Colorado Proposition 114, Gray Wolf Reintroduction Initiative (2020)
Colorado Proposition 114 | |
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Election date November 3, 2020 | |
Topic Forests and parks and Environment | |
Status Approved | |
Type State statute | Origin Citizens |
Colorado Proposition 114, the Gray Wolf Reintroduction Initiative, was on the ballot in Colorado as an initiated state statute on November 3, 2020. It was approved.
A "yes" vote supported requiring the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission to create a plan to reintroduce and manage gray wolves on designated lands west of the continental divide by the end of 2023. |
A "no" vote opposed creating a plan to reintroduce and manage gray wolves on designated lands west of the continental divide by the end of 2023. |
Aftermath
Status of reintroduction efforts and management
On December 18, 2023, five wolves were released in Grand County at an undisclosed location after being captured and brought in from Oregon. Two juvenile males, two juvenile females, and one adult male wolf were released with radio tracking collars. Colorado Parks and Wildlife planned to repeat the process until 10 to 15 wolves are released by the middle of March 2024.[1]
Information about the status of reintroduction efforts and management can be found at the Colorado Parks and Wildlife's website, which is available here.
Status of gray wolves on the endangered species list
On October 29, 2020, United States Secretary of the Interior David Bernhardt announced that the gray wolf would be delisted from the Endangered Species Act. On November 5, environmental groups including the Sierra Club, which supported Proposition 114, notified the Interior Department of their intent to sue over the delisting. Joint Budget Committee analyst Justin Brakke wrote that if the legal challenge is successful in keeping wolves on the endangered species list, Colorado Parks and Wildlife would not be able to reintroduce wolves without U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approval. With gray wolves removed from the list, Colorado Parks and Wildlife could implement the reintroduction plan without federal approval.[2]
Election results
Colorado Proposition 114 |
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Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
1,590,299 | 50.91% | |||
No | 1,533,313 | 49.09% |
Overview
What did Proposition 114 do?
- See also: Measure design
The measure was designed to require the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission to create and carry out a plan to reintroduce and manage gray wolves (Canis lupus) by the end of 2023. Under the measure, wolves were set to be reintroduced on Colorado lands west of the continental divide. The exact location of wolf reintroductions was set to be determined by the commission. The commission was set to manage any distribution of state funds that are made available to "pay fair compensation to owners of livestock for any losses of livestock caused by gray wolves." The measure directs the state legislature to make appropriations to fund the reintroduction program.[3]
What was the status of gray wolves in Colorado?
- See also: Background information
Gray wolves were present throughout the U.S., including Colorado, before the arrival of Europeans in North America.[4] By the 1930s, gray wolves were eradicated from most of the western U.S, mainly due to predator control programs and habitat degradation.[5] The last gray wolves in Colorado were killed around 1940.[6] The gray wolf was classified as a federally endangered species in 1978 (except in Minnesota, where the species was classified as threatened). Gray wolves were reintroduced in Idaho and Montana in 1995 and Yellowstone National Park in 1996. In 2009, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service delisted the gray as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the Northern Rocky Mountains. In March 2019, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed delisting the gray wolf as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act across the continental U.S. The Fish and Wildlife Service wrote that the wolves "are no longer in danger of extinction or at risk of becoming so in the foreseeable future." The Rocky Wolf Mountain Action Fund said removing wolves from the endangered species list would result in losing restoration progress that has been made.[7][8][9][10]
Who was behind the campaigns surrounding Proposition 114?
- See also: Support and Opposition
The campaign supporting the initiative raised $2.4 million in contributions. Opponents of the initiative raised $1.06 million.
