紅軍入侵喬治亞:修订间差异
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|T=zh-cn:红军入侵格鲁吉亚; zh-hk:紅軍入侵格魯吉亞; zh-tw:紅軍入侵喬治亞; zh-sg:红军入侵格鲁吉亚; |
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|1=zh-cn:格鲁吉亚; zh-hk:格魯吉亞; zh-tw:喬治亞; zh-sg:格鲁吉亚; |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
}}{{Rough translation}}{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = |
| conflict = 紅軍入侵喬治亞 |
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| partof = [[ |
| partof = [[俄国內戰]]及[[土耳其獨立戰爭]] |
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| image = Red Army in Tbilisi Feb 25 1921.jpg |
| image = Red Army in Tbilisi Feb 25 1921.jpg |
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| caption = 2月25日,在[[第比利斯]]集结的红军 |
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| caption = The Red Army in Tbilisi, Feb 25 1921 |
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| date = 1921年2月-3月 |
| date = 1921年2月-3月 |
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| place = [[外高加索]] |
| place = [[外高加索]] |
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| result = 蘇 |
| result = 蘇維埃和土耳其軍隊獲勝,建立[[喬治亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國]]<br/>[[喬治亞民主共和國]]政府流亡至[[法國]]、[[英國]]以及[[奥尔日河畔勒维尔]] 。 |
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| combatant1 = {{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}<br>{{ |
| combatant1 = {{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922).svg}} [[亞美尼亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國]]<br>{{flag|Azerbaijan SSR|1920}} |
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| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} [[喬治亞民主共和國]] |
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} [[喬治亞民主共和國]] |
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| combatant3 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} |
| combatant3 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[大国民议会政府|土耳其臨時政府]] |
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| commander1 = {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} |
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} [[阿纳托利·伊里奇·格克尔]]<br>{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} {{link-en|米哈伊尔·德米特里耶维奇·韦利哈诺夫|Mikhail Velikanov}}<br>{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}}[[约瑟夫·维萨里奥诺维奇·斯大林]]<br>{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}}[[格里戈里·康斯坦丁诺维奇·奥尔忠尼启则]]<br>{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} {{link-en|菲利普·延塞耶维奇·马哈拉泽|Filipp Makharadze}} |
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| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}}{{ |
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} {{link-en|帕尔缅·齐齐纳泽|Parmen Chichinadze}}<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} {{link-en|格奥尔基·克维尼塔泽|Giorgi Kvinitadze}}<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} {{link-en|格奥尔基·马兹尼亚什维利|Giorgi Mazniashvili}}<br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg}} {{link-en|瓦利科·朱格利|Valiko Jugheli}} |
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| commander3 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} {{ |
| commander3 = {{flagicon|Turkey}} {{link-en|卡齐姆·卡拉贝基尔|Kazım Karabekir}} |
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| strength1 = [[ |
| strength1 = [[蘇聯紅軍|紅軍]] |
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*第11軍 |
*第11軍 |
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*第九軍 |
*第九軍 |
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*第98獨立步兵旅 |
*第98獨立步兵旅 |
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*蘇 |
*蘇維埃亞美尼亞裝甲旅 |
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*紅色巴庫旅 |
*紅色巴庫旅 |
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*南奧塞梯和阿布哈茲叛軍 |
*南奧塞梯和阿布哈茲叛軍 |
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約40,000步兵<br>4300騎兵<br>900奧塞梯正規軍<br>阿布哈茲人數目不詳<br>196門火砲<br>1065架機關槍<br>50架戰鬥機<br>7部甲火車<br>4輛坦克和十多輛裝甲車<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Soviet_Georgian_War21_E1.html|title=iveria|publisher=|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> |
約40,000步兵<br>4300騎兵<br>900奧塞梯正規軍<br>阿布哈茲人數目不詳<br>196門火砲<br>1065架機關槍<br>50架戰鬥機<br>7部甲火車<br>4輛坦克和十多輛裝甲車<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Soviet_Georgian_War21_E1.html|title=iveria|publisher=|accessdate=1 November 2014|archive-date=2010-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330045259/http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Soviet_Georgian_War21_E1.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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| strength2 = [[喬治亞陸軍]] |
