Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Artisanal Production in Byzantine Thessa PDF
Artisanal Production in Byzantine Thessa PDF
Bibliografische Information
der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
ISBN 978-3-88467-269-3
7 Vorwort
John Haldon
Die byzantinische Stadt Verfall und Wiederaufleben vom 6. bis zum ausgehenden
9 11.Jahrhundert
Paul Magdalino
23 Neighbourhoods in Byzantine Constantinople
Johannes Koder
31 Lebensmittelversorgung einer Grostadt: Konstantinopel
Arne Effenberger
Stadtinterne Reliquientranslationen in Konstantinopel der Fall der heiligen Euphemia
45 von Chalkedon
Ralph-Johannes Lilie
Die konomische Bedeutung der byzantinischen Provinzstadt (8.-12. Jahrhundert)
55 im Spiegel der literarischen Quellen
Beate Bhlendorf-Arslan
63 Leben in der Provinz. Lndliche Siedlungen in der sptantiken und byzantinischen Troas
Vujadin Ivanievi
89 Late Antique cities and their environment in Northern Illyricum
Ccile Morrisson
101 Coin use in Byzantine cities and countryside (6th-15th centuries): a reassessment
Henriette Kroll
141 Gro und Stark? Zur Widerristhhe und Statur byzantinischer Arbeitstiere
Ina Eichner
Aspekte des Alltagslebens im Pauloskloster (Deir el-Bacht) von Theben-West/Obergypten
159 anhand archologischer Belege
Ewald Kislinger
171 Byzantinischer Alltag zu Schiff
Dionysios Stathakopoulos
181 Gesellschaft und Demographie im sptbyzantinischen Griechenland (1261-1453)
Kostis Smyrlis
189 Estate fortifications in Late Byzantine Macedonia: the Athonite evidence
Charalambos Gasparis
Between village and city: Peasants in the new economic context of medieval Crete
207 (13th-15th c.)
Vasiliki Tsamakda
219 Kunst und Stifterwesen auf dem Land am Beispiel Kretas
Byzanz Pracht und Alltag war der Titel einer von den der Johannes Gutenberg-Universitt Mainz mit dem RGZM,
Unterzeichnenden kuratierten Ausstellung, die von Februar wurde die Tagung dazu genutzt, ausgesuchte Themenfelder
bis Juni 2010 in der Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bun- der Ausstellung weiter zu vertiefen und damit das facettenrei-
desrepublik Deutschland in Bonn zu sehen war. Erklrtes che Bild der byzantinischen Kultur mit modernen Forschungs-
Ziel dieser Schau war es, das immer noch gngige Bild vom ergebnissen zu ergnzen. Einige Beitrge fokussierten speziell
Byzantinischen Reich zu korrigieren ein Bild, das von tief auf die soziale Interaktion innerhalb der Stdte und Drfer
verwurzelten Vorurteilen und Klischees geprgt ist, die teil- sowie die Beziehungen zwischen den urbanen und lndli-
weise seit Jahrhunderten tradiert werden. Allzu oft wird in chen Regionen des Reiches und das sich in diesen Prozessen
Byzanz-Ausstellungen nur die prachtvolle Seite des Reiches spiegelnde Alltagsleben. In 21 Vortrgen namhafter Wis-
in den Vordergrund gestellt, die sich in ebenso kostbaren senschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler wurde dabei nicht
Kunstgegenstnden spiegelt. Dadurch erscheint Byzanz hu- nur die Hauptstadt Konstantinopel in den Blick genommen,
fig als exotischer Sonderfall des mediterranen Mittelalters, der sondern auch Stdte und ihr Umland auf dem Balkan und in
auf die heutigen Menschen fremd und zugleich faszinierend Kleinasien. Auch die Rolle von Klstern und Stiftungen sowie
wirkt. Seine herausragende Bedeutung fr die europische das alltgliche Leben zur See, in Klstern oder in lndlichen
Geschichte bleibt dabei jedoch im Dunkeln. Regionen wurden thematisiert. Im interdisziplinren Dialog
Auch in der Ausstellung Byzanz Pracht und Alltag wa- konnten dadurch neue Perspektiven fr die internationale
ren berragende Kunstwerke zu sehen, doch standen sie im Byzanz-Forschung gewonnen werden. Diese profitierte auch
Kontext aktueller Forschungsergebnisse aus verschiedenen, auf andere Weise von der Zusammenkunft: Angeregt durch
mit Byzanz befassten Fchern mit ihren spezifischen Quellen- den Vortrag von Anastassios Ch. Antonaras zur handwerkli-
gattungen, vor allem natrlich den Schriftzeugnissen und den chen Produktion in Thessaloniki wurde die Idee geboren, dem
archologischen Funden und Ausgrabungen. So entstanden Thema eine eigene Monographie zu widmen. Diese konnte
bisweilen blutvolle oder auch berhrende Lebensbilder einer bereits kurz vor Erscheinen des Tagungsbandes vorgelegt
Kultur, die eine auergewhnliche Rolle in der europischen werden (A. Ch. Antonaras, Arts, Crafts and Trades in Anci-
Geschichte gespielt hat. Zumindest bis zur Eroberung Kon ent and Byzantine Thessaloniki. Byzanz zwischen Orient und
stantinopels durch die Kreuzfahrer im Jahre 1204 war Byzanz Okzident 2 [Mainz 2016]). Fr die finanzielle Untersttzung
der Standard, an dem man sich auch und gerade im Westen der Tagung und der Drucklegung sind wir der Fritz Thyssen
ma und orientierte und viele Errungenschaften leben bis Stiftung sehr zu Dank verpflichtet.
heute vor allem in Osteuropa fort. Diverse Umstnde verhinderten eine zeitnahe Publikation der
Neben dem Ausstellungskatalog und einem mehrteiligen wis- Tagungsakten; umso mehr freut es uns, nun die Frchte der
senschaftlichen Begleitband (F. Daim / J. Drauschke [Hrsg.], Tagung vorlegen zu knnen. Den Autorinnen und Autoren ist
Byzanz das Rmerreich im Mittelalter. Monographien des nicht nur fr ihre Beitrge zur Tagung und zu diesem Band zu
RGZM 84, 1-3 [Mainz 2010]) gehrte die internationale wie danken, sondern auch fr ihre Geduld. Vielen Dank nicht zu-
interdisziplinre Tagung Hinter den Mauern und auf dem of- letzt allen am RGZM, die mit der Drucklegung befasst waren,
fenen Land: Neue Forschungen zum Leben im Byzantinischen sowie den externen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern. Die
Reich zum Rahmenprogramm der Schau. Sie fand vom 3. neue Reihe des Leibniz-WissenschaftsCampus Mainz: Byzanz
bis 6. Juni 2010 im Erbacher Hof in Mainz statt und endete zwischen Orient und Okzident, des Nachfolgers der Byzanti-
mit einer Exkursion zur Ausstellung nach Bonn. Veranstaltet nischen Archologie Mainz, bietet fr den vorliegenden Band
durch die Byzantinische Archologie Mainz, eine Kooperation den perfekten Rahmen.
Artisanal production in
Byzantine Thessaloniki (4th-15th century)*
As in most cities that have endured over many centuries, tracing Early Christian Period
artisanal activities in 2300-year-old Thessaloniki is quite difficult.
For the most ancient period, it is almost impossible, at least as Workshops with kilns
far as locating immovable elements is concerned. Usually, the
only evidence comes from movable archaeological finds that, Lime kilns
due to their density or special character (e.g. deformed and / Remains of lime kilns have not been located in Roman
or unfinished products), present indirect yet strong evidence of strata in the city or its surroundings. Two large complexes
local artisanal activity. In fact, only some of the workshops can of kilns found at Platamonas, dated to the early 4th century,
be located archaeologically, particularly those a) relating to the were assumed to be connected with the building activity of
processing of organic materials, which required the extensive Galerius and Constantine I in Thessaloniki1. The only lime
use of water and therefore had water reservoirs and systems kiln found in the city was located in the area of the ancient
for inflowing and drainage water and b) those relating to the forum, dated to the 7th century, apparently melting into lime
processing of inorganic materials requiring the use of furnaces, the marble members of the ruined monuments of the forum2.
remnants of which are also traceable in the excavations. Finally,
valuable information on these professions is available in written Pottery
sources, e.g. inscriptions, historiographical, hagiographical, and Several late imperial workshops were found, both within
legal texts, acta of the monasteries of Mount Athos that, either and outside the city wall3, as well as in the hinterland of
directly or indirectly, shed light on aspects of the private and Thessaloniki, towards Chalkidiki, some of which continued
professional life of the citizens of Thessaloniki. to function until the late Byzantine period4. Several forms of
vessels5 (fig.1) and other crude creations, along with lamps6
(fig.2), bricks and roof tiles7, were produced in the city.
* The author, based on the research undertaken for this paper, has presented in
detail the entire corpus of workshops excavated in Thessaloniki, relevant archae-
ological finds and the references on them in written sources in the book Arts,
Crafts and Trades in Ancient and Byzantine Thessaloniki. Archaeological, Literary
and Epigraphic Evidence. Byzanz zwischen Orient und Okzident 2 (Mainz 2016).
