Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a processor. After acquiring endoscope image information from an endoscope to generate an organ model, the processor continues acquiring the endoscope image information, specifies, based on the latest endoscope image information, a change site of the organ model already generated, corrects a shape of at least a part of the organ model including the change site, and outputs information on the organ model corrected.

Abstract: An optical unit includes: a fixed portion; a movable portion arranged movably inside the fixed portion; a first slider arranged between the fixed portion and the movable portion, the first slider being configured to slide with a movement of the movable portion; a second slider arranged between the fixed portion and the movable portion, and at a position different from a position of the first slider, the second slider being configured to slide with the movement of the movable portion; a driver that includes a coil and a magnet; and a biasing part that is arranged outside the movable portion, the biasing part being configured to cause the magnet to generate a biasing force to push the movable portion toward the fixed portion.

Abstract: Provided is an image processing apparatus that processes a fluorescence image signal. The image processing apparatus includes a processor including hardware, the processor being configured to: acquire a fluorescence image obtained by therapeutic light that causes a drug to react; set a fluorescence intensity signal in which an occurrence frequency of a fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence image is equal to or higher than a threshold to a tone adjustment range of an image; and allocate tones according to the set tone adjustment range to generate a tone-expanded image.

Abstract: A distal end portion for use with an endoscope includes: an imager configured to capture an image of a predetermined three-dimensional area; and a raising base configured to be rotatable in a predetermined rotational range, the raising base configured to abut against a treatment tool to adjust a direction in which the treatment tool protrudes. The imager is arranged such that a portion of the raising base is in the predetermined three-dimensional area when the raising base is positioned anywhere within the predetermined rotation range.

Abstract: A distal end portion for use with an endoscope includes: a distal end body having an insertion hole, the insertion hole configured to accept a treatment tool inserted therethrough; a shaft rotatably disposed relative to the distal end body; and a raising base configured to rotate with the shaft, and be movable between a raised state where the raising base has been raised relative to a longitudinal direction of the distal end body and a laid state where the raising base has been laid relative to the longitudinal direction, and the raising base comprising; a shaft hole having an interior configured to be engaged with an exterior of the shaft; and a treatment tool guiding surface configured to abut against the treatment tool to adjust a direction in which the treatment tool protrudes.

Abstract: A light source device includes: a first light emitter configured to emit first light; a second light emitter configured to emit second light having an identical color component to the first light; and an illumination controller configured to cause, after causing the first light emitter to emit the first light, the second light emitter to emit the second light according to a set light amount in a state in which the first light emitter is caused to emit the first light.

Abstract: An endoscope light source device includes a light source device and a light source controller. A first light and a second light are narrow band light in a blue region. A third light is in a green region. A fourth light is in a red region. A first light amount ratio is a ratio of a sum of the light amounts of the first light and the second light, the light amount of the third light, and the light amount of the fourth light. A second light amount ratio is a light amount ratio of the first light and the second light. The light source controller adjusts the light amount ratio of the first light and the second light to achieve the second light amount ratio so as to adjust the color representation from a yellow region to a red region in an image of an object.

Abstract: An endoscope includes a first frame, a second frame, a first clearance, an enlarged diameter section, a distal end constituent member, and a second clearance, and a set height of the enlarged diameter section is set to be greater than a magnitude of the first clearance to which the second clearance is added.

Abstract: A method for documenting a reprocessing of a reusable medical device. The reusable device comprising at least one temperature sensor configured to provide temperature data representing a temperature of the medical device, a real time clock (RTC) configured to provide timestamps and one or more processors including hardware configured to process the temperature data and the timestamps. The method includes: monitoring the temperature of the medical device during the reprocessing; and a) upon detecting the temperature exceeding a first predefined threshold, the one or more processors receiving and saving a first current timestamp provided by the RTC, and setting the one or more processors into a low-power mode, and b) upon detecting the temperature falling below a second predefined threshold, setting the one or more processors into an active mode, and the one or more processors receiving and saving a second current timestamp provided by the RTC.

Abstract: A medical system, including: a surgical instrument having at least one sensor, the at least one sensor being configured to acquire measurement data, and a medical device configured to interact with the surgical instrument. Where the surgical instrument further includes: a first data communication interface; and a non-volatile storage medium for storing the acquired measurement data. The medical device further includes: a second data communication interface, wherein the first and the second data communication interface are configured to establish a data link and the surgical instrument is configured to communicate the measurement data stored in the non-volatile storage medium via the data link to the medical device, a processor comprising hardware, the processor being configured to generate output data from the measurement data; and an output interface for outputting of the output data.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes: an endoscope configured to acquire an image; and at least one processor including hardware. The at least one processor is configured to: acquire a distance from a treatment tool to target, acquire an operation state of the treatment tool, and determine a necessity for zooming in and zooming out on the basis of at least one of the distance and the operation state.