| strength2 = [[喬治亞陸軍]] |
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*第1步兵師 |
*第1步兵師 |
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*蘇呼米第1邊境團 |
*蘇呼米第1邊境團 |
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*第2邊境團 |
*第2邊境團 |
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11,000名步兵<br>400裝甲步兵<br>數百名{{le|People's Guard of Georgia}}<br>46門火砲<br>數百架機關槍<br>56架戰鬥機,包含25架{{le|Ansaldo SVA|Ansaldo SVA|Ansaldo SVA-10s}}和一架 |
11,000名步兵<br>400裝甲步兵<br>數百名{{le|People's Guard of Georgia}}<br>46門火砲<br>數百架機關槍<br>56架戰鬥機,包含25架{{le|Ansaldo SVA|Ansaldo SVA|Ansaldo SVA-10s}}和一架[[索普威思·骆驼式战斗机]] |
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<br>4裝甲列車<br>數輛坦克和裝甲車<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Soviet_Georgian_War21_E1.html#_ftnref5|title=iveria|publisher=|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> |
<br>4裝甲列車<br>數輛坦克和裝甲車<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Soviet_Georgian_War21_E1.html#_ftnref5|title=iveria|publisher=|accessdate=1 November 2014|archive-date=2010-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330045259/http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Georgia/Soviet_Georgian_War21_E1.html#_ftnref5|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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| strength3 = [[土耳其陸軍]]:第四軍團<br>(20,000人) |
| strength3 = [[土耳其陸軍]]:第四軍團<br>(20,000人) |
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| casualties1 = 5,500名紅軍士兵陣亡,2,500人被俘,受傷人數不明。<ref name=IA>根據前蘇聯統計學家及[[異議人士]] I.A. Kurganov 教授的說法,1921年2月這次入侵喬治亞的行動更造成約 20,000 人死亡。{{cite web |url=http://www.gulag.ipvnews.org/contacts.php |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2006-11-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105202445/http://www.gulag.ipvnews.org/contacts.php |archivedate=2006-11-05 }}</ref> |
| casualties1 = 5,500名紅軍士兵陣亡,2,500人被俘,受傷人數不明。<ref name=IA>根據前蘇聯統計學家及[[異議人士]] I.A. Kurganov 教授的說法,1921年2月這次入侵喬治亞的行動更造成約 20,000 人死亡。{{cite web |url=http://www.gulag.ipvnews.org/contacts.php |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2006-11-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105202445/http://www.gulag.ipvnews.org/contacts.php |archivedate=2006-11-05 }}</ref> |
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| casualties2 = 3,200名士兵陣亡或被俘,受傷人數不明。<br>3,800 - 5,000名平民死亡<ref name=IA/> |
| casualties2 = 3,200名士兵陣亡或被俘,受傷人數不明。<br>3,800 - 5,000名平民死亡<ref name=IA/> |
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| casualties3 = 30人陣亡,26受傷,46人失蹤。<ref>Ayfer Özçelik: ''Ali Fuat Cebesoy: 1882-10 Ocak 1968'', publisher Akçağ, 1993, [http://books.google.de/books?ei=eMTMUJfDIoPatAa7wYHADw&sqi=2&hl=de&id=ylRpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ali+Fuat+Cebesoy%3A+1882-10+Ocak+1968&q=%22Bu+arada+Batum%27da+T%C3%BCrk+Ordusu+4+subay%2C+22+er+%C5%9Fehit%2C+26+yaral%C4%B1+ve+46+kay%C4%B1p+vermi%C5%9Ftir.%22 page 206]. {{tr icon}}</ref> |
| casualties3 = 30人陣亡,26受傷,46人失蹤。<ref>Ayfer Özçelik: ''Ali Fuat Cebesoy: 1882-10 Ocak 1968'', publisher Akçağ, 1993, [http://books.google.de/books?ei=eMTMUJfDIoPatAa7wYHADw&sqi=2&hl=de&id=ylRpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ali+Fuat+Cebesoy%3A+1882-10+Ocak+1968&q=%22Bu+arada+Batum%27da+T%C3%BCrk+Ordusu+4+subay%2C+22+er+%C5%9Fehit%2C+26+yaral%C4%B1+ve+46+kay%C4%B1p+vermi%C5%9Ftir.%22 page 206] {{Wayback|url=http://books.google.de/books?ei=eMTMUJfDIoPatAa7wYHADw&sqi=2&hl=de&id=ylRpAAAAMAAJ&dq=Ali+Fuat+Cebesoy%3A+1882-10+Ocak+1968&q=%22Bu+arada+Batum%27da+T%C3%BCrk+Ordusu+4+subay%2C+22+er+%C5%9Fehit%2C+26+yaral%C4%B1+ve+46+kay%C4%B1p+vermi%C5%9Ftir.%22 |date=20160417190657 }}. {{tr icon}}</ref> |
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| campaignbox = |
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox 俄國內戰}} {{Campaignbox 俄國內戰南線}} |
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}} |
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{{格鲁吉亚历史}} |
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''' |