1 Loverdou-Tsigarida, Paraggik monada asvestiou 101f. Sdrolia, Archaio
logikes ereunes.
2 Velenis et al., Programma Archaias Agoras 251. There are indications of a lime
kiln active in the Late Middle Byzantine period close to the sea wall, near the
harbor. See Tsimpidou-Avloniti/Lykidou/Euthymoglou, Thessaloniks amyntria
3 Finds from a rescue excavation at K. Palaiologou 18 str. See Kourkouti-
dou-Nikolaidou, 9 Ephoreia 285. Two rectangular kilns for building material
and vessels from a rescue excavation at K. Melenikou 30A, see 9th Ephoreia,
Sstikes 2004, 6. In the plot of the Museum of Byzantine Culture: Nal-
pantis, Oikopedo (1) 381; (2) 346. Two late antique, rectangular pottery kilns,
whose products have not been identified. At the northern gate of the Hel-
expo Trakosopoulou, Chros DETH 555f. pl. 213. Artisanal installations, such
as a medieval cistern, a lime pit and remains of a possibly 1st c. clay figurine
workshop, were traced among several 3rd-4th c. graves. In the plot at the
junction of Koloniaris-Galanakis and Papathanasiou str. See Nalpantis, Odos
Kolniar-Galanak-Papathanasiou 405 dr. 9 pl. 226. Two rectangular pottery
kilns, the second one only partly preserved. At the plot on the Mavili 17 str., Fig.1 Clay vessels, necropolis of Thessaloniki (late 3rd-4th c.). (After Kourkouti-
see Vavritsas, Anaskaphai kentriks Makedonias 505. dou-Nikolaidou, From the Elysian Fields 129 fig.55).
4 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2004. A semicircular kiln founded in the Late Early Chris-
tian period, unearthed at the village Vasilika close to the river Gramostikeia
where byzantine water mills have also been found. On the byzantine mills, see bibliography on locating the site in various other places, see Bakirtzis, Imports,
Theodoridis, To ktmatologio 417f. and Papangelos, Agramades 65f. exports and autarchy 101 fn. 66. For workshops, recently redated to the Pal-
5 Nalpantis, Anaskaph sto oikopedo 119-127 pl. 34-41. Makropoulou, Taphoi kai aeologan era, see: Monasteriou str. 91: Makropoulou, Monastriou 91, 503f.
taphes 440-447 pl. 7-19. 63f. Panti, Keramik ts Ysters Archaiottas 469-471. Monasteriou str. 93: Makropoulou, Monastriou 93, 379ff.; Eleutheriadou et
6 Petsas, Theologik Schol 334-339 pl. 345-359. On the plot at the junction of al., Sstikes anaskaphes Thessaloniks 274f. fig.10. Giannitson str. 48: Mak-
Chrysospathi and Monachou Samouil str., see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2002, 13. ropoulou, Giannitsn 48, 618. For the new dating, see Makropoulou, Taphoi
For findings from the ancient forum of the city, see Adam-Veleni, Lychnoi 192f. kai taphes 371 no. 238; 373 no. 240. One of the kilns that has been unearthed
no. 85. Velenis/Poulou-Papadimitriou/Zachariadis, Lychnaria. in the plot at the junctions of Koloniari, Galanaki and Papathanasiou str., see
7 Vickers, Fifth century Brickstamps 285-294. Theocharidou, Symvol st melet Nalpantis, Odos Kolniar-Galanak-Papathanasiou 405 dr. 9 pl. 226, dated
ts paraggs 108f. Theodoridis, To ktmatologio 414. On the plain west to the Early Christian period, has recently been identified as a brick or roof tile
of the city walls and its use by potters, see Miracles 1997, 2:5. 288. For kiln, see Makropoulou, Taphoi kai taphes 373 no. 240.
8 Antonaras, Glass Doves and Globes. 10 Antonaras, Rmak kai palaiochristianik yalourgia 61-75. Antonaras, Yalo-
9 Antonaras, Rmak kai palaiochristianik yalourgia 75-84. Antonaras, Pro- poiia kai yalourgia. Antonaras, An Early Christian Glass Workshop 95-113.
duction and Distribution. Antonaras, Glass working activities. On glass jewels
present in Early Christian Thessaloniki, see: Antonaras, Glassware in Late An-
tique Thessalonik 321-327.
Textile dyers and, more specifically, purple dyers were material28. A bone carving workshop was located on the site
active in Thessaloniki from the 1st century BC. An associa- of the Roman forum29.
tion of purple dyers, porphyrovaphoi, was active in Roman
times, called the one of the eighteenth [street], so declaring
their working site and distinguishing themselves from other Sculptors / marble carving
associations in the city22. The purple, gold weft dress, which
was found in a lead coffin placed in a marble sarcophagus in The local production of sculptures flourishes in particular
the eastern necropolis, could be the work of some of these during the years of the Tetrarchy, when it appears that artists
purple dyers23. Finally, thread- or fabric-dyeing activity has from major centers of the eastern part of the empire were
been detected in the area of the shops on the street south of invited to operate within a well-organized workshop in Thes-
the forum, which hosted workshops after the 4th and in the saloniki and hence raised the level of works produced for the
5th century24, and also in the area close to Hagia Sophia25. Tetrarch Galerius30. Some elements of the rich and diverse
sculptural decoration of Early Christian monuments were
probably executed locally. However, the only elements that
Tanners can be securely attributed to local production is a group of
four small, truncated, conical 7th century capitals; an identical,
The activity of tanners and dyers has been located at the unfinished one was used in Hagios Demetrios basilica during
south side of the ancient forum, where a series of shops its 7th century renovation31. It appears that a local sculpture
are arranged in front of a cryptoporticus26. Another tannery workshop was active in Thessaloniki until the middle of the
dated to the 6th-7th century has been excavated within and 7th century and it has been noted that it was open to Con-
very close to the eastern walls27. stantinopolitan influences although still keeping alive the
Hellenistic tradition (fig.6)32. A small and unfinished capital
(dated to the 2nd half of the 5th or 1st half of the 6th c.) also
Bone carvers appears to be a local product; it was found during the ex-
cavation of a church on the west side of the city (fig.7)33.
Bone carving has left unexpectedly few remains in Thessalon- In addition, it seems highly likely that simple items, such as
iki, both in terms of finished and unfinished products or raw mortars throughout the Roman and Early Christian period,
22 Edson, Inscriptiones Thessalonicae 117 no. 291. Comments on the inscription 27 For the plot of K. Melenikou 18, where two large lime pits have been un-
at Robert, Etudes anatoliennes 535 no. 3. Vitti, poleodomik exelix 78f. earthed, see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2004, 6.
Indications of, probably 5th c., purple dyers activity has been archaeologically 28 Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 210. 410. 468 no. 239; 498-
spotted at the western part of the city, north of Chryse gate at Zephyron 7. See 501. 504. 637-640: bone dice, pins and spoons.
Mark, 586. 29 Valavanidou, Ergastriakes chrseis 127.
23 Vokotopoulou, Odgos Archaiologikou Mouseiou 88f. fig.XY. 30 Laubscher, Der Reliefschmuck 145ff. Stefanidou-Tiveriou, Trapezophora
24 Valavanidou, Ergastriakes chrseis 128-129. 21f. Stefanidou-Tiveriou, To mikro toxo 83-96.
25 Excavation at Agias Sophias str. 75, the installation is dated to the 4th to the 31 Velenis, Tessera prtotypa kionokrana 669-679.
early 5th c.; see Karydas, Anaskaph se oikopedo stn odo Agias Sophias 252- 32 Ibidem 678.
254 figs3-4. 33 Makropoulou, Dyo prosphata anakalyphthentes naoi 713. Papanikola-Ba-
26 Vitti, poleodomik exelix 102f. Valavanidou, Ergastriakes chrseis 128f. kirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 66 no. 8 [D. Makropoulou].
34 On mortars from Thessaloniki, see Tzitzibasi, Marble bowls 18-29. 40 Brownish and greenish imitations of five marble slabs with lozenges in them are
35 Edson, Inscriptiones Thessalonicae. Spieser, Inventaires I 145-180. Spieser, painted at the lower part of the apse, below the mosaic decoration, at Latomou
Inventaires II 303-348. Tsigaridas/Loverdou-Tsigarida, Katalogos christianikn monastery. Tsigaridas, Mon Latomou 25 no. 3 dr. 2.
epigraphn 33-78. 87-91. 99f. Feissel, Recueil des inscriptions 81-240. 41 For a 5th c. house with rich mosaic pavement and wall paintings, exhibited in
Tzitzibasi, Epitymvies epigraphes 169-208. the Museum of Byzantine Culture, see: Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, Lapithn 7.
36 Found at Margaropoulou 20 str., see Makropoulou, Taphoi kai taphes 225. Eleutheriadou, Lapithn 7, 323 pl. 151. Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, Syntagma
37 Gounaris, Oi toichographies tou taphou ar. 18, 245-262. Nikonanos, Topo- tn palaiochristianikn psphidtn 258f. For a house with Early and Late
graphia kai techn 245f., on some thoughts on the connections of Thessa- Imperial layers of painting rendering the former a building in Pompeian-Style
lonian mural paintings with those from the catacombs of Rome and on the and an opus sectile the latter, see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 1999-2000, 13.
unity and universality of art in that period. For still standing fragments of Early 42 Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, Syntagma tn palaiochristianikn psphidtn pas-
Christian wall paintings on the walls of the Moni Latomou, see Tsigaridas, Mon sim. Nikonanos, Topographia kai techn 247.
