Dnipro: Difference between revisions

| image_caption = Сentral Dnipro skyline, [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro |Transfiguration Cathedral]], [[Merefa-Kherson bridge]], [[Monastyrskyi Island]] and [[Dnipro river]]

'''Dnipro''' ({{lang-uk|Дніпро}} {{IPA-uk|dn⁽ʲ⁾iˈprɔ||uk-Дніпро.ogg}}) is [[Ukraine]]'s fourth-largest [[city]], with about one million inhabitants.<ref name=Statistics_1_July_2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2011/ds1_m07.htm |script-title=uk:Чисельність населення на 1 липня 2011 року, та середня за січень–червень 2011 року |trans-title=Population as of 1 July 2011, and the average for January – June 2011 |language=uk |work=Department of Statistics in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020090115/http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2011/ds1_m07.htm |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=Statistics2011>{{cite web |url=https://gorod.dp.ua/inf/region/?pageid=94 |script-title=ru:Общие сведения и статистика |trans-title=General information and statistics |language=ru |website=gorod.dp.ua |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ Ukrcensus.gov.ua — City] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|date=9 January 2006 }} URL accessed on 8 March 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2012/ds1_m07.htm |title=''Official statistics, 01.08.2012 (Ukrainian)'' |publisher=Dneprstat.gov.ua |access-date=28 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025072648/http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2012/ds1_m07.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, {{cvt|243|mi|km|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Coordinates + Total Distance |url=http://www.mapcrow.info/Distance_between_Kiev_UP_and_Dnepropetrovsk_UP.html |website=MapCrow |access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> southeast of the Ukrainian capital [[Kyiv]] on the [[Dnieper River]], after which its [[Ukrainian language]] name (Dnipro) it is named. Dnipro is the [[Capital (political)|administrative centre]] of the [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]]. It hosts the administration of Dnipro urban [[hromada]].<ref name="admreform_2020_dnipro">{{cite web |title=Днепровская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/dnipro/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=Russian}}</ref> In 2021 it had an estimated population of 980,948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dnipro, Ukraine Population (2022) - Population Stat |url=https://populationstat.com/ukraine/dnipro |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=populationstat.com}}</ref>

The city traces its origins to a Russian settlement named Yekaterinoslav established in 1787 as the administrative centre of for a vast territory secured from the [[Crimean Khanate]] and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] under the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] (1774). A century later, as a major metalurgicalmetallurgical center, Yekaterinoslav was attracting foreign capital and an international, multi-ethnic, labor force. Archeological finds have established that from at least 1524 other settlements and villages have existed on the territory of modern Dnipro.

}}Scholarship concerning the foundation of the city has been subject to political considerations and dispute.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/><ref name=":4" /> In 1976, in order to have the bicentenary of the city coincide with the 70th annniversaryanniversary of the birth of Soviet party leader, and regional native son, [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the date of the city's foundation was moved back from the visit Russian Empress Catherine II in 1787, to the year 1776.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459">[https://ukrainianweek.com/History/198459 Riding the currents], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (18 August 2017)</ref> Following Ukrainian independence, local historians began to promote the idea of a town emerging in the 17th century from Cossack settlements, an approach aimed at promoting the city's Ukrainian identity.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Repan |first=Oleh |date=2022-01-30 |title=Memory Politics in Dnipropetrovsk, 1991–2015 |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/01/30/memory-politics-in-dnipropetrovsk-1991-2015/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">Portnov, Andrii and Tetiana Portnova (2015), [https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Portnov_Andrii/The_Imperial_and_the_Cossack_in_the_Semiotics_of_Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk_The_Controversies_of_t.pdf? "The 'Imperial' and the 'Cossack' in the Semiotics of Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk:The Controversies of the Foundation Myth"], in Urban Semiotics: The City as a Cultural Historical Phenomenon, Igo Pilshchikov ed., Tallinin, TLU Press, pp. 223-245, ISBN 9789985588079</ref> They cited the chronicler of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], [[Dmytro Yavornytsky]], whose ''History of the City of Ekaterinoslav'' completed in 1940 was authorised for publication only in 1989, the era of [[Glasnost]].<ref name="umoloda">''"Літописець Запорозької Січі - Минуло 150 років від дня народження Дмитра Яворницького", Ukraina Moloda, November 2011'', {{in lang|uk}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Subsequent archeological finds in today's [[Samarskyi District]] suggest that the important river crossing was a trading settlement from at least 1524.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459" />

