Colorado Amendment 77, Allow Voters in Central, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek Cities to Expand Authorized Games and Increase Maximum Bets Initiative (2020)
| Colorado Amendment 77 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Election date November 3, 2020 | |
| Topic Gambling | |
Status Approved | |
| Type Amendment & Statute | Origin Citizens |
Colorado Amendment 77, the Allow Voters in Central City, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek to Expand Game Types and Single Bets Initiative, was on the ballot in Colorado as a combined initiated constitutional amendment and state statute on November 3, 2020. It was approved.
A "yes" vote supported allowing voters in Central, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek Cities — the only towns where gaming is legal in Colorado — to (1) approve a maximum single bet limit of any amount and (2) expand allowable game types in addition to slot machines, blackjack, poker, roulette, and craps. |
A "no" vote opposed allowing voters in Central, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek Cities to approve a maximum single bet limit of any amount, thereby retaining the current maximum single bet limit of $100, and opposes expanding allowable game types, thereby limiting games within the cities' casinos to slot machines, blackjack, poker, roulette, and craps. |
Election results
|
Colorado Amendment 77 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
|
|
1,854,153 | 60.54% | ||
| No | 1,208,414 | 39.46% | ||
Overview
What did Amendment 77 do?
Amendment 77 allowed voters in Central City, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek — the only towns where gaming is legal in Colorado — to approve a maximum single bet of any amount and approve more game types in addition to slot machines, blackjack, poker, roulette, and craps. The measure repealed language in the Colorado Constitution that limited the types of games allowed in the casinos and that sets a maximum single bet of $100. The distribution of gaming tax revenue for community colleges in state statute was amended to include distributions to programs to improve student retention and increase credential completion.[1][2]
Under the measure, each of the three towns may hold a local election to vote on whether to change betting limits and add new games. The earliest these changes could go into effect was May 1, 2021.[1][2]
What is the history of gambling in Colorado?
- See also: History of gambling in Colorado
In 1990, Colorado voters approved legalized limited gaming in the cities of Black Hawk, Central City, and Cripple Creek through Initiative 4. Statewide voters approved the measure in a vote of 57.31% to 42.39%. Gaming in the cities became legal on October 1, 1991. Single bets were limited to $5 and only slot machines, blackjack, and poker games were allowed. Casinos were also required to close at 2 a.m. and remain closed until 8 a.m., and no more than 35% of a building's total space or 50% of a building floor could be dedicated to gaming. A graduated tax on casinos’ gross proceeds is set by the Colorado Limited Gaming Control Commission. As of 2020, the tax rates ranged from 0.25% on proceeds of $2 million or less to 20% on proceeds above $13 million. Initiative 4 allocated gaming tax revenue as follows:[3]
- 28% to the State Historical Fund for the preservation of historical sites in gaming cities and statewide;
- 12% to gaming counties;
- 10% to gaming cities; and
- remaining 50% to state programs, such as the Tourism Promotion Fund, at the discretion of the General Assembly.
Any changes to any of the limits require statewide voter approval.[4][5]
How was gambling in Colorado changed by Amendment 50 in 2008?
In 2008, Colorado voters approved Amendment 50 by a vote of 59% to 41%. This constitutional amendment allowed residents of Cripple Creek, Black Hawk, and Central City to vote on whether to extend casino hours to 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, add roulette and craps as additional games, and increase the maximum bet limit from $5 to $100. The first 80% of the new revenue attributed to the expansions and maximum bet increase under Amendment 50 was designed to go to the casinos. Of the remaining 20%, the additional tax revenue was designed to be distributed as follows:[3]
- 78% for financial aid and classroom instruction at Colorado community, junior, and district colleges based on each school's enrollment;
- 12% to Gilpin and Teller Counties, based on the proportion of Amendment 50 revenue raised within each county, to help address the impacts of gaming; and
- 10% to Central City, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek, based on the proportion of the Amendment 50 revenue raised within each town, to help address the impacts of gaming.
Who is behind the campaigns supporting and opposing this measure?
