Julien Jomaux

Frequency Containment reserves (FCR), previously called primary reserves, are an important feature insuring safe and reliable operations of the Continental Europe grid. Due to their strong technical requirements, gas and hydro power plants are the almost exclusive provider of FCR. Since gas power plants are becoming less profitable in Europe, a lot of efforts are deployed into FCR diversification. This paper assesses the potential for battery energy storage systems (BESS) to deliver FCR… Show more

Frequency Containment reserves (FCR), previously called primary reserves, are an important feature insuring safe and reliable operations of the Continental Europe grid. Due to their strong technical requirements, gas and hydro power plants are the almost exclusive provider of FCR. Since gas power plants are becoming less profitable in Europe, a lot of efforts are deployed into FCR diversification. This paper assesses the potential for battery energy storage systems (BESS) to deliver FCR combined with a slow-moving thermal power plant and other emergency solutions such as load shedding and dissipating resistances. A proportional-integral energy management control loop is used whose parameters are tuned by an economic evaluation. We show that economic opportunity already exists today. Some limitations are discussed due to simplifying assumptions. The best solution consists of a 1MW/1.4MWh battery and a 0.09MW power plant per MW of provided FCR reducing by 90% the reservation on power plants. Show less

Frequency containment reserves (FCR) or formerly called primary reserves are a major component for the stability of the continental Europe power grid. Up to now, mainly gas power plants are providing FCR and their ongoing decreasing profitability in Europe has a non-negligible impact on the FCR provision cost. In this paper, the concept of FCR with large deadband is introduced and discussed. We show that frequency dynamics after a large disturbance and frequency distribution can be maintained… Show more

Frequency containment reserves (FCR) or formerly called primary reserves are a major component for the stability of the continental Europe power grid. Up to now, mainly gas power plants are providing FCR and their ongoing decreasing profitability in Europe has a non-negligible impact on the FCR provision cost. In this paper, the concept of FCR with large deadband is introduced and discussed. We show that frequency dynamics after a large disturbance and frequency distribution can be maintained at a satisfactory level. The introduction of FCR with large deadband could lower their procurement cost without impacting significantly the frequency quality and enable new participants, e.g. Demand-Side Management or renewable curtailment, to enter the reserve markets. Show less