National Policy
National Policy
Aimberunguzhu
(Five Great Assemblies, consisted of the representatives of the
people, priests, physicians, astrologers and the ministers)
Enberaayam-Eight Groups of Attendants. While some scholars believe it
consisted of attendants on the king’s person like the perfumers, dressing valets,
etc., others believe it consisted of more important persons like the people of the
capital city, the leaders of the elephant corps and of the cavalry .
principal officers of State -the high priest, the chief astrologer, the
ministers and the commanders of the army
Kootram
Mandalam
Nadus
The affairs of a village were the responsibility of its elders, who supervised the judicial,
administrative and financial functions
JUSTICE
• was administered free of charge, by special officers appointed as judges and
magistrates, but the king was supreme and the final arbiter in all civil and criminal
cases
• Mortgage, lease, trust property, loans, breach of contract were some common sources
of civil litigation, while criminal offences included theft, adultery, forgery and treason
PUNISHMENT
. The punishments were very severe and hence crimes were rare
one caught in the act of burglary, adultery or spying was given the
death penalty and one giving false testimony would have his tongue
cut off.
. The main sources of royal revenue were taxes, tributes, customs duties and tolls. Land tax,
paid in money or in kind, and income tax, equal to one-sixth of an individual’s income, were
the major types of taxes collected.
CHOLA GOVERNMENT
• In the age of the Cholas, the whole of South India was for the first
time brought under a single government. [l]
• The king was the supreme leader and a benevolent authoritarian
• His administrative role consisted of issuing oral commands to
responsible officers when representations were made to him..
LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM
. Due to the lack of a legislature or a legislative system in the modern
sense, the fairness of king's orders dependent on his morality and belief
in Dharma
CHOLA DYNASTY
Mandalams
Valanadus
Kottams or Kutrams
JUTICE
• Justice was mostly a local matter in the Chola Empire
• ;minor disputes were settled at the village level. [97]
• .[97] Punishment for minor crimes were in the form of fines or a
direction for the offender to donate to some charitable endowment.
• Even crimes such as manslaughter or murder were punished with
fines. Crimes of the state, such as treason, were heard and decided
by the king himself; the typical punishment in these cases was
either execution or confiscation of property.[100]
PRE-COLONIAL POLICIES
AND PRACTICES
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
Neolithic Age
Indus Valley Civilization
Vedic Period
Mauryan Empire
Neolithic Age
Began – 6500 BC
Lasted until – 1400 BC
Excavations – Adchanallur (Tirunelveli district)
– megalithic culture
Evidence – 12 urns with Brahmi script containing
skeletons, bones and grains of rice, etc.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
3300 BC – 1700 BC
various races.
Cities had a lucrative market of cotton goods.
Prosperity was conveyed – comfortable
houses & domestic articles.
Excellent in arts and craft.
Good drainage system.
Good percentage of literacy.
Strong family organization.
Vedic period
1500 BC – 500 BC
Society divided into: Aryans and Non-Aryans.
Aryans further divided into:
Brahmins
Kshatriya
s
Vaishyas
Shudras
Women lost prestige – polygamy & no right to inherit their
father’s property.
Embroidery
Rope-Making
MAURYAN PERIOD
322 BC – 185 BC
increased productivity.
Exotic Foods
Mauryan armies wiped out bandits and private
armies who sought to impose their supremacy in
small areas.
Asoka sponsored the construction for many
public works.
The economic situation in Mauryan Empire was
similar to the Roman empire of several centuries
later. Vastness of the empire
Decline:
Weak successors of Asoka
Colonial India
East India Company and The
Mughals
In 1615, an English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe negotiated
with the then Mughal emperor Jahangir to set up the East
India Company.
Conditions of people in the Mughal empire
Even though India was a rich country, majority of the people
were poor. While the emperors, nobles and jagirdars,
mansabdars and officers had wealth in abundance, the
common people had very little of it. The economic disparity
was quite evident by the standard of living, diet, dwellings,
dresses and other comforts and necessities of life. The
commoners which included the peasantry, artisans, and
labourers used to live a poor life.
The people were free to choose their occupation.