Latomou 54f. fig.12. 43 Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, Syntagma tn palaiochristianikn psphidtn 112f.
38 Marki, nekropol ts Thessaloniks 240f. 156f.
39 Ibidem 120-240. 44 Guidobaldi / Guiglia-Guidobaldi, Pavimenti marmorei 252-254, esp. fn. 466.
Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, Syntagma tn palaiochristianikn psphidtn 168-
176, esp. 168.
45 Edson, Inscriptiones Thessalonicae no. 787. Tsigaridas/Loverdou-Tsigarida, Kat- 49 Kameniats, Stn Als 11,71-78. Specially on the artisanal production
alogos christianikn epigraphn no. 43, 73, with further notes on the term lep- of Thessaloniki and the trade during the 9th and 10th c., see comments by
tourgos. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 68 no. 11 [A. Tzitzibasi]. Nasledova, Remeslo i torgovija 61-84. Also, see Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin
46 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2002, 8. Thessalonik 56-58.
47 For the excavation see Pelekanidou, 9 Ephoreia. For its later use in the pro- 50 Kameniats, Stn Als 8f. 9,6.
duction of wine, see Raptis, Palaiochristianika kai vyzantina ergastria 112. 51 Ibidem 57ff. 10.
48 Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin Thessalonik 81-94, where all relevant bibliog- 52 Laiou, Thessalonik 183. On big pieces of land, entire villages and water mills
raphy is cited, and where is questioned whether the part of the text with the that were property of the church of Thessaloniki in the surrounding areas, see
description of the city belongs to the original core of the text or is a late Byzan- Theodoridis, To ktmatologio passim.
tine addition.
53 The fact that the term , i.e. workshop, was used for all shops offers 59 Bakirtzis, Agiou Dmtriou Thaumata 131-135. 376 1:7 64. 66
an indirect indication that, in the majority of shops, goods were not simply sold . Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 100-101.
but at least part of their production process took place in them. 60 Cf. St Theodora, Life 6.3-4. Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 111.
54 On the presence and the density of / workshops in the area of 61 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2002, 11. Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 108f.
katafyg / witness document issued at 1117, preserved at the ar- 62 Kaltosgianni/Kotzabassi/Paraskevopoulou, Thessalonik st byzantin logo-
chives of Mount Athos, where it can be seen that, in one complex, the monas- technia 117, if the kilns mentioned in the 903 visit of Saint Elias the Younger
tery owned seven, two storey-high / workshops. See Oikonomidis, were indeed for pottery and if they were not at the western part of the city.
Iera Mon Docheiariou 233. The complex presented a kind of a shopping Lavra I 97-102 for a sale of a roof-tiles workshop situated near the sea from
mall consisting of workshops without any residences in it, according to Pa- 952 for three gold coins.
pagianni, Morphes oikodomn 24f. 35-40. 63 Panagia Chalkeon is the best preserved example. See Evangelidis, Panagia
55 At least two, double-roomed workshops with kilns and wells, dated after the Chalken. Mavropoulou-Tsioumi, Byzantin Thessalonik 104-110.
7th and prior to the 12th c. One of them was secondarily used as a lime kiln. 64 Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou/Mavropoulou-Tsioumi, Acheiropoitos. Marki,
Tsimpidou-Avloniti/Lykidou/Euthymoglou, Thessaloniks amyntria. Middle Symplrmatika archaiologika stoicheia 139. 148 dr. 1 fig.7. Part of another
Byzantine circular kilns have been also located farther to the east, closer to the kiln has also been located on the same site.
port and adjoining the sea walls, on Leoforos Nikis 59 and Moskof 18, see 9th 65 Bakirtzis / Papanikola-Bakirtzi, De la cramique byzantine 425f.
Ephoreia, Sstikes 2001, 14f. 66 Kissas, Angeia metaphoras kai apothkeuss 232-245.
56 Tsaras, Timarin 189-203. Timarion 47-61. 175-190. 67 Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 101. Bakirtzis, Cramiques en com-
57 Laiou, Thessalonik 184. Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin Thessalonik 213. blement de voutes 697-702, esp. figs6-8.
58 Eustathius, Opuscula 223, 38-40. Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin Thessalonik 68 Kameniatis, Stn Als 31,8; 32,10; 33,7; 34,7. Bakirtzis, Imports, exports
160. On the size of the land property and the income from it, of the Thessalo- and autarchy 108.
nian church during the Middle and Late Byzantine period, see Theodoridis, To 69 Kissas, Angeia metaphoras kai apothkeuss drs 2-14 figs 2-8. Bakirtzis,
ktmatologio passim. Cramiques en comblement de voutes 697-702, esp. figs2-4.
Glass working that the general of the city accepted (or rather: was obliged)
to procure thousands of weapons for an expedition to Crete
Glass working is one of the few artisanal activities described during Leos reign, e.g. 6000 arrows, 3000 lances and as
by Kameniates that have been archaeologically proven to many shields as possible76. Furthermore, the mint of the city
be present in the city. Two glass workshops have been un- should also be included in the metalsmiths artisanal activities,
earthed in the center of Thessaloniki in disregard of juridical which continued almost without interruption throughout
regulations70. The first one, to the west of Hagios Demetrios, the Byzantine period77. Moreover, several lead seals found
produced glass vessels and its kiln is the only one surviving in in Thessaloniki (fig.15) that belonged to religious and state
the city (fig.13). Its products included stemmed beakers and dignitaries of the city or region shed light on another activity
hanging lamps71. The second workshop was located to the of local metalsmiths, i.e. the local production of lead blanks
northeast of Hagia Sophia and only movable finds have been and , the metal pincers with inscriptions on their
unearthed (fig.14). Apart from deformed glass masses, a few jaws and representations stamped on lead seals, which were
glass tesserae, dark blue glass cakes for the production of used by religious and state dignitaries of the city78. Also, from
mosaic tesserae and tiles, both square and rounded in shape, the 6th-7th century, to the east of the city, near the Byzantine
decorated with colorless-whitish and red festoons, are very village of , at the site of , the bishop of
important and interesting72. Thessaloniki possessed large parts of land and watermills, as
well as a workshop for refining metals, possibly gold79.
As to the movable finds that appear to be local products, it
Metal working is important to mention an 8th century stone mould for eulo-
giae, probably metal ones, that was found at the north side
Several Middle Byzantine metalsmith workshops have been of Hagios Demetrios complex80. It depicts a negative relief
located on the outskirts of the city but within the city walls73. bust of Christ on a Cross, flanked by the apostles Andreas
It has already been noted that there was an active fabrica, and possibly Paulos, probably considered to be the founders
a state arms factory, as early as in the Early Christian period of the Thessalonian Church (fig.16)81. Furthermore, lentoid,
in Thessaloniki74. Middle Byzantine sources, like Eustathios, lead ampoullae, appearing in two versions with either a short
note that a zavareion, an arsenal, or a state arms factory, or long funnel mouth, with the busts of the saint Demetrios
operated in the city during the 11th century75. It is also known on one side and the Mother of God or the saints Theodora
70 Knstantinos Armenopoulos, Procheiron Nomn 117f. (2.4.19). Laws that were 75 Eustathios, La espugnazione 86 ln. 20.
in use throughout the Byzantine period and are preserved in the 14th c. work of 76 Konstantinos Porphyrogenntos, De cerimoniis 657 II. 44.12-14. Kolias,
K. Armenopoulos mention that glassworkers were not supposed to work within Zaba Zabareion Zabareiotes 27-35, esp. 31.
city walls. If there was still a need to have them installed within the city walls, 77 Metcalf, The Coinage of Thessaloniki 277-288. Metcalf, Coinage in the
then they were obliged to create their workshops in uninhabited parts of the city Balkans passim. Metcalf, Coinage in South-Eastern Europe passim. Ben-
as the danger of a fire was great and the disturbance of the neighbors constant. dall/Protonotarios, Further Rare and Unpublished Coins 178-180.
71 Kanonidis, Anaskaph ergastriou yalourgias 143-153. 78 On Vouloteria, see Grierson, Byzantine Gold Bullae 247 fig.9. On lead seals
72 Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 119-120 no. 115a, dated gener- from Thessaloniki, see Kissas, Molyvdovoulla apo ta ypera 185-202. For a
ally to the Middle Byzantine period. For the excavation, see Kanonidis, Agaps thorough publication of all lead seals that have been found in Thessaloniki and
3, 490-493. its region, see Leontiadis, Molyvdovoulla tou Mouseiou Byzantinou Politismou
73 Find from the Gyzi 5 str. plot, see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2001, 11. Marki, passim.
Tzacheila 3, 584-586 figs 11-12. Kissas, Venizelou 74, 238-242. 79 Theodoridis, To ktmatologio 417.
74 See no. 17. Also, Tafel, De Thessalonica 184 no. 30. Spieser, Thessalonique et 80 Pelekanids, Anaskaph.
ses monuments 15 no. 51. 81 Mentzos, A stone mould 18-24.