- See also: Campaign finance, Support, and Opposition
The initiative was sponsored by Bruce Brown, the former mayor of Cripple Creek, and former Colorado Senate president Bill Cadman (R). Bruce Brown said, "These towns have built much of their local economies around hotels, restaurants, tourism, and travelers who visit because of gaming. Voters in these communities should be allowed to decide what is best for them and their economy, including whether they want to change betting limits and add new games." Local Choice Colorado led the campaign in support of the measure. The committee reported $4.02 million in contributions and $4.02 million in expenditures. Top donors included Caesars Entertainment ($1.1 million), Penn National Gaming ($950,000), Monarch Blackhawk Casino ($750,000), and Full House Resorts ($300,000). Local Choice Colorado said, "If local voters choose to approve new games and betting limits, mountain casinos could attract higher-income Coloradans who would typically travel to other states to gamble, as well as out-of-state, high-stakes bettors visiting Aspen or Vail. This will improve economic opportunities for people living in these mountain towns by bringing in more tourists, creating good-paying jobs, and increasing tax revenues."[6]
Text of measure
Ballot title
The ballot title for Amendment 77 was as follows:
| “ | Shall there be an amendment to the Colorado constitution and a change to the Colorado Revised Statutes concerning voter-approved changes to limited gaming, and, in connection therewith, allowing the voters of Central City, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek, for their individual cities, to approve other games in addition to those currently allowed and increase a maximum single bet to any amount; and allowing gaming tax revenue to be used for support services to improve student retention and credential completion by students enrolled in community colleges?[7] | ” |
Summary and analysis
The summary and analysis provided for this measure in the 2020 State Ballot Information Booklet are available on page 21 at this link.
Fiscal impact statement
The fiscal impact statement was as follows:[8]
|
Constitutional changes
- See also: Article XVIII, Colorado Constitution
The measure amended Section 9 of Article XVIII of the Colorado Constitution. The following struck-through text was deleted:[2]
Note: Use your mouse to scroll over the below text to see the full text.
Text of Section 9: Limited Gaming Permitted. .... (7) LOCAL ELECTIONS TO REVISE LIMITS APPLICABLE TO GAMING - STATEWIDE ELECTIONS TO INCREASE GAMING TAXES. (a) Through local elections, the voters of the cities of Central, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek are authorized to revise limits on gaming that apply to licensees operating in their city's gaming district to extend: (I) Hours of limited gaming operation; (II) Approved games (III) Single bets (b) Limited gaming tax revenues attributable to the operation of this subsection (7) shall be deposited in the limited gaming fund. The commission shall annually determine the amount of such revenues generated in each city. (c) From gaming tax revenues attributable to the operation of this subsection (7), the treasurer shall pay: (I) Those ongoing expenses of the commission and other state agencies that are related to the administration of this subsection (7); (II) Annual adjustments, in connection with distributions to limited gaming fund recipients listed in subsection (5)(b)(II) of this section, to reflect the lesser of six percent of, or the actual percentage of, annual growth in gaming tax revenues attributable to this subsection (7); and (III) Of the remaining gaming tax revenues, distributions in the following proportions: (A) Seventy-eight percent to the state's public community colleges, junior colleges, and local district colleges to supplement existing state funding for student financial aid programs and classroom instruction programs; provided that such revenue shall be distributed to institutions that were operating on and after January 1, 2008, in proportion to their respective full-time equivalent student enrollments in the previous fiscal year; (B) Ten percent to the governing bodies of the cities of Central, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek to address local gaming impacts; provided that such revenue shall be distributed based on the proportion of gaming tax revenues, attributable to the operation of this subsection (7), that are paid by licensees operating in each city; and (C) Twelve percent to the governing bodies of Gilpin and Teller Counties to address local gaming impacts; provided that such revenue shall be distributed based on the proportion of gaming tax revenues, attributable to the operation of this subsection (7), that are paid by licensees operating in each county. (d) After July 1, 2009, the commission shall implement revisions to limits on gaming as approved by voters in the cities of Central, Black Hawk, or Cripple Creek. The general assembly is also authorized to enact, as necessary, legislation that will facilitate the operation of this subsection (7). (e) If local voters in one or more cities revise any limits on gaming as provided in paragraph (a) of this subsection (7), any commission action pursuant to subsection (5) of this section that increases gaming taxes from the levels imposed as of July 1, 2008, shall be effective only if approved by voters at a statewide election held under section 20(4)(a) of article X of this constitution. (f) Gaming tax revenues attributable to the operation of this subsection (7) shall be collected and spent as a voter-approved revenue change without regard to any limitation contained in section 20 of article X of this constitution or any other law.[7] |
Full text
The full text of the measure can be read below. Struck-through text was deleted and the CAPITALIZED text was added:[2]
Readability score
- See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2020
| Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The Colorado Title Board wrote the ballot language for this measure.