Abstract: A neural network update device includes a processor that includes hardware. The processor is configured to, with respect to a plurality of output data obtained as a result of inputting a plurality of training data into a neural network, compare the plurality of output data with a plurality of pieces of correct answer information allocated respectively to the plurality of training data to calculate a loss value for each of the plurality of output data, and for relevant output data, the loss value for which meets a predetermined reference, process the correct answer information corresponding to the relevant output data, or process the training data corresponding to the relevant output data, to update the neural network by using the loss value of the output data of the neural network after the processing.

Abstract: An endoscope including a printed circuit board. The printed circuit board comprising at least two contact points for electrically connecting the printed circuit board, by solder, to a structural assembly. Wherein the contact points are arranged on first and second opposing edges of the first printed circuit board and the printed circuit board comprising an expansion gap arranged between the at least two contacting points and the first and second opposing edges. Furthermore, a method for electrically connecting the printed circuit board of an endoscope to a structural assembly is disclosed.

Abstract: A video endoscope for fluorescence imaging, with an elongate shaft and video camera at a distal end. The video camera includes an objective lens system and image acquisition system. The objective lens system configured to receive light and/or reflect from and to transmit the received light towards the image acquisition system. The image acquisition system includes: a beam splitter for splitting light first and second optical beam paths, first and second imaging chips for receiving light transmitted along the first and second beam paths, respectively. The beam splitter, and first and second imaging chips configured to facilitate concurrent acquisition of a white light image obtained by illuminating the target with white light and receiving light reflected from a target, and a fluorescence image obtained by illuminating the target with excitation light and receiving fluorescence light emitted by the target in response to illumination with excitation light.

Abstract: An imaging system includes: an optical system configured to form a subject image; a driver configured to drive the optical system; an imaging element configured to capture the subject image and generate image data; and a processor configured to control the imaging element and the driver. The imaging element includes: a first imaging portion configured to capture an image of a first light beam that travels through a first optical path in the optical system; a second imaging portion configured to capture an image of a second light beam that travels through a second optical path shorter than the first optical path; and plural phase difference pixels for phase difference autofocus, the plural phase difference pixels being arranged in at least one of the first imaging portion and the second imaging portion, the plural phase difference pixels being configured to output phase difference signals.

Abstract: A holding frame for an imaging unit arranged at a distal end of an endoscope includes a cylindrical three-dimensional molded interconnect device; a housing configured to house the imaging unit, the housing being formed of a notch; at least one cut face formed on the side face of the holding frame and obtained by cutting a support portion which is a gate portion into which a resin is injected when the holding frame is resin-molded; a connection terminal formed on a bottom face of the housing portion and configured to be connected to the imaging unit; a cable connection electrode arranged on a face where a proximal end side of the holding frame is notched; and a wiring pattern formed on a surface area of the holding frame excluding the cut face and configured to electrically connect the connection terminal and the cable connection electrode.

Abstract: A surgical system includes: an overtube including a channel into which an endoscope is inserted; and an expansion device configured to ensure a surgical space by expanding an interior of a body at a distal side relative to a tip of the overtube. The expansion device includes a sheath and a wire configured to be protrudable from the sheath. The wire is configured to be switchable between a first configuration in which the wire protrudes from the sheath and a second configuration in which the wire protrudes from the sheath in a state where the wire is tilted, around a longitudinal axis, at an angle different from the first configuration.

Abstract: An energy treatment device includes a sheath including a hollow portion, a fixed handle provided at a proximal end of the sheath, a probe provided in the hollow portion, a movable handle including a jaw having a recessed portion along a rotation axis of the movable handle extending in a direction orthogonal to the central axis, a metal member provided at a position including the rotation axis, and a preventing member which prevents the metal member from falling out from its position. The sheath extends along a central axis of the energy treatment device and includes an attaching portion by which the movable handle is attached to a position offset from the central axis, the metal member is provided around the rotation axis such that the jaw is rotatable with respect to the sheath, and the prevention member is fixed to the recessed portion.

