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(Àwọn àtúnyẹ̀wò inú àrin 3 látọwọ́ àwọn oníṣe kò hàn)
Ìlà 1: Ìlà 1:
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Ghánà </br>Republic of Ghana
|conventional_long_name = Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Gánà </br>Republic of Ghana
|common_name = Ghánà
|common_name = Gánà
|image_flag = Flag of Ghana.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Ghana.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Ghana.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Ghana.svg
Ìlà 100: Ìlà 100:
}}
}}


'''Ghánà''' {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Ghana.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ə}}, je orílè-èdè ni [[ìhà ìwọ̀-oòrùn]] ilẹ̀ [[Afríkà]]. Ni ifowosi Republic of [[Ghánà]], jẹ orilẹ-ede kan pẹlu Gulf of Guinea ati Okun Atlantiki, ni ipinlẹ Iwọ-oorun Afirika. Gbigba ibi-ilẹ kan ti 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), [[Ghánà]] ni aala pẹlu Ivory Coast ni iwọ-oorun, Burkina Faso ni ariwa, Togo ni ila-oorun, ati Gulf of Guinea ati Okun Atlantiki ni guusu. Ilu [[Ghánà]] tumọ si "Ọba Ajagun" ni ede Soninke.<ref name="warriorking">Jackson, John G. (2001) ''Introduction to African Civilizations'', Citadel Press, p. 201, {{ISBN|0-8065-2189-9}}.</ref>
'''Gánà''' {{IPA-all|gá.nà}}, jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní [[ìhà ìwọ̀-oòrùn]] ilẹ̀ [[Afríkà|Afíríkà]]. Ní ìfọwọ́sí <nowiki>''</nowiki>Republic of [[Ghánà|Ghana]]", jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan pẹ̀lú Gulf of Guinea àti Òkun Àtìláńtíìkì, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọ̀-oòrun Afíríkà. Gbígbà ibi-ilẹ̀ kan ti 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), [[Ghánà|Gánà]] ń ko Ivory Coast ní ìwọ̀-oòrun, Burkina Faso ní àríwá, Tógò ní ìlà-oòrun, àti Gulf of Guinea àti Òkun Àtìláńtíìkì ní gúúsù. Ìlú [[Ghánà|Gánà]] túmọ̀ sí "Ọba Ajagun" ní èdè Soninke.<ref name="warriorking">Jackson, John G. (2001) ''Introduction to African Civilizations'', Citadel Press, p. 201, {{ISBN|0-8065-2189-9}}.</ref>


Ipinle akọkọ ti o wa titi ni agbegbe ti [[Ghánà]] loni lati ọjọ kẹsan ọdun 11, [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Bọ̀rnó|Ipinle Bono]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meyerowitz|first=Eva L. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3lyAAAAMAAJ|title=The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana|date=1975|publisher=Red Candle Press|language=en}}</ref> Ọpọlọpọ awọn ijọba ati awọn ijọba ti o farahan ni awọn ọrundun, eyiti eyiti o ni agbara julọ ni ijọba Dagbon <ref>{{cite book|last1=Danver|first1=Steven L|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|date=10 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|pages=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=Kingdom+of+Dagbon#q=Kingdom%20of%20Dagbon}}</ref> ati ijọba Ashanti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asante Kingdom|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom|publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]]|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214333/http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Bibẹrẹ ni ọdun karundinlogun, ijọba Ilu Pọtugalii, atẹle pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn agbara Yuroopu miiran, dije agbegbe fun awọn ẹtọ iṣowo, titi ti Ijọba Gẹẹsi fi idi mulẹ iṣakoso ti etikun ni opin ọdun 19th. Ni atẹle lori ọgọrun ọdun ti atako abinibi, ohun ti o jẹ awọn aala [[Ghánà]] ni bayi tẹle awọn ila ti eyiti o jẹ awọn agbegbe ileto ijọba Gẹẹsi mẹrin ọtọtọ: Gold Coast, [[Agbègbè Ashanti|Ashanti]], Awọn Agbegbe Ariwa ati Gẹẹsi Togoland. Awọn wọnyi ni iṣọkan gẹgẹ bi ijọba olominira laarin Ijọba apapọ Gẹẹsi ni Oṣu Kẹta Ọjọ 6, ọdun 1957.<ref name="Universal Newsreel">{{cite video|year=1957|title=Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957)|url=https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation|publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]]|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation|archive-date=28 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml|title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml|archive-date=1 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolinization">{{cite web|url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg|title=Exploring Africa – Decolonization|publisher=exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu|accessdate=October 8, 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg|archivedate=2 June 2013}}</ref>
Ìpínlẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wà títí ní agbègbè [[Ghánà|Gánà]] lónìí láti ọjọ́ kẹsàn-án ọdún 11 jẹ́, [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Bọ̀rnó|Ìpínlẹ̀ Bọ́nò]] ti ọ̀dúnrún náà.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meyerowitz|first=Eva L. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3lyAAAAMAAJ|title=The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana|date=1975|publisher=Red Candle Press|language=en}}</ref> Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìjọba àti àwọn ìjọba tó fara hàn ní àwọn ọ̀rúndún, èyí tó lágbára jù lọ ni ìjọba Dagbon <ref>{{cite book|last1=Danver|first1=Steven L|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|date=10 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|pages=25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=Kingdom+of+Dagbon#q=Kingdom%20of%20Dagbon}}</ref> ati ìjọba Àṣáńtì.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asante Kingdom|url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom|publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]]|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214333/http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Láti ọdún karùn-úndínlógún, ìjọba Ìlú Potogí, pẹ̀lú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè alágbára Yúróòpù mìíràn lẹ́yìn, díje agbègbè nítorí ìṣòwò, títí tí Ìjọba Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fi ìdí múlẹ̀ ìṣàkóso etíkun ní òpin ọdún 19k. Lẹ́yìn ọgọ́rùn-ún ọdún atakò ti àwọn ọmọ abínibí, ohun tí ó jẹ́ ààlà [[Ghánà|Gánà]] ní báyìí tẹ̀ lé ààlà tí èyí tí ó jẹ́ agbègbè ìjọba amúnisìn Gẹ̀ẹ́sì mẹ́rin ọ̀tọ̀tọ̀: Gold Coast, [[Agbègbè Ashanti|Àṣáńtì]], Àwọn Agbègbè Àríwá àti Ilẹ̀ Tógò Gẹ̀ẹ́sì. Àwọn wọ̀nyí ni ìṣọ̀kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìjọba olómìnira láàárín Ìjọba àpapọ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ní oṣù kẹta, ọjọ́ kẹfà, ọdún 1957.<ref name="Universal Newsreel">{{cite video|year=1957|title=Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957)|url=https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation|publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]]|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation|archive-date=28 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml|title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=BBC|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml|archive-date=1 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolinization">{{cite web|url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg|title=Exploring Africa – Decolonization|publisher=exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu|accessdate=October 8, 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg|archivedate=2 June 2013}}</ref>


