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First published April 17, 2017
Higher-order intuitions in reasoning are metacognitive rather than just “metalogical.” Reasoning is based on rich and varied intuitions about intuitions. Take the kind of reasoning that would classically be represented by means of a disjunctive syllogism with a main premise of the form “P or Q.”
The main role of reasons is not to motivate or guide us in reaching conclusions but to explain and justify after the fact the conclusions we have reached. (p. 121)The following link is to an excerpt from the book that tells of a classic example of "confirmation bias" and then "belief persistence" that occurred in France related to the Dreyfus Affair in 1894.
Reason is an adaptation to the hyper-social niche humans have built for themselves. (p.339)Reasoning is thus primarily tied to social contexts and to language. It is an inner mental process closely related to argumentation which requires an interactive exchange between individuals in order to be truly argumentation.
We construct arguments when we are trying to convince others or, proactively, when we think we might have to. We evaluate the arguments given by others as a means—imperfect but uniquely useful all the same—of recognizing good ideas and rejecting bad ones. Being sometimes communicators, sometimes audience, we benefit both from producing arguments to present to others and from evaluating the arguments others present to us. Reasoning involves two capacities, that of producing arguments and that of evaluating them. These two capacities are mutually adapted and must have evolved together. Jointly they constitute, we claim, one of the two main functions of reason and the main function of reasoning: the argumentative function. (pp. 207-208)In other words, our ability to reason is built on the foundation of our innate ability of negotiate our position in our human social environment. If we want to reason well we should do it interactively with others.
“Reason is an adaptation to the hyper-social niche humans have evolved for themselves"