Abstract: Stent device has a stent cover bonding to the stent wires forming the stent body at a plurality of bonding portions that are remote from the cross over points of the stent wire. By allocating the bonding portions to the stent wires in between the cross over portions, the axial flexibility of the stent device is maintained. The stent cover bonded by the disclosed bonding portions contributes to preventing lumen tissues to penetrate into the stent body and clogging the stent while placement of the bonding portions bonding the stent cover to the stent device provides variations of positive effects to the cover stent device and to the patient in which the stent device is placed.

Abstract: Stent device having stent wires interlocking with each other in various ways is disclosed. In primary interlocking structures, the stent wires include a loop formed in a first stent wire through which the second stent wire is threaded. Additional loops can be included in the primary interlocking structures, on one or both of the two stent wires. Primary interlocking structures are positioned at peaks and valleys in the respective first and second stent wires. Secondary interlocking structures do not contain loop features in the interlocking structure, but rather include first and second stent wires engaged with each other by passing first stent wire over the second stent wire forming a hanging arrangement with, e.g., the peak of one of the stent wires located in the valley of the other stent wire. Including one or more primary interlocking structures minimizes or prevents axial shortening and provides flexibility to the stent device.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: an insertion section including a distal end and a proximal end, the insertion section configured for insertion into a subject; an operation section main body connected to the proximal end of the insertion section and, the operation section main body configured to be grasped by a user. The operation section main body includes an operation knob and a switch button. The operation knob is rotatable about a center axis to move the distal end of the insertion section. The switch button is translatable in a translating direction. In a view in a longitudinal direction of the operation section main body, the center axis of the operation knob is configured to be tilted with respect to a direction that is perpendicular to each of the longitudinal direction of the operation section main body and the translating direction of the switch button.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: a distal end body positioned at a distal end of an insertion portion; and a first built-in component and a second built-in component each having a distal end portion housed in the distal end body. The distal end body includes: a first housing portion that extends along a first direction and houses the distal end portion of the first built-in component; a first opening portion communicating with the first housing portion and being open in at least a second direction; a second housing portion that communicates with the first housing portion, extends along the first direction at a position shifted in a third direction, and houses the distal end portion of the second built-in component; and a second opening portion communicating with the second housing portion and be open in at least the second direction.

Abstract: A control device includes: a processor configured to obtain a first picture signal and a second picture signal, calculate first ranging information based on the first picture signal, calculate second ranging information based on the second picture signal, estimate a first subject distance corresponding to the first ranging information, estimate ranging information corresponding to a second focal position, perform arithmetic processing to determine degree of reliability of the first ranging information, and output a result of the arithmetic processing.

Abstract: An endoscope includes: a connection member that has an attaching and detaching direction defined to be orthogonal to a central axis of a distal end rigid portion in a longitudinal direction and is engaged with a wire connection portion of a movable member; and a rigid guide including a wire insertion path that guides a pulling wire, a distal end opening of the wire insertion path being disposed on a proximal end side of the movable member. The distal end opening of the wire insertion path of the rigid guide is disposed at a position closer to the central axis of the distal end rigid portion in an attaching direction of the connection member than a position in a plane formed by a rotation trajectory of the connection member.

Abstract: A wide-angle optical system includes in order from an object side, a first lens unit having a negative refractive power, a second lens unit having a positive refractive power, and a third unit having a positive refractive power. At the time of carrying out a focal-position adjustment from a far point to a near point, the second lens unit is moved from a first position toward a second position. The third lens unit includes not less than three lens components, and not less than three lens components include a first lens component and a second lens component. The first lens component is a single lens and the second lens component is a cemented lens. Following conditional expression (1) is satisfied: ?0.60<(n2C??n2C)/r2C<?0.05??(1).

Abstract: A selection method of an iPS cell includes: at a reprogramming process to culture a cell including a plurality of combinations of initializing factors labelled with luminescent genes that are different with each other, acquiring a photon number per unit area or a photon number per unit time of each of the luminescent genes of the cell; judging whether the acquired photon number is more than a threshold that is predetermined for the acquired photon number; and when the acquired photon number is more than the threshold, selecting this cell as an objective cell for a next process.

Abstract: An endoscope cleaning instrument detachably attachable to an insertion section of an endoscope from a distal end portion side of the insertion section includes a covering member having a tubular shape and being capable of covering, on an outer circumferential surface of a bending section connected consecutively to a proximal end of a distal end portion in the insertion section, a distal end side adhesive section disposed on a distal end side of the bending section and formed from an adhesive and a proximal end side adhesive section disposed on a proximal end side of the bending section and formed from the adhesive.