Olugbe [[Ghánà]] ti o to miliọnu 30<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/|title=Ghana Population (2019) – Worldometers|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917202612/http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹya, ede ati ẹsin awọn ẹgbẹ. Gẹgẹbi ikaniyan ti 2010, 71.2% ti olugbe jẹ Kristiẹni, 17.6% jẹ Musulumi, ati 5,2% nṣe awọn igbagbọ aṣa. <ref name="Census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf|title=2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report|publisher=Ghana Statistical Service|page=63|year=2013|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212518/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oniruuru ilẹ-aye ati imọ-jinlẹ ti awọn sakani lati awọn savannah ti etikun si awọn igbo ojo ti ilẹ olooru.
Olùgbé [[Ghánà|Gánà]] tó tó mílíọ̀nù 30<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/|title=Ghana Population (2019) – Worldometers|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917202612/http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/|archive-date=17 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ẹ̀yà, èdè àti ẹ̀sìn àwọn ẹgbẹ́. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìkànìyàn ti 2010, 71.2% orílẹ̀-èdè jẹ́ onígbàgbọ́, 17.6% jẹ́ Mùsùlùmí, àti 5.2% jẹ́ onísìn ìbílẹ̀ tàbí kò sí ẹ̀sìn. <ref name="Census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf|title=2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report|publisher=Ghana Statistical Service|page=63|year=2013|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212518/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Onírúurú ilẹ̀ àti ìmọ̀-jìnlẹ̀ ti àwọn sàkánì láti ọ̀dàn etíkun sí igbó kìjikìji olóoru.