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Support
Local Choice Colorado led the campaign in support of Amendment 77.[9] Bruce Brown, the former mayor of Cripple Creek, and former Colorado Senate president Bill Cadman (R) sponsored the initiative.[1]
Supporters
Organizations
Arguments
Official arguments
Opposition
Official arguments
Campaign finance
| Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Support | $4,007,050.00 | $15,559.10 | $4,022,609.10 | $4,007,050.00 | $4,022,609.10 |
| Oppose | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Ballotpedia identified one committee registered to support the initiative: Local Choice Colorado. The committee reported $4.02 million in contributions and $4.02 million in expenditures. The top donor was Caesars Entertainment, which provided $1.1 million. Of expenditures made by the committee, $1.2 million was paid to Blitz Canvassing for signature gathering, resulting in a cost-per-required signature of $9.63.[10]
No committees registered to oppose the ballot initiative.[10]
Support
The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committee in support of the initiative.[10]
| Committees in support of Amendment 77 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
| Local Choice Colorado | $4,007,050.00 | $15,559.10 | $4,022,609.10 | $4,007,050.00 | $4,022,609.10 |
| Total | $4,007,050.00 | $15,559.10 | $4,022,609.10 | $4,007,050.00 | $4,022,609.10 |
Donors
The following were the top five donors to the support committee, which provided 95.74% of the total contributions to the support campaign.[10]
| Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Penn National Gaming | $1,100,000.00 | $0.00 | $1,100,000.00 |
| Penn National Gaming | $950,000.00 | $0.00 | $950,000.00 |
| Monarch Blackhawk Casino | $750,000.00 | $0.00 | $750,000.00 |
| Monarch Blackhawk Casino | $550,000.00 | $0.00 | $550,000.00 |
| Full House Resorts | $300,000.00 | $0.00 | $300,000.00 |
Methodology
To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.
Media editorials
- See also: 2020 ballot measure media endorsements
Support
Opposition
Background
History of gambling in Colorado
Colorado voters approved legalized gambling in the cities of Black Hawk, Central, and Cripple Creek through Initiative 4 in 1990. Statewide voters approved the measure in a vote of 57.31% to 42.39%. Gaming in the cities became legal on October 1, 1991.[4] Gambling in Colorado is a style of gambling called limited gaming, which means wagers are limited to a maximum single bet of $100; gaming types are limited to slot machines, blackjack, poker, craps, and roulette; gaming is limited to select locations, which as of 2020 included the cities of Black Hawk, Central, and Cripple Creek and on tribal reservation lands; and gaming is limited to occupying 35% of a building's total space or half of a building floor. Changes to any of the limits require statewide voter approval.[11]
Betting limits in other states
Going into the election, the maximum single bet in Colorado was $100, which was raised from $5 in 2008. The 2020 initiative was designed to allow voters in the three gaming cities to approve a maximum betting limit of any amount. The only other state with individual betting limits is South Dakota, where the maximum bet in Deadwood (also a former gold mining town turned gaming town) is $1,000. The World Casino Index noted that "the $1,000 max bet requires special surveillance and cash requirements that few casinos adopted. This means the max bet at most Deadwood casinos remains $100."[12][13]
Referendum C of 1992
Referendum C, approved by Colorado voters in 1992, amended the constitution to legalize gambling in certain localities if a question is submitted to and approved by voters through a constitutional amendment at a statewide election and subsequently approved by voters of the locality. The amendment would have applied to initiatives 3, 4, 5, and 9 on the 1992 statewide ballot, which sought to legalize gambling in certain places. All four initiatives were defeated.[14]
In accordance with Referendum C, an initiative to legalize gambling in the city of Trinidad was on the statewide ballot in 1996 and was defeated by a vote of 69% to 31%.