Abstract: An imaging system includes a lighting controller for independently controlling emission of illumination light to be emitted by a light source in: (i) a non-all-line exposure period, which contains a reading period in which electrical signals are sequentially read out on a horizontal-line basis from an image sensor for one frame or one field period, and in which at least one horizontal line of the horizontal lines for the one frame or the one field period is not exposed to light, and (ii) in an all-line exposure period, in which all of the horizontal lines for the one frame or the one field period are exposed to light.

Abstract: The present invention relates a puncture needle includes: a sheath having a longitudinal axis; a needle tube that is arranged inside the sheath to be moved along the longitudinal axis and that has a needle tip; and a protective tube that is arranged inside the needle tube to be moved along the longitudinal axis and that has a lumen into which a guide wire is inserted. The needle tube has a step portion formed at a position midway along the needle tube. The protective tube has a protrusion, which protrudes radially outward, on an outer peripheral surface thereof at a position midway nearer a proximal end side of the protective tube than the step portion is. A distal end of the protective tube is positioned at a position to protrude from the distal end of the needle tube when the protrusion abuts the step portion.

Abstract: An endoscope including: an optical filter arrangement having: a holder; and an optical filter having one of different filter properties in different directions or multiple optical filters with different filter properties, the optical filter being arranged in the holder to rotate about an axis of rotation in at least one beam path of the endoscope in a direction of light incidence in or behind an objective of the endoscope and in front of an image capturing unit or an eyepiece; wherein the optical filter arrangement is configured to change from a first filter property to a second filter property when the optical filter is rotated by 90° about the axis of rotation from a first target rotational position to a second target rotational position.

Abstract: Attachment optics for use with a camera head for fluorescence imaging in open surgery. The attachment optics including: an optical system comprising, in progression from distal to proximal: a distal group of first and second meniscus lenses, is the first meniscus lens having a negative meniscus and the second meniscus lens having a positive meniscus, a biplanar glass rod; and a third meniscus lens. Where the first and second meniscus lenses of the distal group are made from different glass types having Abbé numbers ?1, ?2 with ? "\[LeftBracketingBar]" ? 1 - ? 2 ? "\[RightBracketingBar]" < 20 , and refractive indexes n1, n2 with 0.02 < ? "\[LeftBracketingBar]" n 1 - n 2 ? "\[RightBracketingBar]" < 0.07 and where the ratio of a focal length F of the optical system to the maximum outer diameter D of the first and second meniscus lenses of the distal group is F/D>10.

Abstract: An information processing system includes a processor that performs an object detection to detect an object from a detection target image. The processor divides the detection target image into a group of first grid cells. The object is positioned to overlap a group of second grid cells included in the group of the first grid cells. At this time, the processor generates a bounding box in a respective second grid cell included in the group of the second grid cells. The processor surrounds a portion of the object positioned in the respective second grid cell with the bounding box generated in the respective second grid cell and displays, on a display, a position and shape of the object by a collection of a plurality of bounding boxes superimposedly on the detection target image.

Abstract: An illumination unit for illuminating an area of operation during open surgery. The illumination unit including: a body; a fiber bundle configured to guide light towards a distal end of the body, and a reflector body arranged at the distal end of the body. Where at least a part of the fiber bundle is guided inside the body along a longitudinal direction, the fiber bundle is split up into a plurality of optical fibers which form a fiber layer on an inner surface of the body, end faces of the plurality of optical fibers are arranged at the distal end of the body, the reflector body encloses the end faces of the plurality of optical fibers in a radial direction and extends distally beyond the distal end of the body in the longitudinal direction, and an inner surface of the reflector body is a reflective surface.

Abstract: A perfusion state detection method includes: driving a liquid feeding pump configured to supply a liquid via a liquid feeding conduit inserted into a living body; driving a suction pump configured to discharge the liquid via a suction conduit inserted into the living body; obtaining a distance, on a plane indicating a relation between any two values of a drive output to the suction pump, a flow rate of the liquid flowing through the conduit, and a pressure in the conduit, between a coordinate on the plane of the two values in a perfusion state at normal time of the conduit and a coordinate on the plane of the two values actually measured; detecting abnormality of the perfusion state of the conduit based on whether the distance exceeds a threshold; and controlling a flow of the liquid in the conduit based on a detection result of the perfusion state.