'''紅軍入侵喬治亞'''又稱為'''蘇維埃-喬治亞戰爭'''、'''蘇維埃入侵喬治亞'''等,是由[[俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國]]轄下的[[蘇聯紅軍|紅軍]]於1921年2月15日至3月17日發動的軍事行動<ref name="Hrono">{{cite web | title=Советско-грузинская война 1921 г. (Soviet-Georgian war of 1921) | work=Хронос ("Hronos") | url=http://www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1921gruz.html | accessdate=2006-11-02 | language=ru | archive-date=2014-04-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412233440/http://www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1921gruz.html | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="Debo">Debo, R. (1992). ''Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921'', pp. 182, 361-364. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0-7735-0828-7</ref>。在很早之前[[俄羅斯帝國]]便擴張領土至喬治亞地區,然而因為[[第一次世界大戰]]爆發而使得這些地區陷入動盪<ref name="Kort">Kort, M (2001), ''The Soviet Colossus'', p.154. M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 0-7656-0396-9</ref><ref>"Russia". (2006). In [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Retrieved 27 October 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: {{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38559 |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2006-11-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107035533/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38559 |archivedate=2006-01-07 }}</ref>。隨後許多來自俄羅斯的[[喬治亞]]人士嘗試奪取政權,並且主張並不需要外國勢力干涉<ref>{{Citation| first = Ronald Grigor| last = Suny| title = The Making of the Georgian Nation| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false| year = 1994| edition = 2nd| publisher = Indiana University Press| publication-place = Bloomington and Indianapolis| id = ISBN 0-253-20915-3| author-link = Ronald Grigor Suny| page = 207| accessdate = 2015-02-04| archive-date = 2016-06-03| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160603121847/https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false| dead-url = no}}</ref><ref>Sicker, M. (2001), ''The Middle East in the Twentieth Century'', p. 124. Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-96893-6</ref>。但對此使得後來成立的俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國決定發起攻勢,計畫推翻隸屬[[孟什維克]]派的[[喬治亞社會民主黨]]政府統治的[[喬治亞民主共和國]],並另外成立[[布爾什維克]]政權統治全國。 |
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== 參考資料 == |
== 參考資料 == |
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* Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951), [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104211111/http://www.azeris.com/history/adr/kazemzadeh/index.htm ''The Struggle for the Transcaucasus. (1917–1921)'']. [[New York]]: The Philosophical Library of New York. |
* Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951), [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104211111/http://www.azeris.com/history/adr/kazemzadeh/index.htm ''The Struggle for the Transcaucasus. (1917–1921)'']. [[New York]]: The Philosophical Library of New York. |
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* {{cite journal | author= WED Allen | authorlink=WED Allen | title=New Political Boundaries in the Caucasus | journal=Geographical Journal |date=May 1927 | volume=69, No. 5 | pages=430–441 | issue=5 | jstor=1782090}} |
* {{cite journal | author= WED Allen | authorlink=WED Allen | title=New Political Boundaries in the Caucasus | journal=Geographical Journal |date=May 1927 | volume=69, No. 5 | pages=430–441 | issue=5 | jstor=1782090}} |
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* {{cite journal | author=Anita L. Burdett, ed. | authorlink= | title=Caucasian Boundaries. Documents and Maps. 1802–1946 | journal=Central Asian Survey | date=1 June 2001 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=229–249 | url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&eissn=1465-3354&volume=20&issue=2&spage=229 | doi=10.1080/02634930120073523 |
* {{cite journal | author=Anita L. Burdett, ed. | authorlink= | title=Caucasian Boundaries. Documents and Maps. 1802–1946 | journal=Central Asian Survey | date=1 June 2001 | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=229–249 | url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&eissn=1465-3354&volume=20&issue=2&spage=229 | doi=10.1080/02634930120073523 | access-date=2015-02-04 | archive-date=2013-01-03 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103193557/http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&eissn=1465-3354&volume=20&issue=2&spage=229 | dead-url=yes }} |
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* Kautsky, Karl: ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1921/georgia/ch08.htm Georgia: A Social-Democratic Peasant Republic - Impressions And Observations]''. International Bookshops Ltd., London [etc.] 1921. |