Orile-ede [[Ghánà]] jẹ ijọba tiwantiwa t’orilẹ-ede kan ti o jẹ oludari nipasẹ adari kan ti o jẹ ori ti orilẹ-ede ati olori ijọba..<ref name="Ghana: CIA World FactBook">{{cite web|last1=CIA World FactBook|title=Ghana|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html|website=CIA World FactBook|publisher=CIA World FactBook|accessdate=October 8. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115130423/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html|archive-date=15 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Idagbasoke eto-ọrọ ti ndagba ti [[Ghánà]] ati eto oṣelu tiwantiwa ti jẹ ki o jẹ agbara agbegbe ni Iwọ-oorun Afirika.<ref name="South America and West Africa" /> O jẹ ọmọ ẹgbẹ ti Non-Aligned Movement, [[Ìṣọ̀kan Áfríkà|African Union]], [[Àgbàjọ Tòkòwò àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọòrùn Áfríkà|Economic Economic of West African States (ECOWAS)]], Ẹgbẹ 24 (G24) ati Agbaye ti Awọn Orilẹ-ede.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|title=Ghana-US relations|date=13 February 2013|accessdate=October 8, 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405184830/http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm|archivedate=5 April 2013}}</ref>
Orílẹ̀-èdè [[Ghánà|Gánà]] jẹ́ ìjọba tiwantiwa t’orílẹ̀-ede kan tó jẹ́ olùdarí nípasẹ̀ adarí kan tó jẹ́ orí orílẹ̀-èdè àti olórí ìjọba.<ref name="Ghana: CIA World FactBook">{{cite web|last1=CIA World FactBook|title=Ghana|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html|website=CIA World FactBook|publisher=CIA World FactBook|accessdate=October 8. 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115130423/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html|archive-date=15 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Ìdàgbàsókè ètò-ọrọ̀ ti ń mú [[Ghánà|Gánà]] dàgbà, ètò òṣèlú tiwantiwa sì ti jẹ́ kí Gánà jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè alágbára ní agbègbè òun ní Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Afíríkà.<ref name="South America and West Africa" /> Ó jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ ti Non-Aligned Movement, [[Ìṣọ̀kan Áfríkà|Ìṣọ̀kan Afíríkà (AU)]], [[Àgbàjọ Tòkòwò àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọòrùn Áfríkà|Àgbàjọ Tòkòwò àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọ-oòrùn Afíríkà (ECOWAS)]], Ẹgbẹ́ 24 (G24) àti Àgbáyé ti Àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|title=Ghana-US relations|date=13 February 2013|accessdate=October 8, 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405184830/http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm|archivedate=5 April 2013}}</ref>


== Itan ==
== Ìtàn ==
[[File:Akan face.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ère alámọ̀ Akan ti ọ̀dúnrún 16k, Metropolitan Museum of Art, [[Ghánà|Gánà]]]]
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A mọ [[Ghánà]] gẹgẹbi ọkan ninu awọn ijọba nla ni Bilad el-Sudan nipasẹ ọrundun kẹsan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Levtzion|authorlink=Nehemia Levtzion|first1=Nehemia|title=Ancient Ghana and Mali|date=1973|publisher=Methuen & Co Ltd|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8419-0431-6|page=3}}</ref>


[[File:Guinea from Milner's Atlas.jpg|thumb|Máàpù ọdún 1850 tó fi ọmọ Akan Ìjọba [[Ashanti|Àṣáńtì]] nínú ìhà Gínì àti ẹkùn àyíká ní ìwọ̀-oòrùn Afíríkà hàn]]
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Orile-ede [[Ghánà]] ni o wa ni Aarin ogoro ati Ọjọ-iwari nipasẹ ọpọlọpọ awọn ijọba Akan ti o bori pupọ julọ ni awọn agbegbe Gusu ati Central. Eyi pẹlu Ottoman Ashanti, Akwamu, Bonoman, Denkyira, ati ijọba Mankessim.<ref>Title: Africa a Voyage of Discovery with Basil Davidson, Language: English Type: Documentary Year: 1984 Length: 114 min.</ref>


[[File:Lidded Vessel (Kuduo) MET DP108293.jpg|thumb|Ọnà onídẹ Àṣáńtì ti ọ̀rúndún 18k tí wọ́n pè ní ''kuduo''. Eruku wúrà àti ègé wúrà ni wọ́n fi pamọ́ nínú ''kuduo'', àti ohun ìní míì náà. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí kóló fún ''kra ('' ipá ìwàláàyè) ẹni tó ní i, ''kuduo'' ṣe kókó nínú ayẹyẹ fún bíbọ̀ onítọ̀hún.]]
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Botilẹjẹpe agbegbe ti [[Ghánà]] ode oni ni Iwọ-oorun Afirika ti ni iriri ọpọlọpọ awọn agbeka olugbe, awọn Akan ti fidi rẹ mulẹ ni ọrundun karun-karun SK.<ref name="col">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php|title=Pre-Colonial Period|publisher=Ghanaweb.com|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123235900/http://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php|archive-date=23 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2013-4%20-%20Pre-European%20Gold%20Mining%20at%20Ashanti,%20Ghana.pdf|title=Pre-European Mining at Ashanti, Ghana|type=PDF|publisher=Pdmhs.com|date=October 1996|accessdate=October 8, 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122214748/http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2013-4%20-%20Pre-European%20Gold%20Mining%20at%20Ashanti,%20Ghana.pdf|archivedate=October 8, 2020}}</ref> Ni ibẹrẹ ọrundun 11th, awọn Akan ti fidi mulẹ mulẹ ni ilu Akan ti wọn pe ni Bonoman, eyiti a daruko Ekun Brong-Ahafo.<ref name="col" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Tvedten, Ige|author2=Hersoug, Bjørn|title=Fishing for Development: Small Scale Fisheries in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itt1hIbsbQsC&pg=PA60|year=1992|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=978-91-7106-327-4|pages=60–|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912143828/https://books.google.com/books?id=Itt1hIbsbQsC&pg=PA60|archive-date=12 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>


