Lijevi centar
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Lijevi centar ili umjerena ljevica, u političkoj teoriji, je naziv za poziciju na političkom spektru.
Označava političke ideje, političke stranke i političke pokrete koji po svojim temeljnim programskim određenjima pripadaju političkoj ljevici, ali u svojoj praktičnoj platformi imaju dosta kompromisnih sadržaja što ih približava političkom centru, te ih se zbog toga ne može nazvati političkom ljevicom u klasičnom smislu.
Političke stranke i organizacije koje se smatraju lijevim centrom najčešće nastoje pronaći kompromis između socijalno-odgovornih i pragmatičnih sadržaja u svojim programima. Od njih su najpoznatije stranke, organizacije i pokreti socijaldemokratske orijentacije, koji se najčešće nazivaju lijevim centrom.
Pojam lijevog centra se često koristi i za opis koalicije koju čine stranke ljevice i centra.
Lijevi centar na političkom spektru predstavlja ljevicu okrenutu političkom pragmatizmu.[4][5] Pragmatična politika lijevog centra se usmjerava samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru ustanova predstavničke, parlamentarne demokracije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovesti djelimičnu promjenu putem aktivne ekonomske uloge javnog sektora, javnih institucija i servisa koji bi trebalo da rade na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulirani, liberalni model kapitalizma.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Praktično ostvarenje takve djelimične promjene u okviru ustanova parlamentarne demokracije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije uobičajeno se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.[8][12][13][14][15] Lijevi centar se smatra umjerenom strujom u suvremenom ljevičarskom pokretu.[16][17][18][19]
Obilježja lijevog centra:[11][20][21]
- ostvarenje, poštivanje, zaštita i unapređenje temeljnih ljudskih prava i sloboda, bez diskriminacije na bilo kojoj osnovi, kao što su: rasa, boja kože, društveno podrijetlo, nacionalno podrijetlo, etnička pripadnost, veza sa manjinskim narodom ili manjinskom zajednicom, jezik, vjeroispovijest ili uvjerenje, političko ili drugo mišljenje, članstvo u političkoj, sindikalnoj ili drugoj organizaciji, spol, rodni identitet, seksualna orijentacija, spolne karakteristike, bračni ili obiteljski status, rođenje, starosna dob, društveni status, imovinsko stanje, genetičke karakteristike, zdravstveno stanje, invaliditet ili drugo osobno svojstvo;
- ostvarenje i razvijanje demokratskih institucija, vladavine zakona i socijalne odgovornosti;
- razvijanje prava i sloboda zapostavljenih i obespravljenih pojedinaca, društvenih skupina i slojeva;
- razvijanje prava ljudi na rad, sindikalno organiziranje, zdravstvenu skrb, obrazovanje i socijalnu skrb;
- održivi ekonomski razvoj, uz razvijanje ravnomjernog razvoja urbanih i ruralnih područja;
- afirmiranje rodne ravnopravnosti;
- razvijanje pluralističkog i solidarnog društva koje unapređuje kvalitet života za radnice i radnike, ugrožene slojeve i cjelokupno društvo;
- ubrzavanje društvenog i znanstveno-tehnološkog napretka;
- afirmiranje načela svjetovnosti;
- unapređenje uravnoteženosti lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja;
- zaštita kulturnog i prirodnog nasljeđa, te okoliša i životinja;
- promoviranje mirnog i diplomatskog načina rješavanja sporova i sukoba;
- korištenje demokratskih i nenasilnih parlamentarnih i izvanparlamentarnih oblika djelovanja i opiranje svim nedemokratskim, autoritarnim i totalitarnim oblicima djelovanja.
Umjerena progresivna stranka u matičnom toku zemlje koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokraciji i tržišnoj kapitalističkoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u nižoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao politička stranka lijevog centra.[22][23] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije srednje i niže klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa historijom podrške i učešća u emancipacijskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.[24][25][26][27]
Političke stranke lijevog centra, kao i druge suvremene ljevičarske stranke, uobičajeno ističu sljedeće vrijednosti:[28]
- sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, nego i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratskog sudjelovanja i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zlouporabe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
- jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, nego i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
- solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i saosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde, neravnopravnosti ili nezgodnog sticaja okolnosti, te osobna spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava. Ovo načelo podrazumijeva i razvijanje institucionalnih oblika solidarnosti, te internacionalne solidarnosti.