Agriculture was the most popular occupation.
The villages followed Panchayat system and were self
sufficient, providing commodities necessary to meet their
requirements.
Sir Thomas Roe with East India
Company logo
Jahangir
Even though the Mughals followed a uniform system of
currency, barter system was common among the people.
The prices of essential commodities were quite low.
There were frequent famines and constant wars and battles
with the Marathas and the Rajputs affected the peasants.
Internal and external trade was in a healthy state.
Short Comings:
1. A one man show.
2. Village guides were un-experienced and untrained.
3. No comprehensive planning.
4. No continuity in the work.
5. Limited to few villages.
6. Force not persuasion.
Sarvodaya Programme
The term ‘Sarvodaya’ means welfare of all. Sarvodaya
represents a higher model idealism, a more dynamic political
ideology and a more radical culture. Sarvodaya movement is
a people’s movement to carry forward the ideas and
programmes sponsored by Gandhi for the welfare of all and
the awakening of all. Followers are generally called
Sarvodayites or Sarvodayavadis.
The foundations of the movement were laid by Gandhi based
on the principles of truth, non-violence and love. Its most
prominent leader was Vinobha Bhave. The basis of the
Sarvodaya according to Vinobha, rests on the three fold
programmes: Gramdan, Khadi and Shanti Sena.
According to many historians, the Sarvodaya movement in
India represents an attempt to apply to the task of social
reconstruction.
Gandhi developed the concept in the 1930s. The programme
resulted in the eighteen fold activities and reforms. In 1948, it
was led by Vinobha. This programme formed the basis of the
Bhoodan campaign which was also a popular movement.
Sarvodaya movement in Tamil Nadu is the oldest dating back
to the 1920s.
Principles of the Movement
There is no centralized authority, and there is political
and economic atmosphere in the villages.
Politics will not be the instrument of power but an
agency of service and Rajnity will yield place to
Loknity.
All people will be imbued with the spirit of love,
fraternity, truth, non-violence and self-sacrifices. Society
will function on the basis on the non-violence.
There will be no party system and majority rule and
society will be free from the evil of the tyranny of the
majority.
The Sarvodaya society is socialist in the true sense of
the term. All calling will be the same moral, social and
economical values. The individual personality has the
fullest scope for development.
The Sarvodaya society is based on equality and liberty.
There is no room in it for unwholesome some competition,
exploitation and class-hatred.
Sarvodaya stands for the progress of all. All individual
should do individual labour and follow the ideal of non
possession. Then it will be possible to realize the goal of
from each according to his work and to each according
to his needs.
There will be no private property, the instrument of
exploitation and the source of social distinctions and
hatred. Similarly, the profit motive will disappear, rent and
interest will go.
The Sarvodaya Movement is based on truth, non-violence
and self-denial.
The Sarvodaya Movement makes a sincere and bold
attempt to create the necessary atmosphere to bring
together such individuals with an unwavering faith in the
welfare of all.
The gain to the individual would be small. The
development of each quality depends upon every other.
If all the qualities are improved a little, then the individual
would gain more.
The main objectives
1. Emancipation of disparity between social classes.
2. Emphasis on Spirit.
3. Highlights on Moral Values.
4. Stateless Society.
5. Party-less Democracy.
6. Self-sufficient and Decentralized Village Communities.
7. Non-violence.
NATIONAL POLICY
YEAR PROGRAMME
1952 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
1970-71
Nearly 75 percent of the cultivated land of
the country can be termed dryland.
* 4 MILLION DIED OF
HUNGER
THROUGHOUT
INDIA
Expansion
of farming • First phase of green
lands rev. 1960s
Double
cropping , • In late 1960s and
irrigation early 1970s
system
• In
HYV seeds late1970
s……
*
* ICAR were experimenting over food
crops…while the green revolution spreading out
in other countries
* But we didn’t have a successful ideas
earlier in 1967
we started our green revolution by
expanding farming lands
But then there was a high increase in
population than crop production
*
* we built resevoirs and dams to store the water
that was wasted in the monsoon times…
* So that we can grow other crops in NON
MONSOON seasons……..DOUBLE CROPING..