* Kautsky, Karl: ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1921/georgia/ch08.htm Georgia: A Social-Democratic Peasant Republic - Impressions And Observations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1921/georgia/ch08.htm |date=20181119071530 }}''. International Bookshops Ltd., London [etc.] 1921. |
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* Trotsky, Leon: [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1922/red-white/index.htm Between Red and White: A Study of Some Fundamental Questions of Revolution, with Particular Reference to Georgia]. Hyperion Press, Westport, Conn. 1975, ISBN 0-88355-189-6 |
* Trotsky, Leon: [http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1922/red-white/index.htm Between Red and White: A Study of Some Fundamental Questions of Revolution, with Particular Reference to Georgia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1922/red-white/index.htm |date=20210323210125 }}. Hyperion Press, Westport, Conn. 1975, ISBN 0-88355-189-6 |
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* ''Communist Takeover and Occupation of Georgia''. "Special Report No. 6 of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression", [[United States House of Representatives]], 83rd Congress, 2nd session. 31 December 1954. [[Washington DC]]: [[U.S. Government Printing Office]]. 1955. |
* ''Communist Takeover and Occupation of Georgia''. "Special Report No. 6 of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression", [[United States House of Representatives]], 83rd Congress, 2nd session. 31 December 1954. [[Washington DC]]: [[U.S. Government Printing Office]]. 1955. |
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* Blank, Stephen (1993). The Soviet Conquest of Georgia. ''Central Asian Survey'', 33-46:12. |
* Blank, Stephen (1993). The Soviet Conquest of Georgia. ''Central Asian Survey'', 33-46:12. |
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*{{fr icon}} {{lang|fr|Andrew Andersen et George Partskhaladze (1/2009), [http://rha.revues.org/index6463.html#abstract La guerre soviéto-géorgienne et la soviétisation de la Géorgie (février-mars 1921)]. ''Revue historique des Armées'', 254: 67-75}} |
*{{fr icon}} {{lang|fr|Andrew Andersen et George Partskhaladze (1/2009), [http://rha.revues.org/index6463.html#abstract La guerre soviéto-géorgienne et la soviétisation de la Géorgie (février-mars 1921)]. ''Revue historique des Armées'', 254: 67-75}} |
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{{1917年俄国革命}} |
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[[Category:格鲁吉亚战争]] |
[[Category:格鲁吉亚战争]] |
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[[Category:俄罗斯战争]] |
[[Category:俄罗斯战争]] |
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[[Category:蘇聯戰爭]] |
[[Category:蘇聯戰爭]] |
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[[Category:土耳其戰爭]] |
[[Category:土耳其戰爭]] |
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[[Category:俄 |
[[Category:俄国内战战役]] |
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[[Category:格魯吉亞 |
[[Category:格魯吉亞—俄羅斯關係]] |
2023年10月9日 (一) 09:24的最新版本
此條目翻譯品質不佳。 |
紅軍入侵喬治亞 | ||||||||
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俄国內戰及土耳其獨立戰爭的一部分 | ||||||||
![]() 2月25日,在第比利斯集结的红军 | ||||||||
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参战方 | ||||||||
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指挥官与领导者 | ||||||||
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兵力 | ||||||||
4300騎兵 900奧塞梯正規軍 阿布哈茲人數目不詳 196門火砲 1065架機關槍 50架戰鬥機 7部甲火車 4輛坦克和十多輛裝甲車[1] |
11,000名步兵 4裝甲列車 數輛坦克和裝甲車[2] |
土耳其陸軍:第四軍團 (20,000人) | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | ||||||||
5,500名紅軍士兵陣亡,2,500人被俘,受傷人數不明。[3] |
3,200名士兵陣亡或被俘,受傷人數不明。 3,800 - 5,000名平民死亡[3] | 30人陣亡,26受傷,46人失蹤。[4] |
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格魯吉亞歷史 საქართველოს ისტორია |
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紅軍入侵喬治亞又稱為蘇維埃-喬治亞戰爭、蘇維埃入侵喬治亞等,是由俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國轄下的紅軍於1921年2月15日至3月17日發動的軍事行動[5][6]。在很早之前俄羅斯帝國便擴張領土至喬治亞地區,然而因為第一次世界大戰爆發而使得這些地區陷入動盪[7][8]。隨後許多來自俄羅斯的喬治亞人士嘗試奪取政權,並且主張並不需要外國勢力干涉[9][10]。但對此使得後來成立的俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國決定發起攻勢,計畫推翻隸屬孟什維克派的喬治亞社會民主黨政府統治的喬治亞民主共和國,並另外成立布爾什維克政權統治全國。
參考資料
[编辑]- ^ iveria. [1 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-30).