Fig.17 Lead ampulla, Rendina (13th c.). (After Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 184-
185).
Georgios or Nestor on the other, known to Thessalonians Byzantine period confirms the presence of goldsmiths, as one
as koutrouvia, were produced locally between the 10th and might expect, at the very center of the city86. The diversity of
the 13th century in order to meet the needs of the peregri- used and possibly locally produced jewels is obvious thanks
nation to the shrines of the two myron-producing saints of to numerous archaeological finds, both precious and predo-
Thessaloniki (fig.17)82. It appears that the same peregrine minantly simpler ones87.
needs met for ordinary people by lead koutrouvia were met Finally, written sources provide important information
for wealthier and more important people by reliquaries for about the activity of local metal production. Other work by
lythron or myron of Saint Demetrios; these were made of coppersmiths, such hot-water boilers, are also known to be
precious materials and rendered the saints sarcophagus and present in the city88, as were silver- and gold-plated harnesses
the ciborium covering it83. Judging by the reliquaries and for the horses of local dignitaries89. Also, the ironclad wooden
some preserved encolpia84 and crosses85, it appears that local doors of the city walls must had been made and repaired by
jewelers also used enamel to decorate metal objects. Also, local blacksmiths, just like the weapons and fine locks that
the finding of a touchstone (fig.18) dated to the Middle private citizens kept in their houses90.
82 Bakirtzis, Koutrouvia myrou 523-528. Bakirtzis, Byzantine Ampoulae 140-149. 86 Find from the excavation NE of St Sophia, at Agapis str. 3. See Papanikola-Ba-
Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 184f. kirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 107 no. 97 [I. Kanonidis]. For similar finds from
83 Grabar, Quelques reliquaires 3-28. Grabar, Un nouveau reliquaire de Frankish Thebes, see Koilakou, Viotechnikes enkatastaseis esp. 235 figs8-10.
S.Dmtrius 305-313, esp. 307. Evans/Wixom, Glory of Byzantium 161f. 87 Antonaras, The use of Glass in Byzantine jewelry 331-334. Antonaras, Gyalina
167f. 174 nos 108. 116f. 125. Loverdou-Tsigarida, Thessalonique, centre de mesovyzantina vrachiolia 423-434. Antonaras, Middle and Late Byzantine
production 241-254, esp. 243f. jewellery.
84 Ikonomaki-Papadopoulou/Pitarakis/Loverdou-Tsigarida, Enkolpia 74f. no. 22. 88 St Theodora, Life 31, 5-7. Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 111.
85 Evans/Wixom, Glory of Byzantium 174 no. 125. 89 Tsaras, Timarin 200. Timarion 60f.
90 Kameniatis, Stn Als 32,2; 31,4. St Theodora, Translation 4,1. Bakir
tzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 111.
riod, especially from the 10th to the 12th century. Seven Middle
Byzantine examples have been found in Thessaloniki and all
present the Mother of God Oranta (fig.19). Two Late Byzan-
tine examples depict an unfinished Christ and a Hosios David92.
An 11th century workshop, active on several sites in Mace
donia and Epirus, with several plaques found in the city be-
longing to its repertoire, is assumed to be from Thessaloniki93.
Also, parts of ciborium arches from Hagios Demetrios and
other churches of the city have been ascribed to the same
workshop94. Several inscriptions preserved from that period
indicate another type of simple work executed by local sculp-
Fig.19 Marble icon of Mother of God Oranta (11th c.). (After
Caputo/Gentili, Torcello 89). tors95.
Painting
According to written sources, a sculpture workshop was ac- Although the only painter known by name is Ioannis, a late
tive in the city in the late 9th century. The decorated marble 9th century artist who painted the icon of Saint Theodora after
sarcophagus of Saint Theodora was made here in 893. A few a miraculous intervention, according to the cleric Gregorios96,
years earlier, in 875, a monk not local to the area made the painting workshops appear to have been constantly present
sarcophagus of saint Hilarion of Iberia91. Marble icons are in Thessaloniki, or rather painters worked on wall paintings,
confirmed as local products. They generally present a rarity in as works from all centuries are preserved among the few
the Byzantine world, known mainly in the post-iconoclasm pe- surviving monuments from this period (fig.20)97.
91 Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 109 fn. 109. St Theodora, Translation 96 St Theodora, Life 171-177 52-54.
3.7-8; 20-21. On saint Hilarion see Kaltosgianni/Kotzabassi/Paraskevopou- 97 For an anonymous church at the very center of the city at the junction of
lou, Thessalonik st byzantin logotechnia 107. Yet [acc. to Bakirtzis, op.cit.] Egnatia and Dikastirion (today Mit. Gennadiou) streets with 1st half of 9th c.
it is not clear whether it was a newly constructed sarcophagus or an old one. decoration consisting of rows of gemmed crosses flanked by columns, see
For parts of a 12th-13th c. marble templon and a sarcophagus found in the Evangelidis, Eikonomachika mnmeia 341-351 figs. 5. 5. 7. 7. For a funerary
excavation of the monastery, see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 1999-2000, 8. chapel at the eastern part of the city, at Kassandou 90 str., decorated at the
92 Tsilipakou, Byzantines marmarines eikones: on the Middle Byzantine icons 304- first half of the 9th c. on one wall with three gemmed crosses with dedicatory
317. 328-340. 344-351; on Hosios David 317-328; on Christ 340-344. inscriptions, flanked by columns and on another wall with imitation of marble
93 Pazaras, Anaglyphes sarkophagoi 134f. 164. On the workshop, see also Van- incrustations, see Makropoulou/Tzitzibassi, Sstik anaskaphik 361-364.
derheyde, Les reliefs 708. Generally on 9th c. painting in Thessaloniki, see Mavropoulou-Tsioumi, z-
94 Mentzos, Ergastrio glyptiks st Thessalonik 217-230. graphik 393-410. On the Ascension at the apse of Rotunda, see Xyngopoulos,
95 Tsigaridas / Loverdou-Tsigarida, Katalogos christianikn epigraphn 94-97. toichographia ts Analpses 32-53. The wall painting of the Ascension bears
101f. 104. 106. obvious similarities to the mosaic presentation of the Ascension on the dome
Mosaic decoration of Hagia Sophia, dating from the 8th, 9th, Benjamen of Tudela notes that, when he visited Thessaloniki in
10th and 12th century98, in connection with glass working 1155, the 500 Jews in the city were mainly occupied with tech-
remains of glass cakes and other forms of rectangular and nical artisanal activities, specifically with sericulture100. Only one
curved flat glass tiles, possibly of some form of opus sectile, Middle Byzantine dye-house is archaeologically attested; this is
that have been located in an excavation in the proximity of located in the northeast of the city101. Finally, although there are
the church99 bear witness to the, even temporary, presence references in written sources102 and archaeological finds from
of a workshop of mosaicists in the city (fig.21). the wider region103 to gold and silver weft clothes, they actually
only indicate their use and not their local production as, due
to their official character and the ease of transportation, it is
quite possible that they were traded from other remote centers.
of Hagia Sophia and they are considered works of the same workshop, see. R. 99 Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Everyday life in Byzantium 119f. no. 115a, generally
S. Cormack, Ninth Century Monumental Painting and Mosaic in Thessaloniki dated to the Middle Byzantine period [I. Kanonidis].
(London 1968) 198-199 [non vidi], according to Tsigaridas, Oi toichographies 100 Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin Thessalonik. Chros kai Ideologia177.
ts mons Latomou 100 no. 57. The same conclusion is expressed by Mav- Moutsopoulos, Oi evrakes synoikies 4. Benjamin of Tudela 64. Concern-
ropoulou-Tsioumi, zgraphik 409, where she dates them at approx. 880. On ing silk production and trade in Western Byzantium in the period before the
Panagia Chalkeon: Evangelidis, Panagia Chalken passim. Xyngopoulos, Ai Fourth Crusade see Jacoby, Silk in Western Byzantium 452-500.
apolestheisai toichographiai 1-19. Papadopoulou, Die Wandmalereien passim. 101 On the plot at the junction of Paster and I. Sgourou str. see, 9th Ephoreia,
Mavropoulou-Tsioumi, Byzantine Thessaloniki 104-110. On Hosios David: Tsig- Sstikes 2001, 17.
aridas, Oi toichographies ts mons Latomou passim. For a thorough overview 102 As for instance the reference to the richly ornated silk garments of the citys
of painting in 12th c. Thessaloniki, see Tsigaridas, Oi toichographies ts mons Duke in Timarion 60-61 7.185-200.
Latomou 149-156. 103 For the single Middle byzantine, probably 11th c., silk, gold weft tissue ex-
98 Pelekanidis, I mosaici 337-349. Pelekanidis, Bemerkungen 29-40. Cormack, cavated in the Macedonian area, see for the excavation Moutsopoulos, Le
The apse mosaics 111-135. Bakirtzis, Neteres paratrseis 167-180. Mav- tombeau 114-126 and for the tissue Antonaras/Kavasila, Gold Weft tissue
ropoulou-Tsioumi, zgraphik 393-410. 14-15.