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A mọ [[Ghánà|Gánà]] gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀kan nínú àwọn ìjọba ńlá ní Bilad el-Sudan nípasẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kẹsàn-án.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Levtzion|authorlink=Nehemia Levtzion|first1=Nehemia|title=Ancient Ghana and Mali|date=1973|publisher=Methuen & Co Ltd|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8419-0431-6|page=3}}</ref>
Lati ọrundun kẹẹdogun, Akans ti inu ohun ti a gbagbọ pe o ti jẹ agbegbe Bonoman, lati ṣẹda ọpọlọpọ awọn ilu Akan ti [[Ghánà]], ni akọkọ da lori iṣowo wura.<ref>The Techiman-Bono of Ghana: an ethnography of an Akan society Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1975</ref> Awọn ipinlẹ wọnyi pẹlu Bonoman (Ẹkun Brong-Ahafo), Ashanti (Ekun Ashanti), Denkyira (Western North region), ijọba Mankessim (Central Central), ati Akwamu (agbegbe Ila-oorun). Ni ọdun 19th, agbegbe ti iha gusu ti Ghana ni o wa ninu ijọba ti Ashanti, ọkan ninu awọn ipinlẹ ti o ni agbara julọ ni iha isa-sahara Afirika ṣaaju ibẹrẹ ti amunisin.<ref name="col" /> By the 19th century, the territory of the southern part of [[Ghánà]] was included in the [[Ashanti Empire|Kingdom of Ashanti]], one of the most influential states in sub-saharan Africa prior to the onset of colonialism.<ref name="col" />


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Orílẹ̀-èdè [[Ghánà|Gánà]] ni ó wà láàárín ogoro àti Ọjọ-iwari nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìjọba Akan tó borí púpọ̀ jù lọ ní àwọn agbègbè Gúúsù ati Àárín gbùngbùn. Èyí pẹ̀lú Ottoman Àṣáńtì, Akwamu, Bonoman, Denkyira, ati ijọba Mankessim.<ref>Title: Africa a Voyage of Discovery with Basil Davidson, Language: English Type: Documentary Year: 1984 Length: 114 min.</ref>
⚫
Ijọba ti ijọba Ashanti ṣiṣẹ ni iṣaaju bi nẹtiwọọki alaimuṣinṣin, ati nikẹhin bi ijọba ti aarin pẹlu ilọsiwaju, iṣẹ-ṣiṣe amọja ti o ga julọ ti o da ni olu ilu [[Kumasi]].<ref name="col" /> Ṣaaju si ifọwọkan Akan pẹlu awọn ara ilu Yuroopu, awọn eniyan Akan ti ṣẹda eto-ọrọ ti o ni ilọsiwaju ti o da lori pataki awọn ọja wura ati goolu lẹhinna ta pẹlu awọn ilu Afirika.<ref name="col" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html|title=A Short History of Ashanti Gold Weights|publisher=Rubens.anu.edu.au|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902030803/http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html|archive-date=2 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>


⚫
Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé agbègbè ti [[Ghánà|Gánà]] òde òní ni Ìwọ̀-oòrun Afíríkà ti ní ìrírí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn àgbéká olùgbé, àwọn Akan ti fìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ ní ọ̀rúndún karùn-ún.<ref name="col">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php|title=Pre-Colonial Period|publisher=Ghanaweb.com|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123235900/http://ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php|archive-date=23 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2013-4%20-%20Pre-European%20Gold%20Mining%20at%20Ashanti,%20Ghana.pdf|title=Pre-European Mining at Ashanti, Ghana|type=PDF|publisher=Pdmhs.com|date=October 1996|accessdate=October 8, 2020|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122214748/http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2013-4%20-%20Pre-European%20Gold%20Mining%20at%20Ashanti,%20Ghana.pdf|archivedate=October 8, 2020}}</ref> Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún 11k, àwọn Akan ti fìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ nílùú Akan tí wọ́n pè ní Bonoman, èyí tí a dárúkọ Ekun Brong-Ahafo.<ref name="col" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Tvedten, Ige|author2=Hersoug, Bjørn|title=Fishing for Development: Small Scale Fisheries in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itt1hIbsbQsC&pg=PA60|year=1992|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=978-91-7106-327-4|pages=60–|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912143828/https://books.google.com/books?id=Itt1hIbsbQsC&pg=PA60|archive-date=12 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫
Awọn ijọba akọkọ ti o mọ lati farahan ni Ilu Gana ti ode oni ni awọn ilu Mole-Dagbani. Mole-Dagomba wa lori ẹṣin lati Burkina Faso ti ode oni labẹ adari ẹyọkan, Naa Gbewaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.ghananation.com/articles/ghana-history/3017-invasion-of-the-peoples-of-the-north.html|title=Invasion of the Peoples of the North|publisher=GhanaNation|date=15 November 2011|accessdate=October 8, 2020|author=Jessica W|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708222407/http://articles.ghananation.com/articles/ghana-history/3017-invasion-of-the-peoples-of-the-north.html|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Pẹlu awọn ohun ija ti o ti ni ilọsiwaju ati ti o da lori aṣẹ aringbungbun kan, wọn ni rọọrun gbogun ti wọn si tẹdo si awọn ilẹ awọn eniyan agbegbe ti Tendamba (awọn alufaa ọlọrun ilẹ) ṣe akoso wọn, fi idi ara wọn mulẹ gẹgẹ bi awọn alaṣẹ lori awọn agbegbe, ti wọn si ṣe Gambaga ni olu-ilu wọn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.ghananation.com/feed/articles/ghana-articles/3093-dagomba.txt|title=Ghana Articles: Dagomba|publisher=GhanaNation.com|date=19 November 2011|accessdate=October 8, 2020|author=Curtis M.|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019101858/http://articles.ghananation.com/feed/articles/ghana-articles/3093-dagomba.txt|archivedate=19 October 2014}}</ref> Iku ti Naa Gbewaa fa ija ilu laarin awọn ọmọ rẹ, diẹ ninu awọn ti o ya ati ṣeto awọn ipinlẹ ọtọtọ pẹlu Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba ati Wala. {{ekunrere}}