Abstract: An illumination system for fluorescence imaging in open surgery including an illumination light source for generating illumination light including white light and fluorescence excitation light, and illumination optics for illuminating an operating area with the illumination light. The illumination optics including a light guide configured for guiding illumination light from the illumination light source into a light entry end of the illumination optics along a light path to a light exit end of the illumination optics. The light guide includes a light guiding taper arranged in the light path comprising a light entry surface oriented towards or at the light entry end and a light emitting surface oriented towards or at the light exit end, wherein an area of the light emitting surface is larger than an area of the light entry surface.

Abstract: Modular generator system comprising at least two generator types which are composed of a plurality of generator components and differ with regard to their equipment and/or functions. The generator components comprise a power supply and an inverter for generating an output energy for an electrosurgical instrument. The generator types are each of modular design with a plurality of modules: (i) at least one uniform base module having a communication unit, and (ii) at least one individual module which may differ depending on generator type. Individual modules can be a module for the power supply, a module for the inverter, a module for the output connection. Different generator types differ with regard to their individual module equipment. By virtue of such a two-tier module concept, namely uniform base module and differing individual modules, a maximum number of variants can be achieved with a minimum number of different modules.

Abstract: A method for processing fluorescent image guided surgical or diagnostics imagery. The method including: capturing non-fluorescent images and fluorescent images of an operating field in which at least one fluorescent dye is present with a surgical or diagnostics imaging device, processing the fluorescent images with respect to brightness and coloring, generating composite images by overlaying the fluorescent images over the non-fluorescent images. Wherein the processing of the fluorescent images includes inputting the fluorescent images into at least one artificial intelligence model trained on one or more of fluorescent still images and fluorescent video images to identify one or more types of structures by fluorescent dye emission. The method further includes performing color coding of the fluorescent images by coloring fluorescent parts of the fluorescent images with pre-determined false colors assigned to different types of structures according to the respective one or more identified types of structures.

Abstract: A medical multi-dye fluorescence imaging system and method. In a first lighting mode for a first predetermined dye fluorescing in the visible spectrum, a first narrow band fluorescence excitation light is generated in the visible spectrum and a second narrow band fluorescence excitation light is generated in the far red or near infrared spectrum, fluorescent image data are taken with a first image sensor sensitive in the visible spectrum and background image data are taken with a second image sensor sensitive in the far red or near infrared spectrum, wherein the visible spectrum fluorescent image data are overlaid over the far red or near infrared background image data.

Abstract: An endoscope including an insertion section including a movable member configured to move between a first position and a second position, and an operation section including a lever and a stopper, and the operation section provided on a proximal end side of the insertion section. The lever is configured to be rotatable around a first rotation axis within a first rotational range of rotation in a first state to move the movable member between the first position and the second position. The stopper is configured to restrict rotation of the lever within the first rotational range of rotation in the first state. One of the lever or the stopper is deformed to change the first rotational range in the first state to a second rotational range of rotation in a second state, the second rotation range of rotation being greater than the first rotational range of rotation.

Abstract: An imaging adapter for fluorescence imaging including a guiding element body and a fiber bundle with multiple optical fiber. The imaging adapter connected with a camera head and configured to illuminate an operating area. The guiding element body includes a guiding slot extending through the guiding element body in the longitudinal direction. In a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, the guiding slot is annular and segmented in a circumferential direction so that the guiding slot forms at least two separate guiding slot segments. In a proximal part of the fiber bundle, the optical fibers form a compact bundle, in a distal part of the fiber bundle the optical fibers are split apart from each other. The split apart optical fibers extend through the guiding slot segments to a distal end face of the guiding element body. Each guiding slot segment accommodates at least one of the optical fibers.

Abstract: A method for generating training data for endoscopic applications, in which stored image data comprising individual images or video data from endoscopic procedures/examinations are prepared as training data for machine learning applications. Wherein the method includes: (a) subjecting the image data to an image recognition algorithm for determining: (i) whether the stored image data was captured inside or outside a body, and (ii) whether text information and faces are contained in the stored image data, and (b) subjecting the image data to an image processing algorithm, with which the image data, depending on the result in (a): (i) are anonymized by obscuring or removing text information and faces when the stored image data is determined to have been captured outside of a body, and (ii) are anonymized by obscuring or removing text information when the stored image data is determined to have been captured inside of a body.