* IRRIGATION SYSTEM and DAMS RESEVOIRS all
were constructrd many in these times..
* Irrigation system was one of the very main
technique we invented .
*
Monsoon rainfall
BUT IN SUMMER
WE HAVE NO
RAIN
*
NORMAN BOURLAG
More water CROP DUSTING
HYV seeds
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES
FUNGICIDES
FERTILIZERS
* Was a prosperous year in agriculture for india
* 130 million tons of agricultural products .
* A very big revolution for farmers .
* As green revolution concentrated mostly on
rice , wheat , corn and millet ….there was no
such revolution south india..
*
* Increase in agricultural production.
* Prosperity of farmers
* Capitalistic countries
* Ploughing back to profit
* Industrial growth
* Change in the attsssitude of the farmers
* Reduction in import if the food
* Rural employment and education
*
* Because of more use of pesticides and
chemicals and fertilizers more the industries
evolved in india.
* It created more jobs and more education into
our land
EDUCATED
FROM WORLD
BANK
WE LOST THE
FERTILITY OF OUR
LAND
CROP
PRODUCTION
* There was very poor monsoon in these two
years….
* In 1979 its was t a big deal because they had
some water for farming
* But in 1987 it become again a great loss in
argicultural fields and farmers faced a big loss.
* Which is because of the fertilizers we used in
land …
*
* There was a gradual decrease in the production
of hyv seeds and the quality of land was also
getting spoiled.
* Lands getting dry , monsoons getting poor ,
fertilizers were increasing , government
pressure was also increasing to produce crops
on time..
* This again lead to slow famine and poverty and
sucide of farmers
SMALL FARMERS DEVELOPMENT
AGENCIES (1971)
The Small Farmers Development Agencies
(SFDA) programme, aimed at the target group
of small and marginal farmers and
agricultural labourers, began in 1971 to assist
persons specifically identified from this target
group in raising their income level by helping
them to adopt improved agricultural technology
and acquiring means of increasing
agricultural production like minor irrigation
sources, and on the other hand, to diversify their
farm economy through subsidiary activities
like animal husbandry, dairying, horticulture
etc.
THE OUTCOME
THE REASONS AND WAYS
THROUGH WHICH NEW POLICIES
INVOKE
ITEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME(1976)
The concept of an Integrated Rural Development
Programme was first proposed in the Central
budget of 1976-77. This programme was
intended to 'assist the rural population to derive
economic benefits from the developmental assets
of each area. Though conceptually this
programme was comprehensive in scope and
sought to secure, through a process of block level
planning, fuller exploitation of the local growth
potential with a view to making an optimum
impact on the local poverty situation.
INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME(1976)
A number of programmes have been operating in the country aimed at improving the
economic conditions of the rural poor. None of these programmes covered the whole
country, though a large number of blocks in the country had more than one of these
programmes operating simultaneously in the same area for the same target group. This
territorial overlap combined with the different funding patterns of these programmes,
not only created considerable difficulties in effective monitoring and accounting, it
often blurred the programme objectives. In practice, therefore, these programmes were
reduced to mere subsidy giving programmes shorn of any planned approach to the
development of the rural poor as an inbuilt process in the development of the area and its
resources. It was, therefore, proposed that such multiplicity of programmes for the rural
poor operated through a multiplicity of agencies should be ended and be replaced by one
single integrand programme operative throughout the country. The programme was to be
called the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Of the 350 million people
below the poverty line in the country, around 300 million lived in the rural areas,
possessing little or virtually no assets. They needed to be enabled to acquire productive
assets and/or appropriate skills and vocational opportunities and then backed effectively
with services to increase production and productivity. If through special programmes of
specific beneficiary oriented assistance this group could be brought above the poverty line
a major impact would be secured on the overall economic levels of the country.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
PROGRAMME
The need for a Drought Prone Area Programme
(DPAP) was felt in mid seventies, from several
considerations. The drought prone areas
accounted for nearly 19 percent of the total area
of the country and 12 percent of the population.