During the second half of the 13th and in the early 14th cen-
tury, the city prospered, exporting, amongst other things, ag-
ricultural products to Italian cities. It seems that large sections
of the population were benefiting from the social changes
in trade108. According to a 15th century manuscript, festivals
and trade fairs lasting several days were organized by several
churches and were an important element of the commercial
activity in the city109.
104 Kameniats, Stn Als 31,2. Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy 108. are said to have lasted eight days and the Asomatoi church it is also said to
105 St Theodora, Life 31.9-10; 32.30. Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and autarchy have organized a second, six-day fair. See, Papagianni, Oi pangyreis tv nan
111. ts Thessaloniks 144f. 147.
106 Katsaros, Grammata kai pneumatik Z 324. Mango, On re-reading the 110 Siaxambani, Byzantina ichn sto Retziki 86. Siaxambani, Neromyloi 112-122.
Life of St. Gregory the Dcapolite 635-646. Siaxambani, Watermills from Polychni 338-341.
107 Katsaros, Grammata kai pneumatik Z 325. Janin, Les glises et les 111 Marki, Anaskaphn Thessaloniks eranismata 248-250.
monastres 347-349. Papageorgiou, Peri cheirographou 542f. 112 Lavra III 183-185 no. 168. Papangelos, Elaia kai elaion 174-201, esp. 187 no.
108 For a thorough presentation of written sources on Palaeologan Thessaloniki 83.
and an overview of the citys history, see Stavridou-Zafraka, physiognmia 113 Balfour, Politico-Historical Works of Symeon 64 (
75-84. Jacoby, Foreigners and the Urban Economy 101. 105. 111. 114 on
exports from Thessaloniki to Venice, Pisa and Florence of grains, cotton, silk, , f. 290, 3-5). 180. Jacoby, Foreigners and the
wax and kermes. Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin Thessalonik 218, with Urban Economy 123.
thorough bibliography. 114 Bakirtzis, Tsoukalolagna 114f. Also, a wine press from the byzantine period
109 Notes written in a manuscript inform us that, during the 15th c., trade fairs, has been traced within a tower of the eastern city walls, at Kastron str., north
other than that of Hagios Demetrios, were organized by the churches of Hagia of Olimpiados str., see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2002, 5.
Sophia, the Acheiropoietos, the Asomaton and the Angelon. Some of them
Pottery
115 On byzantine amphorae, see Bakirtzis, Tsoukalolagna 70-88, especially on Aristotelous 19-21: Makropoulou, Aristotelous 19-21, 501-503 and a newly
the time and the reasons for their extinction 84-87. excavated at Vasileos Irakleiou 45 that will be published by the excavator Dr.
116 Papanikola-Bakirtzi, Ergastrio ephyalmens karameiks 377-388. Papan- Sophia Akrivopoulou.
ikola-Bakirtzi, The Palaeologan Glazed Pottery 203 fig.2. For a detailed over- 118 Monastiriou str. 91: Makropoulou, Monastriou 91, 503f. Monastiriou str.
view of the Thessalonian Palaeologan glazed pottery, see Papanikola-Bakirtzi, 93: Makropoulou, Monastriou 93, 379ff. Eleutheriadou et al., Sstikes
Byzantine Glazed Ceramics 188-221, esp. 188-189. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, anaskaphes Thessaloniks 274f fig.10. Giannitson str. 48: Makropoulou, Gi-
Polytima 451-467. annitsn 48, 618. For their new dating, see Makropoulou, Taphoi kai taphes
117 Ancient forum: Personal observation and research of unpublished material 371 no. 238; 373 no. 240. Giannitson str. 48: 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2005, 8;
from the excavation. A general note is also given by Adam-Veleni, Archaia Marki, Oi Sstikes anaskaphes 217f. For four new rectangular kilns, vaguely
Agora 517-521, esp. 519. On the site of Galerius palace: Personal obser- dated to the Medieval period, excavated at the Metro station by the Rail-
vation and research of material from unpublished excavations. Finds from way Station, see Acheilara, METRO 22 and Acheilara, METRO 23. For a short
the plot of the former 3rd Male Gymnasium, 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2001, 10. overview of the pottery workshops excavated in Thessaloniki, see Marki, Oi
A Late Byzantine pottery workshop was established on the site of an Early Sstikes anaskaphes 217f.
Christian pottery workshop at K. Melenikou 30A; two small, two-storied kilns 119 Parts of the city walls and nine churches survive from the Palaeologan building
and unfinished bowls with inscribed bird pecking a tree have been found, activity. On the topic, see Vokotopoulos, Oi mesainikoi naoi 97-110. Voko-
see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2004, 6. Soueref, Odos Gounar-Vassou 350f. topoulos, Church Architecture 107-116. uri, The Role of Late Byzantine
Marki/Chatziioanidis, Sstike anaskaphe. Many silts have been found in a Thessalonike 65-84.
workshop at Eurimedontos 3 str. See 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2005, 5. Also at
Glass working
120 On a special form of lentoid flasks, see Antonaras, Venetian Glass Pilgrim 126 Tsigaridas, Phortes eikones 392f.
Vessels. For a general overview of glass vessels, see Antonaras, Forms and 127 Astruc, Isidore de Thessalonique 272. Loverdou-Tsigarida, Thessalonique,
Uses passim and specially on Palaeologan vessels 408-422. centre de production 253. Byzance. Lart byzantin dans les collections pub-
121 Papazotos, Merikes plrophories 51-56. liques franaises 471 no. 363.
122 Papagelos, Agramades 65-66. P. Lemerle / A. Guillou / N. Svoronos / D. Pa- 128 Loverdou-Tsigarida, Thessalonique, centre de production 254. Loverdou-Tsi-
pachryssanthou, Actes de Lavra II (Paris 1977) doc. 90 ln. 1-69; doc. 108 ln. garida, Vyzantin Mikrotechnia Agiou Orous 353-354 no. 9.27.
167; 179. Lavra III, doc. 130 ln. 13-16; doc. 128 ln. 27-30. J. Bompaire, Actes 129 Todorovi, Nalazi iz stare solunske livnice 91-124, esp. 114-115. 120.
de Xropotamou (Paris 1964) doc. 25 ln. 29 130 Kissas, mesainik Thessalonik 32f.
123 Mentzos, To proskynma tou Agiou Dmtriou 129-140. Loverdou-Tsig- 131 Kissas, Zlatni peatni prsten 113-114. Evans, Faith and Power 44-45.
arida, Thessalonique, centre de production 241-254, esp. 244f. 132 Bosselmann-Ruickbie, A 13th-century Jewellery Hoard from Thessalonica 219-
124 On the medallions see: Wenzel, Zu dem Enkolpion 11-24. Loverdou-Tsig- 232, where a group of gold rings and bracelets, assumed to be found in the
arida, Thessalonique, centre de production 245-246. Foskolou, Glass me- area of Thessaloniki, are discussed, with some examples probably presenting
dallions 51-73. local products.
125 Loverdou-Tsigarida, Vyzantin Mikrotechnia Vatopaidiou 481f. 488 fig.29.
Tavlakis/Liakos, O stauros 64-75.
probable that they were made under a Western influence A mid-14th century, small, plain, lead, rectangular and inscri-
and could be dated to the Latin occupation of the city, or just bed reliquary, which was excavated in the engainion of the
afterwards. It has already been assumed that an enameling Sotiras chapel (fig.29), must also be a local product137. Other
workshop was active in Thessaloniki during this period133. probable local products include the wires, lamellae and gold
Written sources shed light on some other facets of the acti- and gold-plated silver threads for embroideries, as well as
vities of the citys metal workers. After 1224, according to a alloy and copper coins that were minted in Thessaloniki138.
letter he wrote to the bishop of Thessaloniki, Ioannis Apo-
kaukos, bishop of Naupaktos, commissioned a seal maker in
Thessaloniki to make a silver seal; this sealmaker was expe- Sculpture
rienced and engraved the Mother of God turning her face
away from the bishops titles instead of looking at them134. A workshop specialized in marble icons appears to have been
This passage offers important information on the continua- active in the city, continuing the Middle Byzantine tradition
tion of local production of in the city in a period of the city, as indicated by an early 14th century unfinished
when the use of seals had diminished considerably135. Due icon of the Christ, as well as one depicting Hosios David
to paleographical clues, a seal of Eirini Komnini Doukaina (fig.30)139.
Palaiologina, dated to the period between 1303 and 1317, is A workshop specialized in champlev decoration was
also ascribed to Thessalonian workshops (fig.28)136. probably established in late 13th to early 14th century Thes-
133 Wessel, Byzantine Enamels 185. Evans/Wixom, Glory of Byzantium 498-499 138 Touratsoglou/Protonotarios, Les emissions de couronnement 68-76. Ben-
no. 335. dall, Thessalonican Coinage 105-115. Bendall/Donald, The Later Paleologan
134 Kissas, Solunska umetnika porodica 40. Coinage passim. Bendall, Palaeologan Gold Coins. Touratsoglou, Latelier
135 Leontiadis, Molyvdovoulla tou Mouseiou Byzantinou Politismou intro 33ff. montaire de Thessalonique. Protonotarios, John V and Anna of Savoy in
136 Leontiadis, Molyvdovoulla tou Mouseiou Byzantinou Politismou 59-61 no. 8. Thessalonica. Touratsoglou, Ta nomismatika pragmata.