History of Black Hawk, Central, and Cripple Creek
As of 2020, the only cities with legalized gambling in Colorado were the cities of Black Hawk, Central, and Cripple Creek. All three are former gold mining towns with mining activity in the late 1850s during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. According to Sports Handle, "Colorado’s gaming towns have a rich history dating to the gold rush and winding their way through the Civil War, World War I, World War II, and beyond. ... Those three towns — Black Hawk, Central City and Cripple Creek — needed a way to survive, and after suffering the boom-and-bust gold rush era and multiple wars, they set their sights on gaming, creating unique destinations that offer a walk through history alongside table games, slot machines, and now legal sports betting."[15][16][17]
The director of Colorado’s Division of Gaming, Dan Hartman, said, "Deadwood in South Dakota was the limited gaming model that launched in the mid-late 1980s that was really the model for Colorado. ... I think seeing the success of what happened in Deadwood right off the bat, people said, ‘Hey, we’ve got these great, old mining towns that aren’t doing great. Let’s see if we can bring that here and if we can do the same thing.'"[15] Gambling was legalized within the city limits of Deadwood, South Dakota, through a citizen initiative in 1988. A portion of the gambling revenue in Deadwood is dedicated to historic restoration and preservation of the city.
Black Hawk: The city of Black Hawk is located about 35 miles west of Denver and occupies under two square miles of space. As of 2018, the population of Black Hawk was estimated to be 127. As of 2020, Black Hawk had 13 casinos. The city of Blackhawk's website states, "After years of economic decline and deteriorating infrastructure, a ballot measure [was] passed allowing limited-stakes gaming in Colorado. Two small casinos open[ed] in historic Black Hawk structures, launching a revitalization that would allow the City to eventually generate $20,000 in revenue per day."[15][18][19][20]
Central City: Central City is located about 38 miles northwest of Denver. As of 2018, the city's population was estimated to be 765. It had eight casinos as of 2020. According to LegendsofAmerica.com, "Central City recognized that they did not have the tax base to adequately maintain its infrastructure and new sources of revenue had to be found. In 1989, a group of citizens formed Central City Preservation Incorporated and began working toward the legalization of limited gambling as a way of attracting tourists back to Central City."[15][18][21]
Cripple Creek: Cripple Creek is located about 22 miles southwest of Colorado Springs (112 miles south of Denver). The city had an estimated population of 1,267 as of 2018. As of 2020, Cripple Creek had 12 casinos. According to Visit Colorado Springs, "After 1900, the area’s gold production declined, and by the early 1940’s gold production was down to less than one percent of what it once was. By 1990, the town was almost dead with only 600 residents, but in 1991 with legalized gambling, the town was revived. Many of the old town’s historic buildings were refurbished as casinos."[15][18][22]
Gaming tax
Gambling in Colorado has been taxed since it was legalized in 1991. The gaming tax is levied on a casino's adjusted gross proceeds (money that is taken in from gamblers minus the winnings paid out to gamblers). The gaming tax revenue is subject to the Taxpayer's Bill of Rights (TABOR) limit. TABOR limits the amount of money the state of Colorado can take in and spend. TABOR requires voter approval for all new taxes, tax rate increases, extensions of expiring taxes, mill levy increases, valuation for property assessment increases, or tax policy changes resulting in increased tax revenue. Each casino pays the gaming tax for each month on the 15th day of the next month. Gaming on Colorado Indian Reservations (Ute Mountain Ute and Southern Ute) are not subject to the state's gaming tax.[23]
Amendment 50 of 2008
Amendment 50, which was on the ballot in Colorado in 2008, was approved by a vote of 59% to 41%. The amendment allowed the voters of Central City, Black Hawk, and Cripple Creek, to vote on extending the hours of limited gaming operations to 24 hours per day, 7 days per week; to add roulette and craps as allowed games; and to increase the maximum bet from $5 to $100. The first 80% of the new revenue attributed to the expansions and maximum bet increase was designed to go to the casinos. Of the remaining 20%, 78% was to be distributed for community college student financial aid and classroom instruction and 22% was designed to be distributed to the cities where limited gaming exists for gaming impacts. Unlike the gaming tax, revenue attributed to Amendment 50 is not subject to the state's TABOR limit.[24]
Gaming tax rates and revenue
Tax rates are reviewed annually and set by the Colorado Limited Gaming Control Commission, which is composed of five members that are appointed by the governor. As of 2020, casinos' adjusted gross proceeds were taxed at the following rates:[23]
- $0 to $2,000,000: 0.25%
- $2,000,001 to $5,000,000: 2%
- $5,000,001 to $8,000,000: 9%
- $8,000,001 to $10,000,000: 11%
- $10,000,001 to $13,000,000: 16%
- $13,000,001 and over: 20%
The following chart shows gaming tax revenue for fiscal years 1998-99 to 2018-2019 with general limited gaming tax revenue (subject to the TABOR limit) shown in light blue and extended limited gaming revenue attributed to Amendment 50 (not subject to TABOR limit) in dark blue.[23]
Over the last five fiscal years from 2014 through 2019, the average general limited gaming tax revenue was about $102.34 million each year. Over the last five fiscal years from 2014 through 2019, the average extended limited gaming tax revenue attributed to Amendment 50's extended gaming provisions was about $16.64 million per year.