Their overall productivity was low. There was
frequent migration of the inhabitants along
with their livestock. These areas are considered to
be a continuing source of strain on the
financial resources of the nation, by way of
drought relief etc. The main thrust of the DPAP
in the fifth Plan was to restore a proper
ecological balance in the drought prone areas.
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
DROUGHT PRONE AREA
DROUGHT PRONE AREAS
OVER ALL
LAYOUT
HILL AND TRIBAL AREA
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
With a view to removing regional disparities,
particularly in less endowed or disadvantaged
areas like the hill and tribal areas, special sub-
plans of development were introduced in the mid
seventies. Special financial and fiscal
concessions, credit on softer terms and
subsidies were made available to under-
developed areas to attract increased industrial
investment. A Minimum Needs Programme
was designed to secure to the rural areas within
a reasonable time frame certain basic amenities
in the field of education, health, drinking
water, electrification, roads and house-sites.
TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
TRIBAL POPULATION AND LITERACY RATE
TRIBAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN
SCHEMES FOR TRIBAL
DEVELOPMENT
The tribal majority areas in the country are broadly
divided into three categories, viz.,
(i) predominantly tribal statedunion territories
(ii) Scheduled area, and
(iii) Non-Scheduled areas in the states. All the tribal-
majority States and Union Territories are placed in a
special category for availing funds.
A Story of Management
Failure
What is forestry
1993 District Rural Development Agency DRDA: Financial assistance to rural people by
district level authority.
1993 Mahila Samridhi Yojna (October 2, 1993):Encourage rural women to deposit in Post
office schems.
1995 Mid day Meal Scheme: Nutrition to students in primary schools to improve enrolment,
retention and attendance.
1997-98 Ganga Kalyan Yojna :Provide financial assistance to farmers for exploring ground
water resources
1997 Kastoorba Gandhi Education Scheme: (15 August 1997) Establish girls schools in low
female literacy areas (district level)
• For banks in the co operative sector,a scheme on simiar pattern was put into
operation by state goverments.
• The agricultural and rural debt relief schme,1990 which came into force
from may 15,1990 covers borrowers of public sector and those engaged in
agriculture and other alied activities and artisans engaged in any activity of
rural development reating to cottage and
villageindustry,handicrafts,weaving,etc.
• A sum of Rs.1500 crores has been released to reserved to reserve bank of
india under the scheme.
• But it could adversely affect on profitability of banks and erode their lending
capacity.
DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT
AGENCY
I. Objective / purpose
The DRDA Admin. Section is the office in-charge of implementing the DRDA
Admin. Scheme through which the Central share of fund is directly released to
the
District Rural Development Agency (DRDA). The DRDA is the principal organ at
the district level to manage and oversee the implementation of different anti-
poverty
programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development. It is a supporting and
facilitating
organization which plays a very effective role as a catalyst in development
process.
1 Andhra Pradesh DRDAs are separate; Collector is the Executive Chairperson though ZP President is made the Chairperson; large number and scope of parallel bodies across layers
DRDAs merged with ZP, function as poverty alleviation cell of the ZP; some parallel bodies (Freshwater Fish Development Agency, Brackishwater Fish Development Agency) still
13 Kerala
function as per the directions of GoI. The MLA-LDF is also outside the purview and is sort of a parallel body.
DRDAs separate; ZP Chairman is the Chairman of DRDA Many parallel bodies, particularly those funded by multilateral and bilateral agencies and operated by the State
14 Madhya Pradesh
Government as para-statal entities; DPIP andMPRLP are two examples.
15 Maharashtra DRDA separate, ZP Chairman has a cosmetic position of being Chairman of Governing Body of DRDA with the CEO being the executive chairman of the Management Committee
16 Manipur DRDA separate; Dy Commissioner as the Head; Many parallel bodies primarily associated with the Development programmes/ schemes of the Union Government.