In 1635, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lthuanian Commonwealth]] built the [[Kodak Fortress]] above the [[Dnieper Rapids]] at ''Kodaky'' (on the south-eastern outskirts of modern Dnipro), only to have it destoyed within months by the Cossacks of [[Ivan Sulyma]].<ref name="SerhiiPlokhy">Plokhy, Serhii, ''The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine'', pub Oxford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-924739-0}}, pages 26, 37, 40, 51, 60–1, 142, 245, and 268.</ref> Rebuilt, it was captured by [[Zaporozhian Sich]] in 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until the Sich, allied with the Ottoman Turks and their Tartar vassals drove out the encoaching Russians.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/> Under the terms of the Russian withdrawal--thewithdrawal—the [[Treaty of the Pruth]] in 1711--the1711—the Kodak fortress was demolished.<ref name="Kodak_Pruth">[https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/time-out/above-kodak day.kyiv.ua ''Above Kodak, this year the unique fortress marks its 375th anniversary''], by Mykola Chaban, 2010.</ref> In the mid-1730s, the fortress and Russians returned, living in an uneasy cohabitation with local cossacks.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/>

The Zaporozhian [[sloboda]] (or "free settlement") of ''Polovytsia'' existed from the mid 18th century, located on the site of today's Central Terminal and the ''Ozyorka'' farmers market.<ref name="eugene" /><ref name="ukrssrukrssr2">[http://ukrssr.com.ua/dnipro/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-dnipropetrovsk Establishment and development of the Dnipropetrovsk city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Дніпропетровськ)]. [[The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR]].</ref> In the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]], the Zaporozhian cossacks allied with [[Catherine the Great|Empress Catherine II]], but no sooner had they assisted the Russians to victory than they faced an imperial ultimatum to disband their confederation. The [[Liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich|liquidation of the Sich]] destroyed their political autonomy and saw the incorporation of their lands into the new governates of [[New Russia Governorate|Novorossiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaporizhia National University |last2=Milchev |first2=Vladimir |last3=Sen' |first3=Dmitry |last4=Kalmyk Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences |date=2018 |title=The Plans for the Abolition of the Zaporozhian Host and their Implementation (1740s–1770s): Cossack Ambitions vs Imperial Interests |journal=Quaestio Rossica |url=https://qr.urfu.ru/ojs/index.php/qr/article/view/302 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=385–402 |doi=10.15826/qr.2018.2.302}}</ref>

[[File:Catherine the Great in Dnipropetrovsk.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Catherine the Great]] monument in Ekaterinoslav (1840–1920{{cncitation needed|date=September 2022}}). This monument that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities with one of Russian academic [[Mikhail Lomonosov]].<ref name="oneplace1220130751"/>]]

In 1777 a town, named Yekaterinoslav in honour of [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine]],<ref name="Cybriwsky History of the Dnipro"/> was built to the north of the present-day city at the confluence of the [[Samara River (Dnieper)|Samara]] and Kilchen rivers. The site was badly chosen - spring waters transformed the city into a bog.<ref name="eugene">{{cite web |url=http://www.eugene.com.ua/dnepr.html |title=www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History |publisher=Eugene.com.ua |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ukrssrukrssr2" /> (The surviving settlement was later renamed [[Novomoskovsk, Ukraine|Novomoskovsk]]).<ref name="ReferenceA">S. S. Montefiore: Prince of Princes – The Life of Potemkin</ref> On 22 January 1784 Catherine signed an Imperial Ukase directing that "the gubernatorial city under name of Yekaterinoslav" be moved to the right bank of [[Dnieper]] near Kodak". The new city would serve [[Grigory Potemkin]] as a [[Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty|Viceregal seat for the combined Novorossiya and Azov Governorates]].<ref name="ukrssrukrssr2" />

In 1815 a government official described the town as "more like some [[Russian Mennonite|Dutch [Mennonite] colony]] then a provincial administrative centre".<ref name="BartlettYekaterinoslav2">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Roger P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLc8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Potemkin+death&pg=PA133 |title=Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia 1762-1804 |date=13 December 1979 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22205-1 |page=133}}</ref> The cathedral, much reduced in size, was completed only in 1835.<ref name="ukrssr2">[http://ukrssr.com.ua/dnipro/viniknennya-i-rozvitok-mista-dnipropetrovsk Establishment and development of the Dnipropetrovsk city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Дніпропетровськ)]. [[The History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR]].</ref>