Revenue distributions
The following table shows revenue distributions from gaming tax revenue. General limited gaming tax revenue is deposited in the Limited Gaming Fund and revenue attributed to Amendment 50 is deposited in the Extended Limited Gaming Fund.[23]
In the fiscal year 2018-19, general limited gaming tax revenue was $104.8 million. Of the revenue, $26.3 million was directed to the state historical fund, $16.4 million was directed to the state general fund, and $15 million was deposited to the state travel and tourism promotion fund. The remaining 45% of the revenue was directed to various other funds as shown in the table below.
In the fiscal year 2018-19, Amendment 50 revenue was about $18 million, of which, $14 million was distributed to community colleges. The remaining revenue was given to gaming cities and counties.[23]
Path to the ballot
The state process
In Colorado, the number of signatures required to qualify an initiated constitutional amendment for the ballot is equal to 5 percent of the total number of votes cast for the office of Colorado secretary of state in the preceding general election. For initiated constitutional amendments, signature gathering must be distributed to include signatures equal to 2 percent of the registered voters who live in each of the state's 35 senate districts.
State law provides that petitioners have six months to collect signatures after the ballot language and title are finalized. State statutes require a completed signature petition to be filed three months and three weeks before the election at which the measure would appear on the ballot. The Constitution, however, states that the petition must be filed three months before the election at which the measure would appear. The secretary of state generally lists a date that is three months before the election as the filing deadline.
Constitutional amendments in Colorado require a 55% supermajority vote to be ratified and added to the state constitution. This requirement was added by Amendment 71 of 2016.
The requirements to get an initiated constitutional amendment certified for the 2020 ballot:
- Signatures: 124,632 valid signatures
- Deadline: August 3, 2020[25]
The secretary of state is responsible for signature verification. Verification is conducted through a review of petitions regarding correct form and then a 5 percent random sampling verification. If the sampling projects between 90 percent and 110 percent of required valid signatures, a full check of all signatures is required. If the sampling projects more than 110 percent of the required signatures, the initiative is certified. If less than 90 percent, the initiative fails.
Details about this initiative
- Bruce Brown, the former mayor of Cripple Creek, and former Colorado Senate president Bill Cadman (R) filed the initiative on February 7, 2020. A ballot title was set for it on February 19, 2020.[1]
- The initiative was approved to circulate on February 19, 2020.[1]
- Proponents submitted 209,885 signatures to the Secretary of State's office on July 28, 2020. On August 27, the secretary of state announced that 138,232 were projected to be valid based on a random sample.[9][26]
Cost of signature collection:
Sponsors of the measure hired Blitz Canvassing to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $1,200,000.00 was spent to collect the 124,632 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $9.63.