17 Orissa DRDA separate; PD – DRDA is designated as the Secretary-cum- Executive officer of ZP; ZP President is the Chair of DRDA
DRDAs separate; ZP Chairman is made the Chairman and it is said that all Panchayats have access to the expertise of DRDA; there are other parallel bodies at district and village
18 Punjab
levels (Village Water and SanitationCommittees, Village Education Committees), with no linkage with Panchayats
19 Rajasthan DRDA reportedly merged in 2003; however there are para-statals set up through multilateral funding as well as schemes of State and Union government
20 Sikkim DRDA is separate
21 Tamil Nadu DRDA separate institution; Chaired by the District Collector; many parallel bodies like in village education committee, watershed Associations, village forests committees exists.
23 Uttar Pradesh DRDAs separate; Chaired by the District Magistrate(DM) and managed by Chief Development Officer(CDO) headed by ZP President; there are a few other parallel bodies
24 Uttarakhand DRDA separate; ZP President is its chair; Van Panchayats, Village Education Committees are the other parallel bodies
25 West Bengal DRDA merged; rechristened as DRDC of ZP;
26 Andaman & Nicobar DRDA is separate; Out of three, only one ZP President is the Chair ofDRDA;
27 Chandigarh No DRDA
28 Dadra & Nagar Haveli DRDA is separate
29 Daman & Diu DRDA continues to function as a separate body and have not been merged.
30 Lakshadweep DRDA is said to be merged; ZP President is the Chair; DRDA providing support to the ZP; other parallel bodies relate to Central schemes such at the SSA;
31 Pondicherry DRDA is separate; Attempts are made to link other parallel bodies with Panchayats;
MAHILA SAMRIDHI YOJANA
• The Mahila Samridhi Yojana (MSY) was launched on 2nd October, 1993
with the objective of empowering the rural women through building
thrift habit, self-reliance and confidence.
• During the first two years of its operation the performance of scheme,
as measured by achievement against the all India target and the amount
of the money deposited in MSY accountswas not encouraging, and the
cost of the scheme was also on the higher side, Programme.
• Under this plan, the rural women of 18 years of above age can open
their saving account in the rural post office of their own area with a
minimum Rs. 4 or its multiplier.
• Though cooked food was to be provided, most states (apart from those
already providing cooked food) chose to provide "dry rations" to
students. "Dry rations" refers to the provision of uncooked 3 kg of wheat
or rice to children with 80% attendance.
KASTURIBHAI GANDHI EDUCATION SCHEME
1. Objective
• Gender disparities still persist in rural areas and among
disadvantaged communities. Looking at enrollment trends, there remain
significant gaps in the enrollment of girls at the elementary level as
compared to boys, especially at the upper primary levels.
• The objective of KGBV is to ensure that quality education is feasible
and accessible to the girls of disadvantaged groups of society by setting
up residential schools with boarding facilities at elementary level.
2.Eligibility
• concentration of tribal population, with low female literacy and/or a large number of
girls out of school;
• concentration of SC, OBC and minority populations, with low female literacy and/or a
large number of girls out of school;
• areas with low female literacy; or
• areas with a large number of small, scattered habitations that do not qualify for a
school
The criteria of eligible blocks has been revised with effect from 1st April,
2008 to include the following:
• An additional 316 Educationally backward blocks with rural female literacy below
30%.
• 94 Towns/cities having minority concentration (as per the list identified by Ministry
of Minority Affairs) with female literacy rate below the national average (53.67%:
Census 2001).
BHAGYASHREE CHILD WELFARE POLICY
1.Highlights
• The premium is Rs15/- per girl child per year. Group discount is also
provided.
2.Eligibility
• The policy covers death of one or both parents of the girl by accident caused
by external, violent and visible means would include death or permanent
total disablement arising out of or traceable to slipping, falling from the
mountain, insect bites, snakes and animals bite, drowning, washing away in
floods, landslide, rockslide, earthquake, cyclone and other commotions or
nature and/or calamities, murder or terrorist activities.
• In case of women it also includes death and PTD due to surgical operations
such as sterilisation, ceasarean, hysterectomy i.e. removal or uterus and
removal or breasts due to cancer operations, death at the time of child birth
provided that such death occurs during the surgical operation in
hospital/nursing home or whilst being in the hospital/nursing home after
such surgery convalescene. However not beyond a period of 7 days from the
date of surgical operations.