While into the late nineteenth the principal business of the town remained the processing of agricultural raw materials,<ref name="ukrssrukrssr2" /> there was an early state-sponsored effort to promote manufacture. In 1794 the government supported two factories: a textile factory that was transferred from the town of Dubrovny [[Mogilev Governorate]] and a silk-stockings factory that was brought from village of Kupavna near [[Moscow]]. In 1797 the textile factory employed 819 permanent workers, 378 of whom were women and 115 children.The silk stocking workers, of the majority were women, were serfs bought at an auction for 16,000 rubles. Conditions, as Potemkin himself was forced to admit, were harsh, with many of the operatives dying from malnutrition and exhaustion. <ref name=ukrssr"ukrssr2"/>

From 1797 to 1802, while serving under the Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] as the administrative centre of a centre of the [[Novorossiya Governorate#Second establishment|Novorossiya Governorate]], the settlement was officially known as ''Novorossiysk.''<ref name="ukrssrukrssr2" />

Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796 and commerce was slow to develop. 1832 saw the establishment of the small Zaslavsky iron-casting factory, the town's first metalurgicalmetallurgical enterprise.<ref name="ukrssrukrssr2" /> Industrialisation gathered a pace in the 1880s with the establishment of the first railway connections.<ref name="ukrainetrek">{{cite web |url=http://ukrainetrek.com/Dnepropetrovsk_city.shtml |title=Ukrainetrek Dnepropetrovsk (City) |publisher=Ukrainetrek.com |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Rail construction responded to the enterprise of two men: [[John Hughes (businessman)|John Hughes]], a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] businessman who built an iron works at what is now [[Donetsk]] (then Yuzovka) in 1869–72, and developed the Donetsk coal deposits;<ref name="eugene" /> and the Russian geologist [[Alexander Pol]], who in 1866 had discovered the [[Kryvyi Rih]] iron ore basin, [[Kryvbas]], during archaeological research.<ref name="eugene" />

In 1884, a railway to supply [[pig iron]] foundariesfoundries in Kryvyi Rih with Donetsk coal crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav. It proved a spur to further industrial development and to the creation of the new suburbs of Amur and Nyzhnodniprovsk.

In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The ''Yekaterinoslav Higher Mining School'' (today's [[Dnipro Polytechnic]]) was founded in 1899.<ref name="hello">[http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/ Message of Greeting from Rector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105222654/http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/|date=2009-01-05}}, University official website</ref> Within twenty years the population had more than tripled, reaching 157,000 in 1904.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surh |first=Gerald |date=2003 |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672887 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |issue=64 |pages=(139–166). 140 |jstor=27672887 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref> The immigrants flowing into the city were mainly [[Russians in Ukraine|ethnic or cultural Russians]] and [[Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], with the [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian population]] remaining rural in [[Second Industrial Revolution|this stage]] of the [[industrial revolution]].<ref name="Boterbloem0773571736">{{Cite book |last1=Boterbloem |first1=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nda8n7s8o3oC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA12 |title=Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948 |date=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=0773571736 |page= |language=en}}</ref>

From 1792 Yekaterinoslav was within the [[Pale of Settlement]], the former Polish-Lithuanian territories in which Catherine and her successors enforced no limitation on the movement and residency of their Jewish subjects.<ref>Taylor, Philip S., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAFO9dJEFIsC&pg=PA2&dq=Yekaterinoslav+1815&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixrb2q-fb5AhVOKewKHfUkBAk4ChC7BXoECAMQBw#v=onepage&q=Yekaterinoslav%201815&f=false Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music]'', Indianapolis, 2007</ref> Within less than a century, a largely [[Yiddish]]-speaking Jewish community of 40,000 constituted more than a third of the city’scity's population, and contributed comparable shares of its business capital and industrial workforce.<ref name="1107014220Riga">{{Cite book |last1=Riga |first1=Liliana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQcHmuuEK5sC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA139 |title=The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107014220 |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>