The Rocky Mountain Wolf Action Fund (RMWAF), associated with the nonprofit Rocky Mountain Wolf Project, is leading the support campaign for the initiative. The campaign raised $2.4 million. The largest donors were Richard Pritzlaff and the Tides Center that gave $583,775 and $402,756, respectively. RMWAF said that the reintroduction of wolves would restore natural balance to ecosystems. RMWAF President Rob Edward said, "Gray wolves are the ecological engines of the northern hemisphere." Edward said, "Since the 1940s, when Colorado's last wolf was killed, our ecosystem has suffered, knocked out of balance. Without wolves keeping them alert and moving around, elk and deer strip away vital streamside vegetation, leading to erosion and the disruption of habitat, threatening beavers, songbirds, and even native trout."[3][11][12][13][14]
Coloradans Protecting Wildlife and Stop the Wolf PAC are leading the campaign in opposition to the initiative. Together, the campaigns had raised $1.06 million. The Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and the Colorado Farm Bureau were the top two donors. The Colorado Farm Bureau's Vice President of Advocacy, Shawn Martini, said, "We remain skeptical that you can introduce wolves into Colorado and not create significant problems. Not only to our way of life here in the state which is based on outdoor recreations but also on livestock production in the western part of the state and to the ecosystem. Colorado is home to a number of endangered species that could be potentially be preyed upon by an apex predator like the Canadian gray wolf. So we’re skeptical that these kinds of decisions should be put in the hands of voters through a ballot initiative."[15]
Measure design
Proposition 114 was designed to require the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission to create a plan to reintroduce and manage gray wolves on designated lands west of the continental divide by the end of 2023. Under the measure, the commission was directed to do the following:[3]
- develop a plan to reintroduce gray wolves "using the best scientific data available";
- hold hearings across the state to gather information to be used in developing the plan;
- update the plan after obtaining public input periodically; and
- reintroduce wolves on designated lands by December 31, 2023.
Under the measure, the commission was tasked with paying "fair compensation to owners of livestock for any losses of livestock caused by gray wolves." The commission is not able to impose any restrictions on private landowners regarding land, water, or resource use in furtherance of the plan.[3]
The reintroduction plan must comply with Colorado Revised Statutes § 33-2-105.7, which outlines reporting requirements. Under the measure, the commission must prepare a report with data on the potential economic and ecological impacts of reintroduction, projected survival rates of the animals being reintroduced, and the potential impacts of not reintroducing the animal. The report must be submitted to the general assembly within 30 days of its completion. For five years, the commission must prepare an annual report with data on the status of the reintroduction effort, survival rates of the reintroduced animal, and goals and timelines of the reintroduction program.[3]
The measure directed the state legislature to make appropriations to fund the reintroduction program and authorizes the legislature to adopt legislation to further the goals under the initiative to reintroduce gray wolves to Colorado.[3]
According to the fiscal impact statement prepared for the initiative by the Colorado Legislative Council Staff, implementation of the measure for the first two years would require state expenditures of about $344,400 in the fiscal year 2021-22 and about $467,400 in FY 2022-23. According to the statement, expenditures would increase as the reintroduction plan is implemented and wolves are reintroduced.[16]
Text of measure
Ballot title
The ballot title for Proposition 114 is below:[3]
“ |
Shall there be a change to the Colorado Revised Statutes concerning the restoration of gray wolves through their reintroduction on designated lands in Colorado located west of the continental divide, and, in connection therewith, requiring the Colorado parks and wildlife commission, after holding statewide hearings and using scientific data, to implement a plan to restore and manage gray wolves; prohibiting the commission from imposing any land, water, or resource use restrictions on private landowners to further the plan; and requiring the commission to fairly compensate owners for losses of livestock caused by gray wolves? [17] |
” |
Summary and analysis
The summary and analysis provided for this measure in the 2020 State Ballot Information Booklet are available on page 37 at this link.
Fiscal impact statement
The fiscal impact statement was as follows:[18]
|
Full text
The full text of the measure can be read below.
Readability score
- See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2020
Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The Colorado Title Board wrote the ballot language for this measure.
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Support
The Rocky Mountain Wolf Action Fund (RMWAF) led the campaign in support of the initiative.[11]
Supporters
Former Officials
- former USFWS lead on the Mexican Wolf Recovery Program Dave Parsons
- former Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission chair Jim Pribyl
- Former Colorado Governor Bill Ritter (D)
- Former U.S. Senator Mark Udall (D)
Organizations
- Global Indigenous Council
- Progress Now Colorado
- Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER)
- Sierra Club Colorado
Individuals
- Tim Ferriss - author, podcaster, entrepreneur
Arguments
Official arguments
Opposition
Coloradans Protecting Wildlife (Rethink Wolves) and Coloradans Defending Our Wildlife led the campaign in opposition to the initiative.[19] Rethink Wolves provided a full list of endorsements, which can be found here.
