellatum, factum est notissimum civilizationis Tavantinsuius signum.
Caral, Norte Chico, antiquissima civilizatio in Hemisphaerii Occidentalis.

Notae

[recensere | fontem recensere]
  1. ↑ Cic. de orat. 1.33; Liv. 1.33.3; Col. rust. 12.pr.2; Curt. Alex. 5.6.13; 7.3.12; Ephemeris 2006
  2. ↑ Tuomo Pekkanen & Reijo Pitkäranta, Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum, sub voce sivilisaatio. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, 2006; Ephemeris 2010
  3. ↑ "Civilisation," Encyclopaedia Britannica ed. 15 (1974), vol. 2:956.
  4. ↑ "Culture", Wiktionary, inventum 25 Augusti 2007.
  5. ↑ "Civilization," Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, editio 11, (Merriam-Webster, 2004), p. 226.

Nexus interni

Bibliographia

[recensere | fontem recensere]

Nexus externi

[recensere | fontem recensere]


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