4.Major Exclusions
• Since its inception, over 2.25 million Self-help groups have been
established with an investment of ₹14403 crore (US$2.2 billion),
profiting over 6.697 million people.
• The main aim of these SHGs was to bring these poor families above the poverty line
and concentrate on income generation through combined effort.
• The SHGs created may have a varying number of members based on the terrain and
physical abilities of the members. It goes through three stages of creation:
1.Group formation
2.Capital formation through the revolving fund and skill development
and
3.Taking up of economic activity for skill generation.
• The Swarna Jayanti Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY) has been renamed as National Rural
Livelihood Mission (NRLM).
2.Funding
• For self-help groups, the government offers a subsidy of 50% if the total
investment is less than Rs. 1.25 lakhs.
• Government funding for the scheme is divided between the Center and
State on a 75-25 basis.
3.Staffing
• In the case of minor irrigation projects, each SHG might comprise 10-20
members. In case of hilly terrain, deserts and other sparsely populated
areas or if the SHGs include disabled people.
4.Results
• Since its inception in 1999, around 2.252 million SHGs have been
established comprising 3.554 million people.
• Apart from SHGs, the scheme has also benefitted 3.143 million self-
employed individuals. The total investment provided for the cause has
been calculated at Rs. 14,403.73 crores including Rs. 1,200 crores
provided by the Government of India for the calendar year 2006-07.
Total Government
1472.33 1332.50 774.50 3579.33
allocation
Physical progress
Self-help groups
292,426 492,664 742,354 742,354
formed
Individual
585,956 687,602 300,700 1,574,258
Beneficiaries
Members of SHGs
347,912 342,871 179,251 870,034
benefitted
Total swarozgaris
933,868 1,030,473 479,951 2,444,292
assisted
JAWAHAR GRAM SAMRIDHI YOJANA
1.Introduction
2.Objective
• Preference is given to SCs/STs, families living below the poverty line and
physically handicapped persons.
4.Funding Pattern
• In the case of Union Territories, entire funds under the scheme will be
provided by the Centre.
5.Salient features
• 22.5 per cent of JGSY funds have been earmarked for individual
beneficiary schemes for SCs/STs.
• 3 per cent annual allocation would be utilised for creation of barrier free
infrastructure for the disabled.
• Wages under JGSY will either be the minimum wages notified by the
States or higher wages fixed by States through the procedure prescribed
by the State Governments.
• The emphasis of JGSY will be on the creation of durable assets at the village
level. Therefore, it has been decided to suitably relax the condition of
maintenance of 60:40 wage-material ratio so as to enable the Panchayats to
build up demand-driven rural infrastructure, simultaneously taking due care of
need-based wage employment generation.
• In many States Village Panchayats are not sufficiently equipped with staff nor do
they have sufficient funds to bear other administrative
expenditure/contingency. Under JRY Village Panchayats were permitted to
spend upto Rs. 1000/- per year for purchasing items of stationery, registers etc.
However, this is hardly adequate both due to escalation of costs and enhanced
responsiblites of Gram Panchayats. It is, therefore, decided to allow Village
Panchayats to incur expenditure upto Rs. 7500/- or 7.5% of funds, whichever is
less, in a year on administrative expenditure/contingency and for employing
technical consultancy.
6.Implementing Agency
* 4 MILLION DIED OF
HUNGER
THROUGHOUT
INDIA
Expansion
of farming • First phase of green
lands rev. 1960s
Double
cropping , • In late 1960s and
irrigation early 1970s
system
• In
HYV seeds late1970
s……
*
Indian Agriculturalists
M. S. Swaminathan
In 1972, he established the National Bureau of Plant, Animal,
and Fish Genetic Resources of India. He also established the
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
In 1979, he transformed the Pre-investment Forest Survey
Programme into the Forest Survey of India.
In 1983, he developed the concept of Farmers' Rights and the
text of the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic
Resources (IUPGR).
In 1988, he organized the Indira Gandhi Conservation
Monitoring Centre. He organize the Community Biodiversity
Conservation Programme.
In 1989, he chaired various committees of the Government of
India to prepare draft legislations relating to biodiversity
(Biodiversity Act) and breeders’ and farmers’ rights (Protection
of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act).