Opponents
Officials
- Utah State Representative Logan Wilde (R)
Former Officials
- Rick Enstrom (R) -
Political Parties
Government Entities
Organizations
- Colorado Cattlemen's Association
- Colorado Farm Bureau
- Colorado Stop the Wolf Coalition
- Colorado Wool Growers Association
- Rocky Mountain Farmers Union
- Rocky Mountain Farmers Union
- The Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
Individuals
Local governments
Arguments
Official arguments
Campaign finance
Two committees registered to support the initiative: Rocky Mountain Wolf Action Fund (RMWAF) and Sierra Club- Elect the Wolf. The committees reported $2.4 million in contributions and $2.4 million in expenditures. RMWAF paid a total of $1.12 million to Landslide Political for signature gathering.[21]
Two committees registered to oppose the initiative: Stop the Wolf PAC and Coloradans Protecting Wildlife. The committees reported $1.06 million in contributions and $1.05 million in expenditures.[19]
- All committees except Coloradans Protecting Wildlife had filed their final reports on December 3, 2020, which covered information through November 30, 2020. A report is due from Coloradans Protecting Wildlife on April 15, 2021, covering information from December 1, 2020, through March 31, 2021.
Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Support | $2,203,344.01 | $199,735.00 | $2,403,079.01 | $2,203,089.62 | $2,402,824.62 |
Oppose | $970,184.14 | $90,000.00 | $1,060,184.14 | $959,595.67 | $1,049,595.67 |
Support
Committees in support of Proposition 114 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
Rocky Mountain Wolf Action Fund | $2,188,232.01 | $196,325.00 | $2,384,557.01 | $2,188,428.93 | $2,384,753.93 |
Sierra Club-Elect the Wolf | $15,112.00 | $3,410.00 | $18,522.00 | $14,660.69 | $18,070.69 |
Total | $2,203,344.01 | $199,735.00 | $2,403,079.01 | $2,203,089.62 | $2,402,824.62 |
Donors
The following are the top donors to the support campaign.[19]
Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
---|---|---|---|
Richard Pritzlaff | $583,775.00 | $0.00 | $583,775.00 |
Tides Center | $402,756.07 | $0.00 | $402,756.07 |
Defenders of Wildlife | $275,600.00 | $73,000.00 | $348,600.00 |
Tim Ferriss | $0.00 | $122,500.00 | $122,500.00 |
Association of Zoos and Aquariums | $100,000.00 | $0.00 | $100,000.00 |
Opposition
Committees in opposition to Proposition 114 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
Coloradans Protecting Wildlife | $797,613.97 | $73,000.00 | $870,613.97 | $796,765.50 | $869,765.50 |
Stop the Wolf PAC | $172,570.17 | $17,000.00 | $189,570.17 | $162,830.17 | $179,830.17 |
Total | $970,184.14 | $90,000.00 | $1,060,184.14 | $959,595.67 | $1,049,595.67 |
Donors
The following are the top donors to the opposition campaign.[19]
Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
---|---|---|---|
Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation | $307,500.00 | $62,000.00 | $369,500.00 |
Colorado Farm Bureau | $107,700.00 | $0.00 | $107,700.00 |
Buffalo Horn Ranch | $100,000.00 | $0.00 | $100,000.00 |
Safari Club International | $70,800.00 | $0.00 | $70,800.00 |
Kent Stevinson | $54,200.00 | $0.00 | $54,200.00 |
Methodology
To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.