In June 1917, four months after the Russian [[February revolution]], a Central Council ([[Tsentralna Rada]]) of Ukrainian parties in [[Kyiv]] declared Yekaterinoslav to be within the territory of the autonomous [[Ukrainian People's Republic]]. In January 1918, the [[Bolshevik]]s who, in the November elections to the [[Russian Constituent Assembly|Russian Constituent AsemblyAssembly]], had secured just under 18 percent of the [[Yekaterinoslav electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)|vote in the Governorate]] (compared to 46 percent for the [[Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries]] and their allies),<ref name="Radkey1989-161-163">{{cite book |author=Oliver Henry Radkey |url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk |title=Russia goes to the polls: the election to the all-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8014-2360-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiagoestopoll00radk/page/161 161]–163 |url-access=registration}}</ref> seized power in Yekaterinoslav and declared it part of a [[Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic|Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]]. This, however, they soon abandoned, conceding the territory under the terms of the March 1918 [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] to the German-controlled [[Ukrainian State]].<ref>Материалы о Донецко-Криворожской Республике. Сост. и предисл. Х. Мышкис // «Літопис Революції»: Журнал Істпарту ЦК КП(б)У — 1928. — № 3(30).</ref> After German and [[Austro-Hungarian Army|Austro-Hungarian forces]] withdrew west in November 1918, the city was variously occupied by the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] of the independent the Ukrainian People's Republic (the [[Ukrainian People's Army|Petliurists]]), [[Anton Denikin|Denikin]]'s [[Volunteer Army]] (the "Whites"), [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|the anarchist Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]] (the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|''Makhnovshchina)'']] and, from January 1920, by the Bolshevik [[Red Army]].<ref name="EprzrAhVqMewKHXLQ">{{Cite book |last1=Skirda |first1=Alexandre |title=Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 |date=2004 |publisher=AK Press |isbn=1-902593-68-5 |location=Oakland, CA |language=en |translator-last1=Sharkey |translator-first1=Paul |oclc=60602979 |df=mdy-all}} (page 77)</ref>

As early as July 1944, the State Committee of Defence in Moscow decided to build a large military machine-building factory in Dnipropetrovsk on the location of the pre-war aircraft plant. In December 1945, thousands of German [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] began construction and built the first sections and shops in the new factory. This was the foundation of the Dnipropetrovsk Automobile Factory. In 1954 the administration of this automobile factory opened a secret design office, designated [[OKB-586]], to construct military [[missile]]s and rocket engines. The high-security project was joined by hundreds of physicists, engineers and machine designers from Moscow and other large Soviet cities. In 1965, the secret Plant No. 586 was transferred to the USSR [[Ministry of General Machine Building|Ministry of General Machine-Building]] which renamed it "the Southern Machine-building Factory" (Yuzhnyi mashino-stroitel'nyi zavod) or in abbreviated Russian, simply [[Yuzhmash]]. Yuzhmash became a significant factor in the arms race of the Cold War ([[Nikita Khrushchev]] was to boast in 1960 that it was producing rockets "like sausages" ).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Christopher |date=28 October 2017 |title=Inside 'Satan's' Lair: The Lock-Tight Ukrainian Rocket Plant At Center Of Tech-Leak Scandal |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-yuzhmash-north-korea-rocket-technology-report/28821134.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref>

In 1959 17.4% of Dnipropetrovsk students were taught in Ukrainian language schools and 82.6% in Russian language schools while 58% of the city inhabitants self-identified as Ukrainians.<ref name="2019standardlevel"/> Compared with the other 3 biggest [[cities of Ukraine]] Dnipropetrovsk had a rather large share of education in Ukrainian; in Kyiv 26.8% of pupils studied in Ukrainian and 73.1% in Russian while 66% of [[Kyiv]] residents considered themselves Ukrainian, in [[Kharkiv]] these numbers were 4.9%, 95.1% and 49% and in [[Odesa]] these numbers were 8.1%, 91.9% and 40%.<ref name="2019standardlevel">{{in lang|uk}} [https://uahistory.co/pidruchniki/strykevich-ukraine-history-11-class-2019-standard-level/12.php History of Ukraine. Standard level. Grade 11. Strukevich § 9. The state of culture during the period of de-Stalinization], History | Your library (2009-2022)</ref>{{#tag:ref|At the start of the 2018-2019 academic year, there were 31 Russian-speaking secondary schools left in the whole of [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]].<ref name="babelua37188"/> At the time the conversion of these 31 schools to Ukrainian language education was planned to be completed by 2023.<ref name="babelua37188">{{in lang|uk}} [https://babel.ua/news/37188-v-ukrajini-mayzhe-200-rosiyskomovnih-serednih-shkil-do-2023-roku-jih-mayut-perevesti-na-ukrajinsku-movu-vikladannya There are almost 200 Russian-speaking secondary schools in Ukraine. By 2023, they should be translated into the Ukrainian language of instruction], {{ill|Babel.ua|uk|Бабель (інтернет-видання)}} (22 October 2019)</ref>|group=nb}}