Láti ọ̀rúndún kẹẹ̀dógún, àwọn ọmọ Akan ti inú ohun tí a gbàgbọ́ pé ó ti jẹ́ agbègbè Bonoman, láti ṣẹ̀dá ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìlú Akan ti [[Ghánà|Gánà]], ní àkọ́kọ́ dá lórí òwò wúrà.<ref>The Techiman-Bono of Ghana: an ethnography of an Akan society Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1975</ref> Àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ wọ̀nyí pẹ̀lú Bonoman (Ẹkùn Brong-Ahafo), Àṣáńtì (Ẹkùn Àṣáńtì), Denkyira (Ẹkùn Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Àríwá), ìjọba Mankessim (Ẹkùn Àárín gbùngbùn),àati Akwamu (agbègbè Ìlà-oòrun). Ní ọdún 19k, agbègbè ti ìhà gúúsù ti Gánà ni ó wà nínú ìjọba Àṣáńtì, ọ̀kan nínú àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ tó lágbára jù lọ ní ìhà aṣálẹ̀ Afíríkà ṣáájú ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ètò amúnisìn.<ref name="col" />

⚫
Ìjọba Àṣáńtì ṣiṣẹ́ ní ìṣáájú lọ́nà tí kò súnmọ́ tímọ́tímọ́, àti níkẹ̀yìn bí ìjọba àjùmọ̀ṣe pẹ̀lú ìlọsíwájú, iṣẹ́-ṣíṣe ayọ́gínní tó ga jù lọ tó dá ní olú-ìlú [[Kumasi]].<ref name="col" /> Ṣáájú ìbáṣepọ̀ Akan pẹ̀lú àwọn òyìnbó, àwọn èèyàn Akan ti ṣẹ̀dá ètò-ọrọ̀ tó ní ìlọsíwájú tó dá lé lórí pàtàkì wúrà àwọn ọjà oníwúrà tí wọ́n tà sáwọn ìlú Afíríkà.<ref name="col" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html|title=A Short History of Ashanti Gold Weights|publisher=Rubens.anu.edu.au|accessdate=October 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902030803/http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/surveys/african/ashanti/history.html|archive-date=2 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

⚫
Àwọn ìjọba àkọ́kọ́ tí a mọ̀ láti fara hàn nílùú Gánà ti òde òní ni àwọn ìlú Mole-Dagbani. Mole-Dagomba gẹṣin wá láti Burkina Faso ti òde òní lábẹ́ adarí Naa Gbewaa nìkan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.ghananation.com/articles/ghana-history/3017-invasion-of-the-peoples-of-the-north.html|title=Invasion of the Peoples of the North|publisher=GhanaNation|date=15 November 2011|accessdate=October 8, 2020|author=Jessica W|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708222407/http://articles.ghananation.com/articles/ghana-history/3017-invasion-of-the-peoples-of-the-north.html|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Pẹ̀lú àwọn ohun ìjà tó já fáfá àti tó dá lórí aláṣẹ àárín gbùngbùn kan, wọ́n tètè gbógun tì wọ́n sì tẹ̀ dó sí ilẹ̀ èèyàn agbègbè Tendamba (àwọn àlùfáà ọlọ́run ilẹ̀) wọ́n ṣàkóso wọn, wọ́n sì fi ìdí wọn múlẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí aláṣẹ lórí àwọn abínibí, wọ́n fi Gambaga jọba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.ghananation.com/feed/articles/ghana-articles/3093-dagomba.txt|title=Ghana Articles: Dagomba|publisher=GhanaNation.com|date=19 November 2011|accessdate=October 8, 2020|author=Curtis M.|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019101858/http://articles.ghananation.com/feed/articles/ghana-articles/3093-dagomba.txt|archivedate=19 October 2014}}</ref> Ikú Naa Gbewaa fa ìjà abẹ́lé láàárín àwọn ọmọ rẹ̀, díẹ̀ nínú àwọn tó kúrò láti tẹ̀ dó àwọn ìjọba ọ̀tọ̀tọ̀ pẹ̀lú Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba àti Wala. {{ekunrere}}