Media editorials
- See also: 2020 ballot measure media endorsements
Support
Opposition
Polls
In a poll conducted by Colorado State University and survey company Qualtrics in August 2019, it was found that 84% of Coloradans would vote in favor of gray wolf reintroduction and 16% would vote against. Analysts of the survey wrote, "Voting intentions were similar across the different regions of Colorado: 84.9% of sampled respondents in the Front Range, 79.8% on the Western Slope, and 79.3% on the Eastern Plains would vote for wolf reintroduction. The proportion that would vote in favor of wolf reintroduction was relatively similar among residents in cities, towns, or rural areas and individuals with and without children. Pet owners were more likely to vote for wolf reintroduction (88.3%) than those that did not own pets (76.4%). Voting intentions were broadly consistent across demographic categories, including gender, age group, income, and education." Poll results are displayed below.[22]
Colorado Proposition 114, Gray Wolf Reintroduction Initiative (2020) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Poll | Support | Oppose | Margin of error | Sample size | |||||||||||||||
Colorado State University/Qualtrics poll August 2019 | 84% | 16% | +/-7 | 734 | |||||||||||||||
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to [email protected]. |
Background
Gray wolves in Colorado
The U.S. Department of Justice wrote, "The gray wolf (Canis lupus) once occupied nearly all of North America. Wolves, like other large predators in North America, were persecuted shortly after colonization by Europeans began and throughout the settlement period. Gradually, wolves were extirpated from the contiguous 48 states except Minnesota."[23] According to Stephen Guertin, a deputy director for the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, "extensive predator control programs, magnified by the use of bounties, and combined with habitat degradation and a declining prey base, resulted in the extirpation of wolves from most of the lower 48 states early in the 20th century, with the exception of only a few hundred remaining wolves in northern Minnesota and Isle Royale in Michigan."[24] According to Colorado Parks and Wildlife, the last gray wolves in the state were killed around 1940.[25] In December 2014, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reported that there were 1,782 wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains region, including 333 in one of Colorado's neighboring states—Wyoming. There were no wolves recorded in Colorado.[26] The following map from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service illustrates the historic and current (published in 2019) range of the gray wolf:[27]
Gray wolf listed as an endangered species
The gray wolf was classified as a federally endangered species in 1978 (except in Minnesota, where the species was classified as threatened). Gray wolves were reintroduced in Idaho and Montana in 1995 and in Yellowstone National Park in 1996. In 2009, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service delisted the gray wolf as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the Northern Rocky Mountains (Idaho, Montana, eastern Washington and Oregon, and north-central Utah).[28][29][30][31]
2019 proposal to delist gray wolves from federal endangered species list
In March of 2019, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed delisting the gray wolf as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act. The Fish and Wildlife Service wrote, "The finding of our review was clear – the gray wolf has recovered by any and all measures required under the ESA. Gray wolves are no longer in danger of extinction or at risk of becoming so in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of the species’ range. Once the science indicates a species has recovered, it is the obligation of the Service to delist it and return management authority to the states so that we can focus our limited resources on those species that still require conservation attention."[32][33]
Zack Strong, an attorney for environmental advocacy group Natural Resources Defense Council, said, "In our view, this proposal is premature because wolf recovery in the lower 48 states is not yet complete. Wolves have not yet returned to significant areas where they once existed historically and where there is still suitable habitat." Collette Adkins, an attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity, said, "[T]he Act defines an endangered or threatened species in terms of significant portions of its range. If you just ignore all those areas where [wolves] once lived and look at the few places where they’re doing well and say 'Oh, well, they’re doing well here. We can remove the protections,' then you never will really get to true conservation and recovery."[34]
Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission
The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission is a governor-appointed board of 11 citizens that oversees Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW).[35] The 11 voting members of the commission include three sportspersons (one of whom must be an outfitter); three agricultural producers; three recreationalists (one of whom must be from a nonprofit, non-consumptive wildlife organization); and two at-large members. At least four commissioners must be from west of the continental divide. Ex-officio members include the Executive Director of the Department of Natural Resources and the Commissioner of Agriculture.[36] The mission of Colorado Parks and Wildlife is to "[Balance] the conservation of our wildlife and habitat with the recreational needs of our state."[37]
Path to the ballot
The state process
In Colorado, the number of signatures required to qualify an initiated constitutional amendment for the ballot is equal to 5 percent of the total number of votes cast for the office of Colorado secretary of state in the preceding general election. For initiated constitutional amendments, signature gathering must be distributed to include signatures equal to 2 percent of the registered voters who live in each of the state's 35 senate districts.
State law provides that petitioners have six months to collect signatures after the ballot language and title are finalized. State statutes require a completed signature petition to be filed three months and three weeks before the election at which the measure would appear on the ballot. The Constitution, however, states that the petition must be filed three months before the election at which the measure would appear. The secretary of state generally lists a date that is three months before the election as the filing deadline.
Constitutional amendments in Colorado require a 55% supermajority vote to be ratified and added to the state constitution. This requirement was added by Amendment 71 of 2016.
The requirements to get an initiated constitutional amendment certified for the 2020 ballot:
- Signatures: 124,632 valid signatures
- Deadline: August 3, 2020[38]
The secretary of state is responsible for signature verification. Verification is conducted through a review of petitions regarding correct form and then a 5 percent random sampling verification. If the sampling projects between 90 percent and 110 percent of required valid signatures, a full check of all signatures is required. If the sampling projects more than 110 percent of the required signatures, the initiative is certified. If less than 90 percent, the initiative fails.
In Colorado, the number of signatures required to qualify an initiated state statute for the ballot is equal to 5 percent of the total number of votes cast for the office of Colorado secretary of state in the preceding general election. Petitioners have six months to collect signatures after the ballot language and title are finalized.