According to [[KGB]] reports, in the 1960's1960s "[[Samizdat]]" and [[Ukrainian diaspora]] publications began to circulate (via [[Western Ukraine]]) in Dnipropetrovsk. These fed into underground student circles where they promoted interest in the "[[Sixtiers#Ukrainian Sixtiers|Ukrainian Sixtiers]]", in [[Ukrainian history]] (especially of [[Ukrainian Cossack|Ukrainian Cossacks]]s) and in the revival of the [[Ukrainian language]]. Occasionally the [[Flag of Ukraine|blue and yellow flag]] of independent Ukraine was unfurled in protest.<ref name="9781440835032Kuzio2">{{Cite book |last1=Kuzio |first1=Taras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqXACQAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PA34 |title=Ukraine: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism: Democratization, Corruption, and the New Russian Imperialism |date=23 June 2015 |isbn=9781440835032 |page=34}}</ref> The authorities responded with repression: arresting and jailing members of underground discussion groups for "nationalistic propaganda".<ref name="22Kamusella">{{Cite book |last1=Kamusella |first1=Tomasz |url= |title=[[Nationalisms Across the Globe]] (volume 1) |date=2009 |isbn=978-3-03911-883-0 |page=237}}</ref>

The growing evidence of dissent in the city coincided from the late 1960s with what the KGB referred to as "radio hooliganism". Thousands of high-school and college students had become [[ham radio]] enthusiasts, recording and rebroadcasting [[Pop music in Ukraine|western popular music]]. Annual KGB reports regularly drew a connection between enthusiasm for western pop culture and anti-Soviet behavior. <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klumbytė |first1=Neringa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964-1985 |last2=Sharafutdinova |first2=Gulnaz |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7583-5 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1980s, by which time the KGB had conceded that their raids against "hippies" had failed suppress the youth rebellion,<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2022B22">{{cite book |author1=Neringa Klumbyte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&dq=closed+city+1959+Dnipropetrovsk&pg=PA68 |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985 |author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2 |page=70/71}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In one of these cases in 1979, because the [[Jews in Ukraine|local Dnipropetrovsk perpetrator was Jewish]], a KGB report linked [[Ukrainian nationalism]] with [[Jewish]] [[Zionism]] "by promoting [[dance music]]".<ref name=Bloom97815013453642/> In this case the (according to the KGB employee "[[United States|American]]") band the [[Bee Gees]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642" />|group=nb}} such behavior was reportedly found in an admixture of Anglo-American" [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock]] and [[Banderite|Banderism]]—the veneration of [[Stepan Bandera]], and of other Ukrainian nationalists, who in the Soviet narrative were denounced and discredited as [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine|Nazi]] collaborators.<ref name="Zhuk978103208012322">{{Cite book |last=Zhuk |first=Sergei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdjEAAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&pg=PT183 |title=KGB Operations against the USA and Canada in Soviet Ukraine, 1953-1991 |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781032080123 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>

In an attempt to provide Dnipropetrovsk youth with an ideologically safe alternative, beginning in 1976 the local [[Komsomol]] set up approved [[Discoteque|discotequesdiscoteque]]s. Some of the activists involved in this "disco movement" went on in the 1980s to engage in their own illicit tourist and music enterprises, and several were later to become influential figures in Ukrainian national politics, among them [[Yulia Tymoshenko]], [[Victor Pinchuk]], [[Serhiy Tihipko]], [[Ihor Kolomoyskyi]] and [[Oleksandr Turchynov]].<ref name="Bloom97815013453642">[https://books.google.com/books?id=avjCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA318&dq=dnipropetrovsk+nationalism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOwOjPr_T5AhWS_aQKHa0pCQA4ChC7BXoECAYQBg#v=onepage&q=dnipropetrovsk%20nationalism&f=false The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music and Social Class], ed. Ian Peddie, New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, {{ISBN|9781501345364}}, page 318 + 319</ref>

Reflecting Dnipropetrovsk's special strategic importance for the entire Soviet Union, party [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] from the "rocket city" played an outsized role not only in republican leaderhip in Kyiv, but also in the Union leadership in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klumbytė |first1=Neringa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HxZyQlANcDEC&pg=PA68 |title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964-1985 |last2=Sharafutdinova |first2=Gulnaz |date=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7583-5 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> During Stalin's [[Great Purge]], [[Leonid Brezhnev]] rose rapidly within the ranks of the local ''[[nomenklatura]],''<ref name=":2">Bacon, Edwin; Sandle, Mark, eds. (2002). ''Brezhnev Reconsidered''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]], p. 9. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0333794630|<bdi>978-0333794630B</bdi>]]</ref> from director of the [[Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute]] in 1936 to regional (Obkom) Party Secretary in charge of the city's defense industries in 1939.<ref>McCauley, Martin (1997). ''Who's who in Russia since 1900''. [[Routledge]], p. 47. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-415-13898-1|<bdi>0-415-13898-1</bdi>]]</ref> Here, he took the first steps toward building a network of supporters which came to be known as the "[[Dnipropetrovsk Mafia]]", and which spearheded the internal party coup that in 1964 saw Brezhnev replace [[Nikita Khrushchev]] as.[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] and call a halt to further reform.<ref name=":2" />