How to cast a vote
- See also: Voting in Colorado
Click "Show" to learn more about voter registration, identification requirements, and poll times in Colorado.
| How to cast a vote in Colorado | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poll timesIn Colorado, polls are open from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. local time for those who choose to vote in person rather than by mail. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[27][28] Registration requirements
In Colorado, an individual can pre-register to vote if they are at least 15 years old. Voters must be at least 18 years old to vote in any election. A voter must be a citizen of the United States and have established residence in Colorado to vote.[29] Colorado voters can register to vote through Election Day. However, in order to automatically receive a absentee/mail-in ballot, a voter must register online, through the mail, at a voter registration agency, or driver's license examination facility at least eight days prior to Election Day. A voter that registers through a voter registration drive must submit their application no later than 22 days before the election to automatically receive an absentee/mail-in ballot. A voter can register online or submit a form in person or by fax, email, or mail.[29][30] Automatic registrationColorado automatically registers eligible individuals to vote through the Department of Motor Vehicles and certain other state agencies. Online registration
Colorado has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website. Same-day registrationColorado allows same-day voter registration for individuals who vote in person. Residency requirementsColorado law requires 22 days of residency in the state before a person may vote. Verification of citizenshipColorado does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. Verifying your registrationThe site Go Vote Colorado, run by the Colorado Secretary of State office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online. Voter ID requirementsColorado requires voters to present non-photo identification when voting in person. If voting by mail for the first, a voter may also need to return a photocopy of his or her identification with his or her mail-in ballot. Click here for more information. The following list of accepted forms of identification was current as of July 2024. Click here for the most current information, sourced directly from the Office of the Colorado Secretary of State.
}} | |||||
See also
External links
- Colorado Secretary of State: Initiative Filings, Agendas & Results
- Colorado Ballot Information Booklet (Blue Book)
- Initiatives filed with the Legislative Council Staff
Support |
OppositionSubmit links to [email protected]. |
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Colorado Secretary of State, "2019-2020 Initiative Filings, Agendas & Results," accessed February 20, 2020
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Colorado Secretary of State, "Initiative 257 full text," accessed February 20, 2020
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Colorado Legislative Council Staff, "Gaming tax," accessed August 28, 2020
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Colorado State Legislative Council, "Ballot History," accessed February 20, 2014]
- ↑ Colorado Department of Revenue, "WHAT IS LIMITED GAMING?" accessed August 7, 2020
- ↑ Local Choice Colorado, "Home," accessed August 28, 2002
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Colorado State Legislature, "2020 Blue Book," accessed September 21, 2020
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Colorado Politics, "Proponents turn in 200k signatures to allow local control on betting limits," accessed July 29, 2020
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Colorado Secretary of State TRACER, "Campaign finance committee search," accessed March 19, 2021
- ↑ Colorado Department of Revenue, "WHAT IS LIMITED GAMING?" accessed August 7, 2020
- ↑ Westword, "Proposed initiative would allow casino towns to remove betting limit," accessed August 28, 2020
- ↑ World Casino Index, "Deadwood South Dakota Casinos," accessed August 28, 2020
- ↑ Colorado State Legislative Council, "Ballot History," accessed February 20, 2014
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Sports Handle, "Colorado Gaming Towns History," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ Western Mining History, "The Colorado Gold Rush," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Encyclopedia, "Colorado Gold Rush," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 U.S. Census, "Population estimates," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ Colorado.com, "Black Hawk," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ City of Black Hawk, "Celebrating 155 Years of Preserving the Past and Preparing for the Future," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ Legends of America, "Central City, Colorado," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ Visit Colorado Springs, "Cripple Creek History," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Colorado Legislative Council Staff, "Gaming Tax," accessed August 6, 2020
- ↑ Colorado State Legislative Council, "Ballot History," accessed February 26, 2014
- ↑ On May 17, 2020, Colorado Governor Jared Polis (D) signed Executive Order D 2020 065, which temporarily suspended the state law requiring signatures to be submitted six months after ballot language finalization. Under the order, signatures for 2020 Colorado initiatives were due by August 3, 2020.
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Proposed Initiative #257 (“Local Voter Approval of Gaming Limits in Black Hawk, Central City, and Cripple Creek”) Qualifies For 2020 General Election Ballot," accessed August 28, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Mail-in Ballots FAQs," accessed July 16, 2024
- ↑ Colorado Revised Statutes, "1-7-101," accessed July 16, 2024
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Colorado Secretary of State, "Voter Registration FAQs," accessed July 16, 2024
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Go Vote Colorado," accessed July 15, 2024
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Acceptable Forms of Identification," accessed July 17, 2024
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