Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwerbaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly from Pre-Germanic *kʷerp-, in which case the original form would have been *hwerfaną. If so, then it might be related to Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “wrist”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxʷer.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hwerbaną

1. to turn; turn around
2. to move; move about
3. to change

Inflection

Conjugation of *hwerbaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwerbō	*hwerbaų	—	*hwerbai	?
2nd singular	*hwirbizi	*hwerbaiz	*hwerb	*hwerbazai	*hwerbaizau
3rd singular	*hwirbidi	*hwerbai	*hwerbadau	*hwerbadai	*hwerbaidau
1st dual	*hwerbōz	*hwerbaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hwerbadiz	*hwerbaidiz	*hwerbadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hwerbamaz	*hwerbaim	—	*hwerbandai	*hwerbaindau
2nd plural	*hwirbid	*hwerbaid	*hwirbid	*hwerbandai	*hwerbaindau
3rd plural	*hwerbandi	*hwerbain	*hwerbandau	*hwerbandai	*hwerbaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hwarb	*hurbį̄
2nd singular	*hwarft	*hurbīz
3rd singular	*hwarb	*hurbī
1st dual	*hurbū	*hurbīw
2nd dual	*hurbudiz	*hurbīdiz
1st plural	*hurbum	*hurbīm
2nd plural	*hurbud	*hurbīd
3rd plural	*hurbun	*hurbīn
	present	past
participles	*hwerbandz	*hurbanaz

Derived terms

• *hwarbijaną
• *hwarbōną
• *hwirbilaz
• *hwurbōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hwerban
  • Old English: hweorfan
    • Middle English: wherven, wharven
      • English: wharve, wherve
  • Old Frisian: hwerva
  • Old Saxon: hwervan, hwerban
    • Middle Low German: warven, warben
  • Old Dutch: *wervan
    • Middle Dutch: werven
      • Dutch: werven
      • Limburgish: wèrve
  • Old High German: hwerban, werban
    • Middle High German: werben, werven
      • German: werben
• Old Norse: hverfa
  • Icelandic: hverfa
  • Faroese: hvørva
  • Norwegian: kverve
  • Danish: hverre (partly; conflated with the causative *hwarbijaną)
  • Old Swedish: hværva
    • Swedish: värva
• Gothic: 𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (ƕairban)