In a [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum|national referendum]] on 1 December 1991, 90,36% of Dnipropetrovsk's voters approved the [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|declaration of independence]] that had been made by the [[Verkhovna Rada|Ukrainian parliament]] on August 24th24.<ref name="Dnipropetrovsk's voters 1991 referendum">{{cite book |editor1-first=Andreas |editor1-last=Klinke |editor2-first=Ortwin |editor2-last=Renn |editor3-first=Jean-Paul |editor3-last=Lehners|title=Ethnic Conflicts and Civil Society: Proposals for a New Era in Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMVKDwAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+1990%27s+%22Ukrainian+language%22&pg=PT122|year=2020 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138935525}}</ref> Amidst the economic dislocation and soaring inflation that accompanied the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]] output declined.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2014/03/ukraine-and-russia Why is Ukraine's economy in such a mess?], [[The Economist]] (5 Mar 2014)</ref> Although its economic contraction was at a rate below the national average,<ref name="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast less 1990's economical decline">{{cite book |author=[[Adam Swain]]|title=Re-Constructing the Post-Soviet Industrial Region: The Donbas in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIh_AgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+1990%27s+industry&pg=PT37|year=2012 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415511193}}</ref> the Dnipropetrovsk city and oblast witnessed one of the [[Demographics of Ukraine#Population decline|largest population declines]] of all [[regions of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Thilo |editor1-last=Lang |editor2-first=Sebastian |editor2-last=Henn |editor3-first=Kornelia |editor3-last=Ehrlich |editor4-first=Wladimir |editor4-last=Sgibnev|title=Understanding Geographies of Polarization and Peripheralization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01veCgAAQBAJ&dq=dnipropetrovsk+demographic&pg=PT309|year=2015 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1137415073}}</ref> By 2021, the city's population, which had stood at over 1.2 million in 1991, had been reduced to 981,000.<ref name=":5" /> Young people from Dnipropetrovsk were among the millions of Ukrainians who left the country to find work and opportunity abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Losing Brains and Brawn: Outmigration from Ukraine {{!}} Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/losing-brains-and-brawn-outmigration-ukraine-0 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 January 2014, 3,000 anti-(Ukrainian President) [[Viktor Yanukovych]] and pro-[[Euromaidan]] activists attempted. but failed, to capture the [[Local government in Ukraine|Regional State Administration]] building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208247-v-dnepropetrovske-bolshe-trekh-tysiach-chelovek-sobralys-vozle-oha |title=В Днепропетровске больше трех тысяч человек собрались возле ОГА – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBCoRSA26114">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25905031 Ukraine protests 'spread' into Russia-influenced east], [[BBC News]] (26 January 2014)</ref><ref name=kp426>{{cite news |title=EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Jan. 24–27 live updates) |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-jan-24-live-updates-335518.html |newspaper=Kyiv Post |date=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=delo1>{{cite news |title=Восток и Юг Украины вышел пикетировать ОГА: в Запорожье стреляют в митингующих, а в Сумах просят подмоги (обновлено 2.34) |url=http://delo.ua/ukraine/vostok-i-jug-ukrainy-vyshel-piketirovat-oga-obnovljaetsja-225489/ |newspaper=Delo UA |date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://delo.ua/ukraine/protiv-mitingujuschih-v-centre-dnepropetrovska-nachali-primenjat-225486/?supdated_new=1390812619 |title=Майдан в Днепропетровске: стычки с титушками и ультиматум губернатору |publisher=Delo.ua |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> There were street disturbances<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208264-besporiadky-v-dnepropetrovske-raneny-chetyre-cheloveka-sem-zaderzhany |title=Беспорядки в Днепропетровске, ранены четыре человека, семь задержаны – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> and Euromaidan protesters were reported to be beaten up by paid pro-Yanukovych supporters (the so -called ''[[Titushky]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dp.vgorode.ua/news/208309-vydeo-kak-tytushky-yzbyvauit-luidei-vozle-dnepr-areny |title=Видео как "Титушки" избивают людей возле "Днепр-Арены" – Днепропетровск |publisher=Dp.vgorode.ua |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.liga.net/video/politics/968200-dnepropetovsk_titushki_ryadom_s_militsiey_pered_atakoy_na_maydan.htm |title=Днепропетровск: титушки и милиция против местного Майдана |publisher=News.liga.net |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> Dnipropetrovsk Governor Kolesnikov called them "extreme radical thugs from other regions".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnepr.comments.ua/news/2014/01/26/223635.html |title=Колесников не увидел "титушек" возле здания Днепропетровской ОГА – Днепропетровск.comments.ua |publisher=Dnepr.comments.ua |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131185404/http://dnepr.comments.ua/news/2014/01/26/223635.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Russians first hit Dnipro on 11 March. According to state emergency services three air strikes close to a kindergarten and an apartment building killed at least one person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbody-Dickerson |first=Claire |date=2022-03-11 |title=Zelensky calls Russia a 'terrorist state' after Dnipro and Lutsk hit by missiles for first time |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/ukraine-war-dnipro-lutsk-zelenksy-russia-terrorist-state-1511123 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> On 15 March, Russian missiles hit [[Dnipro International Airport]], destroying the runway and damaging the terminal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Окупанти зруйнували злітну смугу аеропорту "Дніпро" |url=https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2022/03/15/684055/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Економічна правда |language=uk}}</ref> In the early hours of 6 April, an air strike destroyed an oil depot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Росіяни обстріляли нафтобазу і завод на Дніпропетровщині, - ОВА – новини Дніпра |url=https://dnipro.depo.ua/ukr/dnipro/rosiyani-obstrilyali-naftobazu-i-zavod-na-dnipropetrovshchini-ova-202204061437211 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=www.depo.ua |language=uk}}</ref> On 10 April, a Ukrainian government spokesperson said that the airport in Dnipro had been "completely destroyed" as the result of a Russian attack.<ref>{{cite news | last =Agence Press-France | first = | title =Ukraine Claims Russia Has "Completely Destroyed" Dnipro Airport: Dnipro has been targeted by Russian forces since the Russian invasion but has so far been spared major destruction. | newspaper =[[NDTV]] | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =10 April 2022| url =https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ukraine-claims-russia-has-completely-destroyed-dnipro-airport-2875866 | accessdateaccess-date =11 April 2022 }}</ref> On 15 July, a Russian missile attack killed four people and injured sixteen others in Dnipro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Удар по Дніпру: кількість загиблих зросла до 4 |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/07/18/7358807/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Українська правда |language=uk |archive-date=2022-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718230144/https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/07/18/7358807/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the first [[Decade|decadesdecade]]s of [[Ukrainian independence]] the city's voters generally favoured the proponents of continued close ties to Russia: in the 1990s the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]], and in the new century, the [[Party of Regions]].<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/1069188.html Our Ukraine In Coalition Talks With Party Of Regions], [[Radio Free Europe]] (15 June 2006)</ref><ref name="20140917oswanalyses2">[https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-09-17/ukraines-political-parties-start-election-campaign Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign], [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (17 September 2014)</ref> After the 2014 events of [[Euromaidan]], which included demonstrations and clashes in the central city, the Party of Regions ceded influence to those parties and independents calllingcalling for [[Ukraine–European Union relations|closer ties to the]] [[European Union]].