- ^ iveria. [1 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-30).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 根據前蘇聯統計學家及異議人士 I.A. Kurganov 教授的說法,1921年2月這次入侵喬治亞的行動更造成約 20,000 人死亡。存档副本. [2006-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2006-11-05).
- ^ Ayfer Özçelik: Ali Fuat Cebesoy: 1882-10 Ocak 1968, publisher Akçağ, 1993, page 206 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (土耳其文)
- ^ Советско-грузинская война 1921 г. (Soviet-Georgian war of 1921). Хронос ("Hronos"). [2006-11-02]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-12) (俄语).
- ^ Debo, R. (1992). Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921, pp. 182, 361-364. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0-7735-0828-7
- ^ Kort, M (2001), The Soviet Colossus, p.154. M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 0-7656-0396-9
- ^ "Russia". (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 October 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: 存档副本. [2006-11-03]. (原始内容存档于2006-01-07).
- ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor, The Making of the Georgian Nation 2nd, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press: 207, 1994 [2015-02-04], ISBN 0-253-20915-3, (原始内容存档于2016-06-03)
- ^ Sicker, M. (2001), The Middle East in the Twentieth Century, p. 124. Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0-275-96893-6
參考文獻
[编辑]- Stephen F. Jones. The Establishment of Soviet Power in Transcaucasia: The Case of Georgia 1921-1928. Soviet Studies. October 1988,. 40, No. 4 (4): 616–639. JSTOR 151812.
- Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951), The Struggle for the Transcaucasus. (1917–1921). New York: The Philosophical Library of New York.
- WED Allen. New Political Boundaries in the Caucasus. Geographical Journal. May 1927,. 69, No. 5 (5): 430–441. JSTOR 1782090.
- Anita L. Burdett, ed. Caucasian Boundaries. Documents and Maps. 1802–1946. Central Asian Survey. 1 June 2001, 20 (2): 229–249 [2015-02-04]. doi:10.1080/02634930120073523. (原始内容存档于2013-01-03).
- Kautsky, Karl: Georgia: A Social-Democratic Peasant Republic - Impressions And Observations (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). International Bookshops Ltd., London [etc.] 1921.
- Trotsky, Leon: Between Red and White: A Study of Some Fundamental Questions of Revolution, with Particular Reference to Georgia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Hyperion Press, Westport, Conn. 1975, ISBN 0-88355-189-6
- Communist Takeover and Occupation of Georgia. "Special Report No. 6 of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression", United States House of Representatives, 83rd Congress, 2nd session. 31 December 1954. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1955.
- Blank, Stephen (1993). The Soviet Conquest of Georgia. Central Asian Survey, 33-46:12.
- Keun, Odette (1924). In the Land of the Golden Fleece: Through Independent Menchevist Georgia. London: John Lane.
- (俄文) Борисова, И.Д. Российско-грузинские межреспубликанские связи 1917–1922 гг. / И.Д. Борисова // PANDECTAE: сб. ст. преподавателей, аспирантов и соискателей каф. гос.-правовых дисциплин юрид. фак. ВГПУ. – Владимир: Изд-во ВГПУ, 2004.
- (俄文) "Оккупация и фактическая аннексия Грузии". Документы и материалы. Сост. А. Ментешашвили, ред. А. Сургуладзе, Тбилиси, 1990.
- (法文) Andrew Andersen et George Partskhaladze (1/2009), La guerre soviéto-géorgienne et la soviétisation de la Géorgie (février-mars 1921). Revue historique des Armées, 254: 67-75
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