== Itokasi ==
== Itokasi ==

Àtúnyẹ̀wò lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ ní 14:30, 31 Oṣù Ọ̀pẹ̀ 2021

Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Gánà
Republic of Ghana

Flag of Gánà
Àsìá
Àmì ọ̀pá àṣẹ ilẹ̀ Gánà
Àmì ọ̀pá àṣẹ
Motto: "Freedom and Justice"
Location of Gánà
Olùìlú
àti ìlú tótóbijùlọ
Accra
5°33′N 0°12′W / 5.550°N 0.200°W / 5.550; -0.200
Àwọn èdè ìṣẹ́ọbaEnglish[2][3]
Lílò national languagesBritish English (official Language)
Àwọn ẹ̀yà ènìyàn
(2010[4][5])
Orúkọ aráàlúGhanaian
Ìjọba
• President
Nana Akufo-Addo
Mahamudu Bawumia
AṣòfinParliament
Independence from the United Kingdom
• Dominion
6 March 1957
• Republic
1 July 1960
28 April 1992
Ìtóbi
• Total
239,567 km2 (92,497 sq mi) (80th)
• Omi (%)
4.61 (11,000 km; 4,247 mi2)
Alábùgbé
• 2016 estimate
28,308,301[6] (45th)
• 2010 census
24,200,000[7]
• Ìdìmọ́ra
101.5/km2 (262.9/sq mi) (103rd)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
$211.127 billion[8]
• Per capita
$6,998[8]
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
$68 billion[8]
• Per capita
$2,262[8]
Gini (2012)42.4[9]
medium
HDI (2017)▲ 0.592[10]
medium · 140th
OwónínáGhanaian cedi (GHS)
Ibi àkókòUTC+0 (GMT)
Ojúọ̀nà ọkọ́right
Àmì tẹlifóònù+233
ISO 3166 codeGH
Internet TLD.gh

Gánà IPA: [gá.nà], jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè ní ìhà ìwọ̀-oòrùn ilẹ̀ Afíríkà. Ní ìfọwọ́sí ''Republic of Ghana", jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè kan pẹ̀lú Gulf of Guinea àti Òkun Àtìláńtíìkì, ní orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọ̀-oòrun Afíríkà. Gbígbà ibi-ilẹ̀ kan ti 238,535 km2 (92,099 sq mi), Gánà ń ko Ivory Coast ní ìwọ̀-oòrun, Burkina Faso ní àríwá, Tógò ní ìlà-oòrun, àti Gulf of Guinea àti Òkun Àtìláńtíìkì ní gúúsù. Ìlú Gánà túmọ̀ sí "Ọba Ajagun" ní èdè Soninke.[11]

Ìpínlẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wà títí ní agbègbè Gánà lónìí láti ọjọ́ kẹsàn-án ọdún 11 jẹ́, Ìpínlẹ̀ Bọ́nò ti ọ̀dúnrún náà.[12] Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìjọba àti àwọn ìjọba tó fara hàn ní àwọn ọ̀rúndún, èyí tó lágbára jù lọ ni ìjọba Dagbon [13] ati ìjọba Àṣáńtì.[14] Láti ọdún karùn-úndínlógún, ìjọba Ìlú Potogí, pẹ̀lú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè alágbára Yúróòpù mìíràn lẹ́yìn, díje agbègbè nítorí ìṣòwò, títí tí Ìjọba Gẹ̀ẹ́sì fi ìdí múlẹ̀ ìṣàkóso etíkun ní òpin ọdún 19k. Lẹ́yìn ọgọ́rùn-ún ọdún atakò ti àwọn ọmọ abínibí, ohun tí ó jẹ́ ààlà Gánà ní báyìí tẹ̀ lé ààlà tí èyí tí ó jẹ́ agbègbè ìjọba amúnisìn Gẹ̀ẹ́sì mẹ́rin ọ̀tọ̀tọ̀: Gold Coast, Àṣáńtì, Àwọn Agbègbè Àríwá àti Ilẹ̀ Tógò Gẹ̀ẹ́sì. Àwọn wọ̀nyí ni ìṣọ̀kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìjọba olómìnira láàárín Ìjọba àpapọ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì ní oṣù kẹta, ọjọ́ kẹfà, ọdún 1957.[15][16][17]