In the March-AprilMarch–April [[2019 Ukrainian presidential election]] Dnipro voted overwhelmingly voted for the successful candidate, [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], who advocated memberhsip of European Union.<ref>Source: Central Election Commission [https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp300pt001f01=719.html First round] [https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp300pt001f01=720.html Second round]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmanau |first=Yuras |title=Comedian who plays Ukraine's president on TV leads real race |language=en |website=[[ABC News]] |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/comedian-plays-ukraines-president-tv-leads-real-race-60906207 |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> In the parliamentary election in October, his [[Servant of the People]] party swept the board, winning each of Dnipro's five single-mandate parliamentary constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Extraordinary parliamentary election on 26.10.2014 |url=http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp039ept001f01=910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029091159/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp039ept001f01%3D910.html |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=21 July 2019 |publisher=[[Central Election Commission (Ukraine)]]}}{{cite web |script-title=uk:Парламентські вибори - Результати - Кандидати на мажоритарних округах |trans-title=Parliamentary Elections - Results - Candidates in Majority Districts |url=http://vibori2014.rbc.ua/ukr/okrug |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205042521/http://vibori2014.rbc.ua/ukr/okrug |archive-date=5 February 2015 |publisher=[[RBK Ukraine]] |language=uk}}</ref><ref>[[Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine|CEC]] ([https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2019/wp300pt001f01=919.html Proportional votes], [https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2019/wp310pt001f01=919.html Single-member constituencies]) [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Ukrainian Pravda]] ([https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/07/21/7221526/ Seats and regions]), [https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/6/9/439634_0.pdf OSCE]</ref>