Letters A and are identical to the peculiar forms that were used by the mint 139 Mentzos, miteles anaglypho 262-269. Tsilipakou, Byzantines marmarines
of Thessaloniki. eikones 340-344, esp. on Hosios David 317-328, and on Christ 340-344.
137 Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, To enkainio 205-217. Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, Pazaras, glyptik st Makedonia 475-476.
Saviour 42-47.
Mosaics
140 Pazaras, Reliefs of a Sculpture Workshop 159-182, esp. 162. Pazaras, Ana- 144 Xyngopoulos, psphidt diakosms passim. Mavropoulou-Tsioumi, By
glyphes sarkophagoi 165-167. Pazaras, glyptik st Makedonia 476-477. zantin Thessalonik 130-136. Kyriakoudis, To klassistiko pneuma 237f.
141 Pazaras, glyptik st Makedonia 479 with earlier bibliography. Kampouri- Finding from a rescue excavation at Armatolon 14-16 str. See: 9th Ephoreia,
Vamvoukou, Anaglyph plaka sarkophagou 90-108. Xyngopoulos, Tessares Sstikes 2004, 5.
mikroi naoi 39ff. fig.21. 145 Loverdou-Tsigarida, Thessalonique, centre de production 251 fig.17. Chatzi
142 Mentzos, To proskynma tou Agiou Dmtriou140-150. Loverdou-Tsigarida, dakis, Une icne en mosaque de Lavra 71-83.
Thessalonique, centre de production 241-254, esp. 244-245. 146 Loverdou-Tsigarida, Thessalonique, centre de production 247-248 fig.7. It is
143 Tsigaridas/Loverdou-Tsigarida, Katalogos christianikn epigraphn 79-85. 91- dated to the 2nd half of the 14th c. and belonged to cardinal Bessarion.
93. 97-99. 103-107. Also, unpublished pieces exhibited in the permanent
exhibition of the Museum of Byzantine Culture.
Painting Woodcarving
Artistic workshops were active in Thessaloniki during the Latin A pair of lecterns preserved at Vatopedi, donated by the
occupation. In the biography of Saint Savvas of Serbia, we despot Andronicos Paleologos, illustrates the high artistic and
read that, in 1219, he invited local artists to the Philokalou artisanal values of Thessalonian craftsmanship (fig.33)151.
monastery in Thessaloniki to paint some large icons of Christ Masterly carved with floral decorations surrounding small
and the Virgin147. During the Palaeologan period, painters plaques that bear, sometimes on a red or blue background,
from Thessaloniki, in addition to their works in the monu- geometrical patterns, depictions of the life and hymnography
ments of the city itself (fig.32)148, were also active through- of the Virgin (The Akathist Hymn), as well as other holy fig-
out the Balkans and especially during the late 13th-first half of ures and scenes from the Old Testament.
the 14th century, which marks the culmination of Thessalonian
painting. For the first time, some of the artists signed their
works, a number of which have been preserved to the present
day (Manouel Panselinos, Georgios Kalliergis, Eutychios and
147 Kissas, Solunska umetnika porodica 39. the presence of a painter is noted as well as of
148 On that topic, see Mavropoulou-Tsioumi, Mnmeiak zgraphik 656-668. and of in 14th c. Thessaloniki,
Mavropoulou-Tsioumi, Byzantin Thessalonik 119-169. Kampouri-Vamvou- according to the acta of the Mount Athos monasteries.
kou/Papazotos, Palaiologeia zgraphik passim. Kyriakoudis, To klassistiko 150 The following can be used as examples: the Odegetria and the Hospitality of
pneuma passim. Gerstel, Civic and Monastic Influences 225-239. Abraham, kept at Vatopedi monastery, originally from Hagia Sophia in Thes-
149 Georgios Kalliergs: On his presence in Thessaloniki at 1322, see Theocha- saloniki: Tsigaridas, Phortes eikones 392-393. Two examples of Christos
ridis, O vyzantinos zgraphos Kalliergs 542-544. On his work in general, Pantokrator: N. Chatzidaki, in: Kypraiou, Mystrion Mega 192-197 nos 54-55,
see Pelekanidis, Kalliergs passim. Eutychios kai Michal Astrapas: Miljk- both icons originally from Thessaloniki, from Hagios Menas and from Hagia
ovi-Pepek, Deloto passim. Kissas, Solunska umetnika porodica 35-37. Sophia, respectively. Annunciation: Tsigaridas, Phortes eikones 392-393.
Miljkovi-Pepek, Latelier artistique 491-494. Todi, Signatures des peintres On the revetment, see Loverdou-Tsigarida, Vyzantin Mikrotechnia Vatopaid-
643-662. Manul Panselnos: Xyngopoulos, Manoul Panselnos passim. iou 497 fig.331. For the revetments of all of them, see Loverdou-Tsigarida,
Vasilaki, Yprxe Manoul Panselnos 39-54, where the historicalness of the Thessalonique, centre de production 250-251.
name of the artist is questioned; Tsigaridas, O kyr Manoul Panselnos 2-11. 151 Nikonanos, Ta xyloglypta tou Agiou Orous 296-297. Nikonanos, Ta xylo-
Tsigaridas, Phortes eikones st Makedonia kai to Agio Oros 123-155. Tsi- glypta Vatopaidiou 536-546.
garidas, Toichographies passim. Papangelos, O Thessalonikeus 64f., where
Weaving and tannery never preserved, with the rare exception of a pair of leather
shoes, poorly preserved, traced in the chapel of Sotiras156. The
The local manufacture of silks, woolens and mixed fabrics leather binding of a 14th century book157 with impressed and
did exist, providing threads and fabrics for the famous silk applied decoration might present a second example.
and gold embroidered fabrics ascribed to the workshops of
the city152. Moreover, substantial transactions are known to
have taken place in the mid-14th century concerning exports Gold embroidering
of Thessalonian linen cloths and fustians153. Also, mid-15th
century sources mention a special Thessalonian type of hat, The aer-epitaphios dated to approx. 1300 presents a mag-
, as well as a form of subtle fabric nificent witness to the activity of a local workshop of gold
known to Ragusians as Solunschi, i.e. Thessalonians154. The embroidering in Thessaloniki, along with a few more em-
only workshop of this kind, although identified as a tannery broideries that are also considered to be from Thessaloniki
and dated to the Palaeologan period, has been excavated (fig.34)158. Finally, an independent embroidery workshop,
close to the western city walls155. Tannery products are almost owned by the / chrysostiktes Palatios who was
152 Jacoby, Foreigners and the Urban Economy 85-132, esp. 107. Matschke, 158 Boura, The epitaphios of Thessaloniki 211-214 figs 215ff. For a podea
Tuchproduktion 47-88, esp. 66. 69-76. from Chilandar that bears identical motives with the epitaphios, see Bog-
153 Linen cloth and fustians produced in Thessaloniki were bought for 1900 hy- danovi/Djuri/Medakovi, Hilandar 124. For an Aer-epitaphios from
perpera by Genoese trades in Chios at 1349: Matschke, Tuchproduktion 70- Vatopedi, donation of the emperor John VI Cantacouzenos, see Theochari,
72. Jacoby, Foreigners and the Urban Economy 116. Chrysokentta amphia 420-424 figs 356-357. For examples from Virgin
154 Matschke, Tuchproduktion 69-71. Perivleptos (Saint Clement), Ochrid, see: 1. For an epitaphios, donation of
155 Rescue excavation at Zephyron 12 str., see 9th Ephoreia, Sstikes 2005, 7. Andronicos II Paleologos, see Millet, Broderies religieuses 90; Rousseva, Na-
156 Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, Saviour 34. 39. tional Museum of History 139 no. 140. 2. For a podea with Crucifixion, see
157 Astruc, Isidore de Thessalonique 261-272, esp. 267-272. Bojtscheva, Ein Kunstwerk 8-15. For a general overview on that matter, see
Loverdou-Tsigarida, Thessalonique, centre de production 252-253.
159 Matschke, Tuchproduktion 76-79. Tsamis, Philotheou erga 553. 556. 166 Katsaros, Grammata kai pneumatik Z 328.
160 Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin Thessalonik 140. Katsaros, Grammata kai 167 Konstantinidis, Aparches pneumatiks akms 141. 147-148. Kyriakoudis, To
pneumatik Z 327. One of his books is preserved bearing the, probably not klassistiko pneuma 225.
original, title and it appears 168 Lamberz, Nea Stoicheia 85-106.
that he conducted systematic experiments with a large mirror. 169 Nelson, Theodore Hagiopetrites 79. 122-123.