Olùgbé Gánà tó tó mílíọ̀nù 30[18] ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ẹ̀yà, èdè àti ẹ̀sìn àwọn ẹgbẹ́. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìkànìyàn ti 2010, 71.2% orílẹ̀-èdè jẹ́ onígbàgbọ́, 17.6% jẹ́ Mùsùlùmí, àti 5.2% jẹ́ onísìn ìbílẹ̀ tàbí kò sí ẹ̀sìn. [19] Onírúurú ilẹ̀ àti ìmọ̀-jìnlẹ̀ ti àwọn sàkánì láti ọ̀dàn etíkun sí igbó kìjikìji olóoru.

Orílẹ̀-èdè Gánà jẹ́ ìjọba tiwantiwa t’orílẹ̀-ede kan tó jẹ́ olùdarí nípasẹ̀ adarí kan tó jẹ́ orí orílẹ̀-èdè àti olórí ìjọba.[20] Ìdàgbàsókè ètò-ọrọ̀ ti ń mú Gánà dàgbà, ètò òṣèlú tiwantiwa sì ti jẹ́ kí Gánà jẹ́ orílẹ̀-èdè alágbára ní agbègbè òun ní Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Afíríkà.[21] Ó jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ ti Non-Aligned Movement, Ìṣọ̀kan Afíríkà (AU), Àgbàjọ Tòkòwò àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọ-oòrùn Afíríkà (ECOWAS), Ẹgbẹ́ 24 (G24) àti Àgbáyé ti Àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè.[22]

Ìtàn

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
Ère alámọ̀ Akan ti ọ̀dúnrún 16k, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gánà
Máàpù ọdún 1850 tó fi ọmọ Akan Ìjọba Àṣáńtì nínú ìhà Gínì àti ẹkùn àyíká ní ìwọ̀-oòrùn Afíríkà hàn
Ọnà onídẹ Àṣáńtì ti ọ̀rúndún 18k tí wọ́n pè ní kuduo. Eruku wúrà àti ègé wúrà ni wọ́n fi pamọ́ nínú kuduo, àti ohun ìní míì náà. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí kóló fún kra ( ipá ìwàláàyè) ẹni tó ní i, kuduo ṣe kókó nínú ayẹyẹ fún bíbọ̀ onítọ̀hún.

A mọ Gánà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀kan nínú àwọn ìjọba ńlá ní Bilad el-Sudan nípasẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kẹsàn-án.[23]

Orílẹ̀-èdè Gánà ni ó wà láàárín ogoro àti Ọjọ-iwari nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìjọba Akan tó borí púpọ̀ jù lọ ní àwọn agbègbè Gúúsù ati Àárín gbùngbùn. Èyí pẹ̀lú Ottoman Àṣáńtì, Akwamu, Bonoman, Denkyira, ati ijọba Mankessim.[24]

Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé agbègbè ti Gánà òde òní ni Ìwọ̀-oòrun Afíríkà ti ní ìrírí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn àgbéká olùgbé, àwọn Akan ti fìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ ní ọ̀rúndún karùn-ún.[25][26] Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún 11k, àwọn Akan ti fìdí rẹ̀ múlẹ̀ nílùú Akan tí wọ́n pè ní Bonoman, èyí tí a dárúkọ Ekun Brong-Ahafo.[25][27]

Láti ọ̀rúndún kẹẹ̀dógún, àwọn ọmọ Akan ti inú ohun tí a gbàgbọ́ pé ó ti jẹ́ agbègbè Bonoman, láti ṣẹ̀dá ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ìlú Akan ti Gánà, ní àkọ́kọ́ dá lórí òwò wúrà.[28] Àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ wọ̀nyí pẹ̀lú Bonoman (Ẹkùn Brong-Ahafo), Àṣáńtì (Ẹkùn Àṣáńtì), Denkyira (Ẹkùn Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Àríwá), ìjọba Mankessim (Ẹkùn Àárín gbùngbùn),àati Akwamu (agbègbè Ìlà-oòrun). Ní ọdún 19k, agbègbè ti ìhà gúúsù ti Gánà ni ó wà nínú ìjọba Àṣáńtì, ọ̀kan nínú àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ tó lágbára jù lọ ní ìhà aṣálẹ̀ Afíríkà ṣáájú ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ètò amúnisìn.[25]

Ìjọba Àṣáńtì ṣiṣẹ́ ní ìṣáájú lọ́nà tí kò súnmọ́ tímọ́tímọ́, àti níkẹ̀yìn bí ìjọba àjùmọ̀ṣe pẹ̀lú ìlọsíwájú, iṣẹ́-ṣíṣe ayọ́gínní tó ga jù lọ tó dá ní olú-ìlú Kumasi.[25] Ṣáájú ìbáṣepọ̀ Akan pẹ̀lú àwọn òyìnbó, àwọn èèyàn Akan ti ṣẹ̀dá ètò-ọrọ̀ tó ní ìlọsíwájú tó dá lé lórí pàtàkì wúrà àwọn ọjà oníwúrà tí wọ́n tà sáwọn ìlú Afíríkà.[25][29]