In 1994, he established a Technical Resource Centre at MSSRF
for the implementation of equity provisions of CBD and FAO's
Farmers’ Rights.
He is the father of the Indian ‘Green Revolution’.
B. V. Nimbkar
Bonbehari Vishnu Nimbkar is an Indian agricultural scientist
and social worker, known for his pioneering work in the
fields of animal husbandry and agriculture. He is the
founder of Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute, a
Phaltan-based non governmental organization engaged
in research and development in animal husbandry and
agriculture.
In 1968, he founded the Nimbkar Agricultural Research
Institute (NARI), a non profit non governmental
organization, for advanced research in agriculture. The
organization has since grown to include activities in animal
husbandry and has a subsidiary under the name, NARI
Seeds, which is credited with the introduction of pure-bred
Boer goats for the first time in India.
He organization is reported to have had many
achievements such as the development of 2009 Global
Sustainability Research Award winning Lantern-cum-stove,
development of NARI Suwarna strain of Deccani sheep,
method for artificial insemination in goats using frozen
buck semen, breeding of high-yielding Southern African
Boer sheep and development of hybrid sweet sorghum.
B. V. Rao
When the price of eggs went down in the early 1980s, Rao
gathered farmers together and founded the National Egg
Coordination Committee in 1982 and was its founder
chairman. He was also associated with the World Poultry
Science Association (WPSA) and headed its India chapter
from 1993 to 1996. He was one of the key figures in the
organization of the World Poultry Conference in New Delhi
in 1996.
He is considered the father of poultry farming in India.
Gurcharan Singh Kalkat
Gurcharan Singh Kalkat is an Indian agricultural scientist
and the founder chairman of the Punjab State Farmers
Commission (PSFC), known for his contributions in bringing
the green revolution to Punjab.
Kalkat is known to have initiated the cooperation
between Punjab Agricultural University and the farmers for
fast dissemination of modern agricultural methods. He is
also credited with initiatives for coordination between the
local cooperatives and the Punjab State Cooperative
Marketing Federation for smooth disbursal of farming
credits and supply of materials. During his stint as the
agricultural commissioner, he got the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research and National Seeds Corporation
involved in various state level agricultural programmes.
Ranbir Singh Kanwar
Ranbir Singh Kanwar(b. Dec. 20, 1930; d. Dec. 20, 2005)
was an eminent plant breeder and agronomist who
helped usher in the green revolution in India.
His major contribution was in the area of breeding
sugarcane varieties which yielded higher sugar and were
early maturing. His most remarkable variety was Co.J. 64
which brought back the dwindling sugar industry in North
India out of the doldrums in the 1970s.
Notable Contributions of Kanwar were: Introduction of
polythene-bag technique for quick seed multiplication,
inter-cropping technology with wider inter-row spacing
and development of agro-techniques for raising successful
ratoon crop from winter harvested crop and improved
nitrogen use efficiency with soil applied insecticides.
He gave new directions to agricultural research in the two
North Indian states. He also worked as Senior Sugarcane
Consultant to Food and Agriculture Organization and
undertook international assignments for sugarcane
development in Pakistan, Nigeria and Congo.
GLOBALIZATION
• Conversely, the latter country can then export the goods that it
produces in an efficient manner to the former country which might be
deficient in the same.
•
• The underlying assumption here is that not all countries are good at
producing all sorts of goods and hence they benefit by trading with
each other.
• Increase in employment
• Increase in compensation.
Replacing
The Effects of Globalisation
6. Increase in anti-Globalisation Protests
• There is a growing awareness of the negative
impacts of globalisation. People have begun to
realise that globalisation can be challenged by
communities supporting each other in
business and society and through public
protest and political lobbying.
FRAMEWORK
• Marketing and
• Mechanisation
• GM crops issues
People related
Agricultural related problems
Economic problems
Lack of confidence
Poor awareness
INFRASTRUCTURE RELATED:
Poor infrastructure facilities like water, electricity,
transport, educational institutions, communication,
health , storage facility etc.
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS:
Unfavourable economic condition to adopt
high cost technology
High cost of inputs