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Lijevi centar se opire svakom obliku autoritarizma i jednopartizma.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Stoga, lijevi centar se opire konceptima jednopartijske vladavine takozvanih komunističkih partija 20. stoljeća.[37][38][39]
- Laburistička stranka (Velika Britanija)
- Laburistička stranka (Norveška)
- Laburistička stranka (Irska)
- Australijska laburistička stranka
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Njemačke
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Austrije
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Švicarske
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Finske
- Socijaldemokratska stranka Švedske
- Socijaldemokrati (Danska)
- Smjer — socijaldemokracija (Slovačka)
- Češka socijaldemokratska stranka
- Demokratska stranka (Srbija)
- Socijaldemokratski savez Makedonije
- Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske
- Socijaldemokrati (Slovenija)
- Socijaldemokratska partija Crne Gore
- Socijaldemokratska partija Bosne i Hercegovine
- Socijalistička stranka (Belgija)
- Panhelenski socijalistički pokret (Grčka)
- Španska socijalistička radnička stranka
- Socijalistička stranka (Francuska)
- Demokratska stranka (Italija)
- Socijalistička stranka (Portugal)
- Stranka europskih socijalista
- Radnička stranka (Brazil)
- Martti Ahtisaari[40]
- Raúl Alfonsín
- Clement Attlee[41]
- Pavel Axelrod
- Otto Bauer
- Eduard Bernstein[42]
- Rubén Berríos[43]
- Hermes Binner
- Léon Blum
- Rodrigo Borja Cevallos[44]
- Willy Brandt[45]
- Hjalmar Branting[46]
- Leonel Brizola
- Ed Broadbent[47]
- Walt Brown
- Gro Harlem Brundtland
- Fernando Henrique Cardoso[48]
- Ingvar Carlsson[49]
- Helen Clark[50]
- Major James Coldwell[51]
- Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
- Mário Covas
- Juan Dalmau Ramírez
- Fedor Dan
- Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
- Kemal Derviş[52]
- Tommy Douglas[47]
- Ruth Dreifuss[53]
- Bülent Ecevit[54]
- Tage Erlander[55]
- Carlos Garaikoetxea
- Einar Gerhardsen
- Felipe Gonzalez
- Mikhail Gorbachev[56]
- Per Albin Hansson[57]
- Bob Hawke
- L. T. Hobhouse
- J. A. Hobson
- Toomas H. Ilves[58]
- Erdal Inonu[59]
- Jean Jaurès
- Paul Keating[60]
- Friedrich Kellner[61]
- Norman Kirk[62]
- Wim Kok
- Etbin Kristan
- Dennis Kucinich
- Robert Kuttner[63]
- Oskar Lafontaine[64]
- Ricardo Lagos
- Mark Latham
- Jack Layton[65]
- Julius Leber[66]
- René Lévesque
- David Lewis[47]
- Stephen Lewis
- Trygve Lie
- Wilhelm Liebknecht[67]
- Anna Lindh
- Paavo Lipponen
- Ramsay Macdonald
- Nelson Mandela[68]
- Julius Martov
- Walter Nash
- Obafemi Awolowo
- Olof Palme[69]
- Andreas Papandreou[70]
- Göran Persson[71]
- Louis Pio
- Georgi Plekhanov[72]
- Karl Polanyi
- Jože Pučnik
- Ivica Račan
- Ivo Josipović
- Poul Nyrup Rasmussen[73]
- Ségolène Royal[74]
- Kevin Rudd[75]
- August Rei[76]
- Manuel Rosales[77]
- Alex Salmond
- Giuseppe Saragat[78]
- Michael Joseph Savage[79]
- Max Shachtman
- Lim Kit Siang
- Karpal Singh
- Thorvald Stauning[80]
- Norman Thomas
- Gough Whitlam
- J. S. Woodsworth[81]
- Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero[82]
- Vera Zasulich
- Ljevica
- Krajnja ljevica
- Progresivizam
- Socijaldemokracija
- Socijalizam
- Demokratski socijalizam
- Progresivna alijansa
- Socijalistička internacionala
- ↑ "About Our Logo". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives. New York University. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
- ↑ "Metropolitan. v.38 1913". HathiTrust. p. 63. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
- ↑ "Most's Meeting". Indianapolis Indiana State Sentinel. September 21, 1887. p. 1 Column 1.
- ↑ Blaazer, David (2002) [1992]. The Popular Front and the Progressive Tradition: Socialists, Liberals, and the Quest for Unity, 1884–1939. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-41383-1. pp.
- ↑ Understanding Social Democracy (PDF). What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016.
- ↑ Notermans, Ton (2000). Money, Markets, and the State: Social Democratic Economic Policies since 1918. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-63339-0. pp.
- ↑ Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag Einar (2013). The Nordic Model of Social Democracy. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-1-137-01326-2. pp.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Sejersted, Francis (2011). Adams, Madeleine B., ur. The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century. Prevod: Daly, Richard. Princeton University Press. . ISBN 978-0-691-14774-1. pp.