During the summer, Dnipro is very warm (average day temperature in July is {{cvt|24|to|28|C}}, even hot sometimes {{cvt|32|to|36|C}}). Temperatures as high as {{cvt|36|C|0}} have been recorded in May. Winter is not so cold (average day temperature in January is {{cvt|-4|to|0|C}}, but when there is no snow and the wind blows hard, it feels extremely cold. A mix of snow and rain happens usually in December.

Over the next few decades, until the final end of the the [[Russian Empire]] with the [[October Revolution]] in 1917, the city did not change much in appearance and the predominant architectural style remained that of [[neo-classicism]]. Notable buildings built in the era of before 1917 include the main building of the [[Dnipro Polytechnic]], which was built in 1899–1901,<ref>{{cite web |author=Вт, 12 марта 201307:51 |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/out/attractions/oneplace/?place_id=932 |title=Национальный Горный Университет – Днепропетровск |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the art-nouveau inspired building of the city's former [[Duma]] (parliament),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dneprotur.ucoz.com/photo/retrophotos/old_dnepropetrovsk/city_council/27-0-46 |title=Городская Дума – Старый Днепропетровск – Ретрофото – Фотоальбомы – Памятники, архитектура, история, туризм |publisher=Dneprotur.ucoz.com |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the Dnipropetrovsk National Historical Museum, and the [[Élie Metchnikoff|Mechnikov]] Regional Hospital. Other buildings of the era that did not fit the typical architectural style of the time in Dnipropetrovsk include,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=53 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> the Ukrainian-influenced Grand Hotel Ukraine, the Russian revivalist style railway station (since reconstructed),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ef2012.com/index.php/ru/rezervnye-goroda/dnepropetrovsk/jd-vokzal-dnepropetrovsk.html |script-title=ru:Железнодорожный вокзал, Днепропетровск, Украина |trans-title=Railway station, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine |language=ru |publisher=ef2012.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425125011/http://www.ef2012.com/index.php/ru/rezervnye-goroda/dnepropetrovsk/jd-vokzal-dnepropetrovsk.html |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> and the art-nouveau Astoriya building on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt.

Later, due to damage from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], badly damaged buildings were, more often than not, demolished completely and replaced with new structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67 |title=История Днепропетровска и Приднепровья |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |access-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> This is one of the main reasons why much of Dnipro's central avenue, [[Dmytro Yavornytsky|Akademik Yavornitskyi]] Prospekt (former [[Karl Marx]] Prospect), is designed in the style of Stalinist Social Realism.<ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] Центральный проспект почти полностью был разрушен. Практически его нужно было создать заново</ref> A number of large buildings were reconstructed. The main railway station, for example, was stripped of its Russian-revival ornamentation and redesigned in the style of Stalinist social-realism,<ref>[http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=67] Центральный железнодорожный вокзал был уничтожен во время войны. Потребовалось строительство нового здания</ref> The Grand Hotel Ukraine survived the war but was later simplified much in design, with its roof being reconstructed in a typical French mansard style as opposed to the ornamental Ukrainian baroque of the pre-war era. Many pre-revolution buildings were also reconstructed to suit new purposes. For example, the [[Nicholas II of Russia|Emperor Nicholas II]] Commercial Institute in the city was reconstructed to serve as the administrative centre for the [[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]], a function it fulfils to this day. Other buildings, such as the Potemkin Palace were given over to "the [[proletariat]]" (the [[working man]]), in this case as the students' union of the [[Oles Honchar Dnipro National University]].

! style="text-align:center;"|£2007 £<br/>million

! style="text-align:center;"|£2007 £<br/>million

In the [[21st century]] annually around 55,000{{cncitation needed|date=September 2022}} students studied in Dnipro, a significant number of whom students from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine: Why so many African and Indian students were in the country |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60603226 |website=BBC News |access-date=4 March 2022 |date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304095725/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60603226 |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[Viktor Chebrikov]] (1923–1999) – head of the [[KGB]] 1982-19881982–1988.