Signatures for this initiative were due on December 13, 2019.[39]
Details about this initiative
- CEO of the Colorado Wolf and Wildlife Center (CWWC) Darlene Maria Kobobel and Gail Bell filed two versions of the initiative: #107 and #79.[40][39]
- Version #107 of the initiative was approved for circulation on June 21, 2019.[39]
- Proponents submitted 215,370 signatures on December 10, 2019.[41]
- The Colorado Secretary of State's office announced the measure made the ballot on January 6, 2020, after finding through a random sample that proponents submitted about 139,333 valid signatures.[42]
Cost of signature collection:
Sponsors of the measure hired Landslide Political to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $1,122,630.00 was spent to collect the 124,632 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $9.01.
Potential compromise legislation
On January 24, 2020, state Senator Kerry Donovan (D) introduced Senate Bill 20-121, which would authorize the management and possible reintroduction of gray wolves, as a possible compromise bill with initiative proponents. SB 121 would set wolf reintroduction to begin in 2025, two years later than the date set by the initiative. Under SB 121, reintroduction could not begin until "a new source of revenue becomes available to pay for damages caused by gray wolves," and would be canceled if the gray wolf population in Colorado becomes self-sustaining.[43]
Donovan said, "This initiative allows for a certain amount of conversation. But with an issue as complex as this, which seems to be in flux with a pack moving into the northwest, I think it’s appropriate to take the deliberative process the general assembly allows and apply it to wildlife management in Colorado."[44]
Rob Edwards, president of the Rocky Mountain Wolf Action Fund, which led the campaign in support of the initiative, said, "There are provisions in there that are just poison pills for us. So there’s a lot of work to be done." Edwards said the date for reintroduction would need to be sooner and a definition would need to be given for "self-sustaining population."[45]
If a compromise bill was agreed upon between legislators and initiative proponents, initiative proponents have until September 4, 2020, to withdraw their measure from the ballot.[46] More information on Senate Bill 121 can be found here.
How to cast a vote
- See also: Voting in Colorado
Click "Show" to learn more about voter registration, identification requirements, and poll times in Colorado.
How to cast a vote in Colorado | |||||
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Poll timesIn Colorado, polls are open from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. local time for those who choose to vote in person rather than by mail. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[47][48] Registration requirements
In Colorado, an individual can pre-register to vote if they are at least 15 years old. Voters must be at least 18 years old to vote in any election. A voter must be a citizen of the United States and have established residence in Colorado to vote.[49] Colorado voters can register to vote through Election Day. However, in order to automatically receive a absentee/mail-in ballot, a voter must register online, through the mail, at a voter registration agency, or driver's license examination facility at least eight days prior to Election Day. A voter that registers through a voter registration drive must submit their application no later than 22 days before the election to automatically receive an absentee/mail-in ballot. A voter can register online or submit a form in person or by fax, email, or mail.[49][50] Automatic registrationColorado automatically registers eligible individuals to vote through the Department of Motor Vehicles and certain other state agencies. Online registration
Colorado has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website. Same-day registrationColorado allows same-day voter registration for individuals who vote in person. Residency requirementsColorado law requires 22 days of residency in the state before a person may vote. Verification of citizenshipColorado does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. Verifying your registrationThe site Go Vote Colorado, run by the Colorado Secretary of State office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online. Voter ID requirementsColorado requires voters to present non-photo identification when voting in person. If voting by mail for the first, a voter may also need to return a photocopy of his or her identification with his or her mail-in ballot. Click here for more information. The following list of accepted forms of identification was current as of July 2024. Click here for the most current information, sourced directly from the Office of the Colorado Secretary of State.