161 Konstantakopoulou, Vyzantin Thessalonik 141 no. 2. 170 Nelson, Theodore Hagiopetrites 86-94. 114-115. 117. 124.
162 Katsaros, Grammata kai pneumatik Z 326. 171 Illuminations of Evangelists Mark, Luke and John of the gospel gr. I,20 (Bibli-
163 Kyriakoudis, To klassistiko pneuma 233 with thorough bibliography. oteca Marciana, dated to 1302) rendered in the voluminous style are ascribed
164 Medvedev, Yprche st Thessalonik ena ergastrio 215. 219. to him, see Nelson, Theodore Hagiopetrites 112-115.
165 As can be suggested by the case of Maximos Planoudis (1260-1310), who was 172 Nelson, Theodore Hagiopetrites 101-105 pl. 56-59.
known to possess a map of the city, , that he consulted 173 Pelekanidis et al., Oi thsauroi tou Agiou Orous 128-133. 263-265.
in order to understand the favorable site of the city, the neighborhood close 174 Jacoby, Foreigners and the Urban Economy 124.
to the sea and the direction of the north winds. Cf. Konstantakopoulou, 175 Astruc, Isidore de Thessalonique 261-272, esp. 267-272.
Vyzantin Thessalonik 208.
Sources 2004: 9 ,
2004 [exhibition cat.] (Thessalonik 2005).
Benjamin of Tudela: ,
2005: 9 ,
, 1159-1173. Ed., transl., comm.
2005 [exhibition cat.] (Thessalonik 2006).
K. Megalommats / A. Savvids / Ph. Vlachopoulou (Athna 1994).
Acheilara, METRO 22: L. Acheilara, ,
Edson, Inscriptiones Thessalonicae: Inscriptiones Graecae X 2,1: Inscrip-
.
tiones Thessalonicae et viciniae. Ed. C. F. Edson (Berlin 1972).
22, 2008, 265-272.
Eustathius, Opuscula: Eustathii metropolitae Thessalonicensis opuscula:
METRO 23: L. Acheilara, ,
accedunt Trapezuntinae historiae scriptores Panaretus et Eugenicus: e
2009.
codicibus mss. Basileensi, Parisinis, Veneto. Ed. T. L. F. Tafel (Francofurti
23, 2009, 247-254.
ad Moenum 1832).
Adam-Veleni, Archaia Agora: P. Adam-Velen, . ADelt 54,
Eustathios, La espugnazione: Eustazio di Tessalonica, La espugnazione di
1999, 2, 517-521.
Tessalonica. Hrsg. von St. Kyriakidis (Palermo 1961).
Lychnoi: P. Adam-Velen, 3 ..
Feissel, Recueil des inscriptions: D. Feissel, Recueil des inscriptions chr-
. In: . -/ .
tiennes de Macdoine du IIIe au VIe sicle. BCH Supplment 8 (Paris
(eds),
1983).
(3-7 . ..) , , 12-16
Kameniats, Stn Als: , 2006, (Thessalonik 2010) 185-207.
(904 ..). Ed., transl., comm. G. Tsaras (Thessalonik 1987).
Astruc, Isidore de Thessalonique: C. Astruc, Isidore de Thessalonique et la
Knstantinos Armenopoulos, Procheiron Nomn exabiblos: reliure monogramme du Parisinus Graecus 1192. Revue Franaise
, . Ed. . (Athna dHistoire du Livre N.S. 36, 1982, 261-272.
1971). Antonaras, Early Christian gold-embroidered silks: A. C. Antonaras, Early
Lavra I: Actes de Lavra I. Des origines 1204. Ed. P. Lemerle / A. Guillou/ Christian gold-embroidered silks from Thessalonike. Museum of Byzan
N. Svoronos. AAthos 5 (Paris 1970). tine Culture 8, 2001, 45-47.
III: Actes de Lavra III. De 1329 1500. Ed. P. Lemerle / A. Guillou / N. An Early Christian Glass Workshop: A. C. Antonaras, An Early Chris-
Svoronos / D. Papachryssanthou. AAthos 10 (Paris 1979). tian Glass Workshop at 45, Vasileos Irakleiou Street in the Centre of
Thessaloniki. In: D. Keller / J. Price / C. Jackson (eds), Neighbours and
Notitia Dignitatum: Notitia Dignitatum accedunt Notitia urbis Constanti- Successors of Rome: Traditions of Glass Production and Use in Europe
nopolitanae et Latercula prouinciarum. Ed. O. Seeck (Berolini 1876). and the Middle East in the Later 1st millennium AD (Oxford 2014) 95-
113.
Konstantinos Porphyrogenntos, De cerimoniis: Constantini Porphyrogeniti
de cerimoniis aulae byzantinae. Ed. I. Reiske [CSHB] (Bonnae 1829). Forms and Uses: A. C. Antonaras, Early Christian and Byzantine Glass
Vessels. Forms and Uses. In: F. Daim / J. Drauschke (eds), Byzanz das
Robert, Etudes anatoliennes: L. Robert, Etudes anatoliennes; recherches
Rmerreich im Mittelalter. Teil 1: Welt der Ideen, Welt der Dinge.
sur les inscriptions grecques de lAsie Mineure (Paris 1937).
Monographien RGZM 84, 1 (Mainz 2010) 383-430.
St Theodora, Translation: . ,
Glass working activities: A. C. Antonaras, Glass working activities in
, , ,
Late Roman-Early Christian Thessaloniki. Local workshops and vessels.
, (Thessalonik 1991).
In: J. Drauschke / D. Keller (eds), Glass in Byzantium Production,
St Theodora, Life: . , Usage, Analyses. International Workshop organized by the Byzantine
, , , , Archaeology Mainz, 17th and 18th of January 2008. RGZM Tagungen
(Thessalonik 1991). 8 (Mainz 2010) 93-105.
Rmak kai palaiochristianik yalourgia: A. Antnaras, Bakirtzis / Papanikola-Bakirtzi, De la cramique byzantine: Ch. Bakirtzis /
. D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi, De la cramique byzantine en glaure Thes-
(Athna 2009). salonique. Byzantinobulgarica VII, 1981, 421-436.
The use of Glass in Byzantine jewelry: A. C. Antonaras, The use of Balfour, Politico-Historical Works of Symeon: D. Balfour, Politico-Historical
Glass in Byzantine jewelry. The evidence from Northern Greece. 16th Works of Symeon, Archbishop of Thessalonica (1416/17 to 1429).
International Congress of the International Association for the History Critical Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. Wiener By
of Glass (London 2003) 331-334. zantinistische Studien 13 (Vienna 1979).
Venetian Glass Pilgrim Vessels: A. C. Antonaras, Venetian Glass Pilgrim Bendall, Palaeologan Gold Coins: S. Bendall, Palaeologan Gold Coins
Vessels found in Thessalonike. 15th International Congress of the from the Mint of Thessalonica. Gazette numismatique Suisse 32,
International Association for the History of Glass (New York, Corning 1982, 15-121.
N.Y. 2001) 199-202.
Thessalonican Coinage: S. Bendall, Thessalonican Coinage of the mid
Yalopoiia kai yalourgia: A. Antnaras, thirteenth century in the light of a new Hoard. Numismatic Chronicle
. 138, 1978, 105-115.
. ADelt, 57, 2002, 237-258.
Bendall/Protonotarios, Further Rare and Unpublished Coins: S. Bendall / P.
Antonaras/Kavasila, Gold Weft tissue: A. C. Antonaras / K. Kavasila, Gold Protonotarios, Further Rare and Unpublished Coins of the Empires of
Weft tissue from Saint Achilleios on Lesser Prespa. Technical analysis, Nicaea and Thessalonica. Numismatic Circular, April 1978, 178-180.
conservation works. 23rd Symposium of Byzantine and Postbyzantine
Bendall/Donald, The Later Paleologan Coinage: S. Bendall / P. J. Donald,
Archaeology and Art of the Christian Archaeological Society. Program
The Later Paleologan Coinage (London 1979).
of abstracts (Athens 2003) 14f.
Bogdanovi/Djuri/Medakovi, Hilandar: D. Bogdanovi / V. Djuri / D.
Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, Syntagma tn palaiochristianikn psphidtn: P.
Medakovi, Hilandar (Belgrade 1978).
Asmakopoulou-Atzaka,
. III. . 1. Bojtscheva, Ein Kunstwerk: J. Bojtscheva, Ein Kunstwerk der byzantini
(Thessalonik 1998). schen Stuckerei aus Ochrid. Datierung und Attribution. Problemi na
izkustvoto 31,3, 1998, 8-15.
Bakalakis, von Thessalonike: G. Bakalakis, von
Thessalonike. In: E. Schmid / L. Berger / P. Burgin (eds), Provincialia: Bosselmann-Ruickbie, A 13th-century Jewellery Hoard from Thessalon-
Festschrift fr Rudolf Laur-Belart (Basel 1968) 3-5. ica: A. Bosselmann-Ruickbie, A 13th-century Jewellery Hoard from
Bakirtzis, Agiou Dmtriou Thaumata: . Thessalonica: A genuine Hoard or an Art Dealers Compilation? In:
. Ch. Entwistle / N. Adams (eds), Intelligible Beauty. Recent Research
. Ed., transl. Ch. Bakirtzis / A. on Byzantine Jewellery. British Museum Research Publications 178
Sider (Athna 1997). (London 2010) 219-232.
