Frobenius Method
Frobenius Method
Frobenius Method
σ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=0 𝑛 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚+1 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑚+2 + ⋯, with 𝑎 ≠ 0.
0 1 2 0
Regular singular points
Consider the DE, 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 = 0. ……(1)
Suppose 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a singular point of (1).
It is called ‘regular singular’ if both if both (𝑥 − a)𝑃(𝑥) and
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2𝑄(𝑥)can be expanded as power series about 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Ex 1: 𝑥 = 0 is a regular singular point of the DE
𝑥 2𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 2+1)𝑦 = 0.
Ex 2: 𝑥 = 0 is an irregular singular point of the DE
𝑥 3𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 2+1)𝑦 = 0.
Frobenius series method
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑦 𝑥, 𝑚 ቤ + 𝑐2𝑦(𝑥, 𝑚) ቤ .
𝑚 = 𝑚1 𝑚 = 𝑚2
Case (2): When 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are equal. Then (1) has only one Frobenius
series solution and it is given by 𝑦1 = 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑚) ቤ . Second
𝑚 = 𝑚1
independent solution can be obtained by some other methods.
Case (3): When 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are distinct, but the difference is an
integer. Then there exists a Frobenius series solution corresponding the
bigger root.
Solve 2𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝑦 ′′ + 1 − 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 = 0 is regular singular point.
𝑚 = 0, ½. There exists two FS solutions.
2𝑚+2𝑛−5
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1, n = 1, 2, 3,….
2𝑚+2𝑛−1
Get general solution.
Solve 2𝑥 2𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0.
Get solution!!!
Solve 𝑥 2𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑥𝑦 ′ + (3 − 𝑥)𝑦 = 0 ……(1)
Here 𝑥 = 0 is a regular singular point.
Let 𝑦 = σ∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛𝑎 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛
, with 𝑎0 ≠ 0 be a FS solution of (1).
Substituting in (1) we get
σ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=0 𝑛 (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 − σ∞ 3𝑎 (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 +
𝑛
∞ ∞ 𝑛=0