Àwọn ìjọba àkọ́kọ́ tí a mọ̀ láti fara hàn nílùú Gánà ti òde òní ni àwọn ìlú Mole-Dagbani. Mole-Dagomba gẹṣin wá láti Burkina Faso ti òde òní lábẹ́ adarí Naa Gbewaa nìkan.[30] Pẹ̀lú àwọn ohun ìjà tó já fáfá àti tó dá lórí aláṣẹ àárín gbùngbùn kan, wọ́n tètè gbógun tì wọ́n sì tẹ̀ dó sí ilẹ̀ èèyàn agbègbè Tendamba (àwọn àlùfáà ọlọ́run ilẹ̀) wọ́n ṣàkóso wọn, wọ́n sì fi ìdí wọn múlẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí aláṣẹ lórí àwọn abínibí, wọ́n fi Gambaga jọba.[31] Ikú Naa Gbewaa fa ìjà abẹ́lé láàárín àwọn ọmọ rẹ̀, díẹ̀ nínú àwọn tó kúrò láti tẹ̀ dó àwọn ìjọba ọ̀tọ̀tọ̀ pẹ̀lú Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba àti Wala.

Àyọkà yìí tàbí apá rẹ̀ únfẹ́ àtúnṣe sí.

Ẹ le fẹ̀ jù báyìí lọ tàbí kí ẹ ṣàtúnṣe rẹ̀ lọ́nà tí yíò mu kúnrẹ́rẹ́. Ẹ ran Wikipedia lọ́wọ́ láti fẹ̀ẹ́ jù báyìí lọ.


Itokasi

[àtúnṣe | àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀]
  1. ↑ "Emefa.myserver.org". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2010. 
  2. ↑ "Language and Religion". Ghana Embassy. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are, Ga, Dagomba, Akan and Ewe. 
  3. ↑ "Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Government of Ghana. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. 
  4. ↑ "Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Government of Ghana. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2013. 
  5. ↑ "People > Ethnic groups: Countries Compared". NationMaster. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. 
  6. ↑ "2010 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2016". Ghana Statistical Service. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018. 
  7. ↑ Antoinette I. Mintah (2010). 2010 Provisional Census Results Out. 4 February 2011. Population Division, Ghana Government. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110615141322/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4712%3A2010-provisional-census-results-out&catid=88%3Adaily-news-summary&Itemid=236. Retrieved 7 February 2011. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 25 May 2019. 
  9. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019. 
  10. ↑ "2018 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2018. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018. 
  11. ↑ Jackson, John G. (2001) Introduction to African Civilizations, Citadel Press, p. 201, ISBN 0-8065-2189-9.
  12. ↑ Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975) (in en). The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana. Red Candle Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=F3lyAAAAMAAJ. 
  13. ↑ Danver, Steven L (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 25. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=Kingdom+of+Dagbon#q=Kingdom%20of%20Dagbon. 
  14. ↑ "Asante Kingdom". Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Àdàkọ:Cite video
  16. ↑ "First For Sub-Saharan Africa". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ "Exploring Africa – Decolonization". exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ "Ghana Population (2019) – Worldometers". www.worldometers.info (in Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì). Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ "2010 Population & Housing Census: National Analytical Report" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Service. 2013. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ CIA World FactBook. "Ghana". CIA World FactBook. CIA World FactBook. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved October 8. 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  21. ↑ Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named South America and West Africa
  22. ↑ "Ghana-US relations". United States Department of State. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  23. ↑ Levtzion, Nehemia (1973). Ancient Ghana and Mali. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8419-0431-6. 
  24. ↑ Title: Africa a Voyage of Discovery with Basil Davidson, Language: English Type: Documentary Year: 1984 Length: 114 min.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 "Pre-Colonial Period". Ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ "Pre-European Mining at Ashanti, Ghana" (PDF) (PDF). Pdmhs.com. October 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Tvedten, Ige; Hersoug, Bjørn (1992). Fishing for Development: Small Scale Fisheries in Africa. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-91-7106-327-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Itt1hIbsbQsC&pg=PA60. Retrieved October 8, 2020. 
  28. ↑ The Techiman-Bono of Ghana: an ethnography of an Akan society Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1975
  29. ↑ "A Short History of Ashanti Gold Weights". Rubens.anu.edu.au. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Jessica W (15 November 2011). "Invasion of the Peoples of the North". GhanaNation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Curtis M. (19 November 2011). "Ghana Articles: Dagomba". GhanaNation.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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