Byzantine Ampoulae: Ch. Bakirtzis, Byzantine Ampoulae from Thessa- Boura, The epitaphios of Thessaloniki: L. Boura, The epitaphios of Thessa-
loniki. In R. Ousterhout (ed.), Blessings of Pilgrimage (Urbana-Chicago, loniki. Byzantine Museum of Athens no. 685. In: R. Samardzic (ed.),
1990) 140-149. Lart de Thessalonique et des pays balkaniques et les courants spirituels
au XIVe sicle. Recueil de rapports du IVe colloque Serbo-Grec, Belgrade
Cramiques en comblement de voutes: Ch. Bakirtzis, Cramiques en 1985 (Belgrade 1987) 211-231.
comblement de voutes a Sainte Sophie de Thessalonique. Actas de VIII
Congreso Internacional de Cermica Medieval 2 (Ciudad Real 2009) Byzance. Lart byzantin dans les collections publiques franaises: Byzance.
697-702. Lart byzantin dans les collections publiques franaises. Muse du
Louvre 31.11.1992-1.2.1993 (Paris 1992).
Koutrouvia myrou: Ch. Bakirtzs,
. Akten des XVI. Internationalen Byzantinischen Kongress. 2.3. Caputo/Gentili, Torcello: G. Caputo / G. Gentili (eds), Torcello, alle Origini
JB 32.3, 1982, 523-128. di Venezia tra Occidente e Oriente [exhibition cat. (Museo Diocesano
Venezia)] (Venice 2009).
Neteres paratrseis: Ch. Bakirtzs,
. Chatzidakis, Une icne en mosaque de Lavra: M. Chatzidakis, Une icne
Byzantina 11, 1982, 167-180. en mosaque de Lavra. JB 21, 1972, 71-83.
Imports, exports and autarchy: Ch. Bakirtzis, Imports, exports and Cormack, The apse mosaics: R. S. Cormack, The apse mosaics of S. Sophia
autarchy in Byzantine Thessalonike from the seventh to the tenth at Thessaloniki. . .
century. In: J. Henning (ed.), Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement , 1980-81, 111-135.
Un nouveau reliquaire de S. Dmtrius: A. Grabar, Un nouveau reli- Karanastassis, Untersuchungen zur kaiserzeitlichen Plastik: P. Karanastassis,
quaire de S. Dmtrius. DOP 8, 1954, 305-313. Untersuchungen zur kaiserzeitlichen Plastik in Griechenland. I. Kopien,
Varianten und Umbildungen nach Aphrodite-Typen des 5. Jhs. v.Chr.
Grierson, Byzantine Gold Bullae: P. Grierson, Byzantine Gold Bullae. With Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts Athenische
a Catalogue of those at Dumbarton Oaks. DOP 22, 1966, 239-253. Abteilung 101, 1986, 207-291.
Guidobaldi/Guiglia-Guidobaldi, Pavimenti marmorei: F. Guidobaldi / A. Karydas, Anaskaph se oikopedo stn odo Agias Sophias: N. Karydas,
Guiglia-Guidobaldi, Pavimenti marmorei di Roma dal IV al IX secolo 75.
(Citt del Vaticano 1983). 9, 1995, 251-262.
Hahn, New light on the Thessalonican Moneta Auri: W. Hahn, New light Katsaros, Grammata kai pneumatik Z: V. Katsaros,
on the Thessalonican Moneta Auri in the second half of the sixth . In: . (ed.),
Century. Numismatic Chronicle 141, 1981, 178-182. . , (Thessalonik
1997) 317-343.
Ikonomaki-Papadopoulou/Pitarakis/Loverdou-Tsigarida, Enkolpia: Y.
Ikonomaki-Papadopoulou / B. Pitarakis / K. Loverdou-Tsigarida, The Kissas, Angeia metaphoras kai apothkeuss: S. Kissas,
Holy and Great Monastery of Vatopaidi. Enkolpia (Mount Athos 2001).
. In:
Jacoby, Foreigners and the Urban Economy: D. Jacoby, Foreigners and , , , 17-19 1993
the Urban Economy in Thessalonike, ca. 1150-ca. 1450. DOP 57, (Athna 1998) 232-245.
2003, 85-132.
mesainik Thessalonik: S. Kissas,
Silk in Western Byzantium: D. Jacoby, Silk in Western Byzantium before . 5
the Fourth Crusade. BZ 85, 1991/1992, 452-500. , ,
7-9/6/1985 (Thessalonik 1985) 32-33.
James, The fabricae: S. James, The fabricae: State Arms Factories of the
Later Roman Empire. In: J. C Coulston (ed.), Military Equipment and Molyvdovoulla apo ta ypera: S. Kissas,
the Identity of the Roman Soldiers. BAR International Series 394 . SBS 2 (Washington D.C.
(Oxford 1988) 257-330. 1990) 185-202.
Mango, On re-reading the Life of St. Gregory the Dcapolite: C. Mango, Ergastrio glyptiks st Thessalonik: A. Mentzos,
On re-reading the Life of St. Gregory the Dcapolite. Byzantina 13, 11 . In: C. Pennas / C. Vanderheyde
1985, 635-646. (eds), La sculpture byzantine VIIe-XIIe sicles. Actes du colloque inter-
national organise par la 2e phorie des antiquits byzantines et lcole
Marki, Anaskaphn Thessaloniks eranismata: E. Mark, franaise dAthnes (6-8 septembre 2000) (Athnes 2000) 217-230.
.
14, 2000, 248-250. To proskynma tou Agiou Dmtriou: A. Mentzos,
(Athna 1994).
nekropol ts Thessaloniks: E. Mark, H
( 3 Metcalf, Coinage in the Balkans: D. M. Metcalf, Coinage in the Balkans
820-1355 (Thessaloniki 1965).
8 . ..) (Athna 2006).
Topographia kai techn: N. Nikonanos, The Palaeologan Glazed Pottery: D. Papanikola-Bakirtzis, The Palae-
. In: . (ed.), ologan Glazed Pottery of Thessaloniki. In: R. Samardzic (ed.), Lart de
. , Thessalonique et des pays balkaniques et les courants spirituels au
(Thessalonik 1997) 244-256. XIVe sicle. Recueil des rapports du IVe colloque Serbo-Grec, Belgrade
1985 (Belgrade 1987) 193-204.
Oeconomides-Karamessini/Touratsoglou, The 1948 Thessaloniki Hoard:
M. Oeconomides-Karamessini / I. Touratsoglou, The 1948 Thessaloniki Polytima: D. Papanikola-Bakirtz,
Hoard of 6th Century Byzantine Gold Coins: a Contribution to the . In:
study of the Mind of Thessaloniki. Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica e , . -
antichit classiche 8, 1979, 289-312. -Varia (Athna 2009) 451-467.
Oikonomidis, Iera Mon Docheiariou: N. Oikonomids, Papanikola-Bakirtzi/Tzitzibassi, The ups and downs: D. Papanikola-Ba-
. . 3, 1979, 179-196. kirtzi / A. Tzitzibassi, The ups and downs of a dosseret. Museum of
Paisidou/Vasiliadou/Tzevreni, METRO: M. Paisidou / S. Vasiliadou / S. Byzantine Culture 11, 2004, 40-44.
Tzevren, . 9 .
Papazotos, Merikes plrophories: A. Papaztos,
23, 2009, 255-266.
J. Van Ghistele (1483).
Panti, Keramik ts Ysters Archaiottas: A. Pant, 5, 1995, 51-56.
. In: .
Pazaras, Anaglyphes sarkophagoi: Th. Pazaras,
- / . (eds),
(3-7 . ..).
(Athna 1988).
, , 12-16 2006, (Thessa-
lonik 2010) 466-485. glyptik st Makedonia: Th. Pazaras,
. In: . / . -/
Papageorgiou, Peri cheirographou: P. Papagergiou,
. (eds), ,
, BZ 6, 1897, 542-543.
14-20 1992 (Thessalonik 2002) 471-484.
Papagianni, Morphes oikodomn: E. Papagiann,
, Reliefs of a Sculpture Workshop: Th. Pazaras, Reliefs of a Sculpture
(Athna 1995). Workshop operating in Thessaly and Macedonia at the end of the
13th and beginning of the 14th century. In: R. Samardzic (ed.), Lart de
Oi pangyreis tv nan ts Thessaloniks: E. Papagiann, Thessalonique et des pays balkaniques et les courants spirituels au
15 . In: XIVe sicle. Recueil des rapports du IVe colloque Serbo-Grec, Belgrade
, , , 1985 (Belgrade 1987) 159-182.
26-28 1999, , , . 95
(Thessalonik 2003) 143-153. Pelekanids, Anaskaph: S. Pelekanids,
. 1959, 38-41.
Papadopoulou, Die Wandmalereien: K. Papadopoulou, Die Wandmalereien
des XI.Jahrhunderts in der Kirche in Thessaloniki I mosaici: S. Pelekanidis, I mosaici di Santa Sophia di Salonicco.
(Graz, Kln 1966). CorsiRav 1964, 337-349.
Everyday life in Byzantium: D. Papanikola-Bakirtzi (ed.), Everyday life in Raptis, Palaiochristianika kai vyzantina ergastria: K. Rapts,
Byzantium, Byzantine Hours. Works and Days in Byzantium [exhibition .
CorsiRav Corsi di cultura sullarte ravennate e bizantina REA Revue des tudes anciennes
CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae REB Revue des tudes byzantines