Abstract: An information processing system comprises a processor including hardware. The processor is configured to acquire an evaluation parameter of a procedure performed by a doctor, calculate one or more evaluation items based on the evaluation parameter acquired, evaluate a first skill of the procedure based on the one or more evaluation items calculated, reference a training course based on the one or more evaluation items calculated and the first skill evaluated, and a database storing each of the one or more evaluation items in correspondence with training courses based on weighting coefficients, and perform processing of notifying a proposal of the training course referenced.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an ultrasound probe includes: forming a probe body; forming a coating portion by applying a liquid containing a resin component as a main component and a filler to a predetermined region on an outer surface of the probe body and heating the liquid; and forming a mold portion by placing the probe body on which the coating portion is formed in a die and pouring a resin containing a same component as the resin component serving as the main component of the coating portion in the die.

Abstract: A medical system includes a treatment tool provided with an end effector that treats a tissue, an imager capturing an image of the tissue, and a processor. The processor acquires color information of a target tissue from the captured image output from the imager. The target tissue is a portion of the tissue that covers at least a portion of the end effector that has slid into the tissue. The processor estimates a force applied to the target tissue by the end effector from the color information of the target tissue. The processor notifies an operator of a result of the estimation of the force.

Abstract: The endoscope has an insertion portion, an imaging unit, and a member formed in a given dimension. The insertion portion has an apical portion, an actively curvable portion, and a treatment device channel. The actively curvable portion is located on the proximal side of the apical portion. The treatment device channel is positioned along the longitudinal axis of the insertion portion. The insertion portion is formed of resin. One or more radiopaque members, formed of knowns dimensions, are coated on a surface of the insertion portion or placed in, buried or covered laterally in the insertion portion. The X-ray transmittance of the radiopaque members is different from the X-ray transmittance of the resin forming the insertion portion.

Abstract: A signal transmission and reception system includes a transmission device configured to transmit a transmission signal, a reception device configured to receive the transmission signal, in which the transmission device includes a Manchester coding circuit that generates an encoded signal in which transmission data is converted into a Manchester code as a switching edge, as at least a part of the transmission signal on the basis of a transmission clock, and the reception device includes a high-speed clock generation circuit, an edge detection circuit configured to detect an edge of the transmission signal, and a signal detection circuit configured to detect the edge detected in a period sandwiched between a first elapsed time at which a first period has elapsed from a start point and a second elapsed time at which a second period longer than the first period has elapsed from the start point as the switching edge.

Abstract: A treatment system includes a guide sheath provided with a pre-curved portion that has been preliminarily curved in a direction intersecting a longitudinal axis at a distal end of a tubular sheath body having the longitudinal axis, and an overtube forming a first lumen through which the guide sheath is passed and a second lumen through which an endoscope is passed, in which a cross-sectional shape of an inner peripheral surface defining the first lumen has a shape configured to house the guide sheath in a state where the pre-curved portion remains curved.

Abstract: An endoscope system has an overtube having a proximal end and a distal end, and a main lumen and a sub lumen; an endoscope having a channel and inserted into the main lumen; a flexible shaft being advanceable and retractable in the sub lumen; a curved needle having a proximal end and a distal end; and a needle holder configured at a distal end of the shaft to hold the curved needle, wherein the held curved needle is movable to a first position protruding from a distal end opening of the sub lumen, and due to a rotation around the longitudinal axis, part of the curved needle held by the needle holder is movable from the first position in front of the distal end opening of the sub lumen to a second position in front of the channel of the endoscope inserted into the main lumen.

Abstract: The disclosed technology is directed to a treatment system comprises a power supply apparatus and a treatment instrument configured to communicate electrically with the power supply apparatus so as to perform a treatment on a biological tissue. The treatment instrument includes an end effector that transmits a high-frequency current delivered by a first electrical energy to the biological tissue. An electric element is configured to operate the end effector by being actuated using second electric energy. The power supply apparatus includes a processor configured to receive a stop command to cutoff the supply of the first electric energy and the second electric energy in a state in which the first electric energy and the second electric energy are supplied and determine whether or not the end effector is in contact with the biological tissue based on a parameter related to the first electric energy after receiving the stop command.

Abstract: A guidewire holding device comprises a sheath including a lumen, a holder disposed at a distal end of the sheath and configured to be switchable between holding a guidewire and releasing the guidewire, a treatment tool inserted in the lumen to perform an intended treatment, and a wire connected to the treatment tool and configured to move the treatment tool between a first configuration and a second configuration. In the first configuration, the treatment tool is contained insider the lumen, and, in the second configuration, the treatment tool is protruded from the distal end of the sheath.