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See also
External links
- Initiative 107 full text
- Colorado Ballot Information Booklet (Blue Book)
- Colorado Secretary of State: Initiative Filings, Agendas & Results
- Initiatives filed with the Legislative Council Staff
Support |
Opposition |
Footnotes
- ↑ USA Today, "Colorado releases 5 wolves in reintroduction program approved by voters," accessed December 21, 2023
- ↑ Colorado Politics, "Gray wolves reintroduction to Colorado may have hit a snag," accessed November 17, 2020
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Colorado Secretary of State, "Initiative 107 full text," accessed June 24, 2019
- ↑ U.S. Department of Justice, "The Northern Rocky Mountain Gray Wolves," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ U.S. Department of Interior, "Management of Wolves," September 21, 2016
- ↑ Colorado Parks & Wildlife, "Wolves," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, "Gray Wolf History," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Idaho Fish and Game, "Wolves Delisted: Idaho Perspective," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ Idaho Department of Fish and Game, "Wolf Management / Status Timeline," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Colorado Independent, "What you need to know about a ballot effort to bring wolves back to Colorado," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wolf Action Fund, "Restoration efforts," accessed May 23, 2019
- ↑ The Guardian, "Gray wolves, once nearly extinct, could be coming back to Colorado," accessed January 23, 2020
- ↑ Tim Ferriss, "The Bet (and Resources)," accessed August 22, 2019
- ↑ Montrose Press, "Wolf reintroduction group confident of getting measure on ballot," accessed October 28, 2019
- ↑ Colorado Stop the Wolf Coalition, "Get the facts," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Initiative 107 fiscal impact statement," accessed January 23, 2020
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Colorado State Legislature, "2020 Blue Book," accessed September 21, 2020
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Colorado Secretary of State, "TRACER Campaign Finance database," accessed March 29, 2021
- ↑ The Gazette, "El Paso County joins Stop the Wolf Coalition against Initiative 107," accessed February 27, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State: TRACER, "ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOLF ACTION FUND Committee Information," accessed March 29, 2021
- ↑ Colorado Sun, "Colorado State University Poll: Public Perspectives on Wolf Reintroduction and Management in Colorado," accessed January 27, 2020
- ↑ U.S. Department of Justice, "The Northern Rocky Mountain Gray Wolves," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ U.S. Department of Interior, "Management of Wolves," September 21, 2016
- ↑ Colorado Parks & Wildlife, "Wolves," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, "Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Current Population in the United States," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ Federal Register, "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)," March 15, 2019
- ↑ Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, "Gray Wolf History," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Idaho Fish and Game, "Wolves Delisted: Idaho Perspective," accessed January 9, 2020
- ↑ Idaho Department of Fish and Game, "Wolf Management / Status Timeline," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Colorado Independent, "What you need to know about a ballot effort to bring wolves back to Colorado," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Fish and Wildlife Service, "Gray Wolf Proposed Delisting Questions and Answers," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Regulations.gov, "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Vox, "Trump’s plan to take wolves off the endangered species list is deeply flawed," accessed December 6, 2019
- ↑ Colorado Parks and Wildlife, "News & Media," accessed January 15, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Parks and Wildlife, "Commission," accessed January 15, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Parks and Wildlife, "Our story," accessed January 15, 2020
- ↑ On May 17, 2020, Colorado Governor Jared Polis (D) signed Executive Order D 2020 065, which temporarily suspended the state law requiring signatures to be submitted six months after ballot language finalization. Under the order, signatures for 2020 Colorado initiatives were due by August 3, 2020.
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Colorado Secretary of State, "2019-2020 Initiative Filings, Agendas & Results," accessed April 22, 2019
- ↑ Complete Colorado Page 2 "Gray Wolf reintroduction effort brings up lost livestock compensation concerns," accessed January 13, 2020
- ↑ Rocky Mountain Wolf Action Fund, "Over 210,000 Coloradans Sign On for Wolf Reintroduction, Adding Initiative to 2020 Ballot," accessed December 10, 2019
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "'Restoration of Gray Wolves' Initiative Qualifies For 2020 Ballot," accessed January 6, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Public Radio, "Colorado Lawmakers Want A Compromise On Wolf Reintroduction. Ballot Advocates Aren’t Biting — Yet," accessed January 27, 2020
- ↑ Durango Herald, "Western Slope lawmaker tries to pump brakes on wolf reintroduction," accessed January 27, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Public Radio, "Colorado Lawmakers Want A Compromise On Wolf Reintroduction. Ballot Advocates Aren’t Biting — Yet," accessed January 27, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Public Radio, "Colorado Lawmakers Want A Compromise On Wolf Reintroduction. Ballot Advocates Aren’t Biting — Yet," accessed January 27, 2020
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Mail-in Ballots FAQs," accessed July 16, 2024
- ↑ Colorado Revised Statutes, "1-7-101," accessed July 16, 2024
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Colorado Secretary of State, "Voter Registration FAQs," accessed July 16, 2024
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Go Vote Colorado," accessed July 15, 2024
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Acceptable Forms of Identification," accessed July 17, 2024
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