- ↑ Berman, Sheri (1998). The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. . ISBN 978-0-674-44261-0. pp.
- ↑ Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers. . ISBN 978-1-56072-975-4. pp.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, ur. (2011). „Social Democracy”. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. 8. Sage Publications. . ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6. pp.
- ↑ Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (2013). „Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy”. London: Fabian Society. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
- ↑ Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2006). „The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology”. Scientific American. sv. 295 br. 5. New York. str. 42. ISSN 0036-8733. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 12. 10. 2007. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
- ↑ Upchurch, Martin; Taylor, Graham; Mathers, Andrew (2009). The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives. Contemporary Employment Relations. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. . ISBN 978-0-7546-7053-7. pp.
- ↑ Fitzpatrick, Tony (2003). After the New Social Democracy: Social Welfare for the Twenty-First Century. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-6477-7. pp.
- ↑ Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, John E. (1992). „Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation”. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (3): 101—116. ISSN 0895-3309
- ↑ Britain, Ian (2005) [1982]. Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, c. 1884–1918. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-02129-6. pp.
- ↑ Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-7362-5. pp.
- ↑ Janowsky, Oscar Isaiah (1959). Foundations of Israel: Emergence of a Welfare State. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand.
- ↑ Meyer, Thomas; Hinchman, Lewis P. (2007). The Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. . ISBN 978-0-7456-4113-3. pp.
- ↑ • Hoefer, Richard (2013). „Social Welfare Policy and Politics”. Colby, Ira C.; Dolmus, Catherine N.; Sowers, Karen M. Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. . ISBN 978-1-118-17700-6. pp.
- ↑ Jackson, Ben (2008). „Social Democracy”. Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 7 (2nd edition). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5. pp.
- ↑ Ishay, Michelle R. (2008) [2005]. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley: University of California Press. . ISBN 978-0-520-25641-5. pp.
- ↑ Hudson, Kate (2012). The New European Left: A Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-0-230-24876-2. pp.
- ↑ Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. . ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. pp.
- ↑ Harrington, Michael (2011) [1989]. Socialism: Past and Future. New York: Arcade Publishing. . ISBN 978-1-61145-335-5. pp.
- ↑ Schweickart, David (2007). „Democratic Socialism”. Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. . ISBN 978-1-4129-1812-1. pp.
- ↑ Tansey, Stephen D.; Jackson, Nigel (2008). Politics: The Basics. London: Routledge. . ISBN 978-0-415-42244-4. pp.
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- ↑ Kenworthy, Lane (2014). Social Democratic America. New York: Oxford University Press. . ISBN 978-0-19-932251-0. pp.
- ↑ Cronin, James E.; Ross, George W.; Shoch, James (2011). What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. . ISBN 978-0-8223-5079-8. pp.
- ↑ Rubinstein, David (2006). The Labour Party and British Society: 1880–2005. Brighton, England: Sussex University Press. . ISBN 978-1-84519-055-2. pp.
- ↑ Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. . ISBN 978-1-906791-46-9. pp.
- ↑ Orlow, Dietrich (2000). Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969. New York: Berghahn Books. . ISBN 978-1-57181-185-1. pp.
- ↑ Edinger, Lewis Joachim (1956). German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the Nazi Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ↑ Childs, David (2000). The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism since 1945. London: Routledge. . ISBN 978-0-415-22195-5. pp.
- ↑ Bogdanor, Vernon (1985). „The Social Democratic Party and the Alliance”. Ur.: Burch, Martin; Jaenicke, Douglas; Gardner, John. Three Political Systems: A Reader in British, Soviet and American Politics. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-1085-9. pp.
- ↑ Van Oudenaren, John (1991). Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. . ISBN 978-0-8223-1133-1. pp.
- ↑ Martti Ahtisaari: a New Kind of President for an Era of Change by Jaakko Iloniemi
- ↑ „Commission for Racial Equality: Clement Attlee Lecture: Trevor Phillips's speech, 21 April 2005”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-08-16. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14.
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- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Willy Brandt
- ↑ Hjalmar Branting: The Nobel Peace Prize 1921
- ↑ 47,0 47,1 47,2 „The Canadian Encyclopedia: Social Democracy”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-11-29. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14.
- ↑ „Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Harry Walker Lecturing Agency”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-06-10. Pristupljeno 2020-05-14.
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- ↑ The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation: Ruth Dreifuss
- ↑ BBC News: Bulent Ecevit: Survivor finally falls
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- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Per Albin Hansson
- ↑ Eurasia Daily Monitor: Ilves wins Estonia's Presidency
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- ↑ Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy Since 1980, Ch. 4, p.80
- ↑ „Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets.”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-07-13. Pristupljeno 2012-07-13.
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