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{{taxobox
{{taxobox
|name = Curry tree
|name = Curry tree

|image = Curry_Trees.jpg
| image = File:Curry_Trees.jpg
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
⚫
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Sapindales]]
|ordo = [[Sapindales]]
|familia = [[Rutaceae]]
|familia = [[Rutaceae]]
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|accessdate=2008-03-11
|accessdate=2008-03-11
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
⚫
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
⚫
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
}}
}}


The '''curry tree''' (''Murraya koenigii'' or ''Bergera koenigii'') is a [[tropical tree|tropical]] to [[sub-tropical]] [[tree]] in the family [[Rutaceae]] (the [[rue]] family, which includes rue, [[citrus]], and [[satinwood]]), which is native to [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] and Terai region of [[Nepal]].
The '''curry tree''' (''Murraya koenigii'' or ''Bergera koenigii'') is a [[tropical]] to [[sub-tropical]] [[tree]] in the family [[Rutaceae]] (the [[rue]] family, which includes rue, [[citrus]], and [[satinwood]]), which is native to [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].


Its leaves are used in many dishes in India, Sri Lanka , and neighbouring countries. Often used in curries, the leaves are generally called by the name 'curry leaves', although they are also literally 'sweet neem leaves' in most Indian languages (as opposed to ordinary [[neem]] leaves which are very bitter and in the family [[Meliaceae]], not Rutaceae).
Its leaves are used in many dishes in India, Sri Lanka, and neighbouring countries. Often used in curries, the leaves are generally called by the name 'curry leaves', although they are also literally 'sweet neem leaves' in most Indian languages (as opposed to ordinary [[neem]] leaves which are very bitter and in the family [[Meliaceae]], not Rutaceae).

== Names ==
The tree has varying names in the languages of its area of distribution:
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: கறிவேப்பிலை (spelled as karuveppilai)
* [[Hindi]]: करी पेड़ (pronounced as karee pade), मीठी नीम (sweet [[neem]])
* [[Kannada]]: ಕರಿಬೇವು (pronounced as karee bevu, black [[neem]])
* [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]: කරපිංචා (spelled as karapincha)
* [[Sinhalese language|Malayalam]]: കറിവേപ്പ്


==Description==
==Description==
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[[File:নৰসিংহৰ আগ.jpg|thumb|Curry leaves in a tree in [[Assam]]]]
[[File:নৰসিংহৰ আগ.jpg|thumb|Curry leaves in a tree in [[Assam]]]]


It is a small tree, growing 4–8.7 m (13–31&nbsp;feet) tall, with a trunk up to {{convert|81|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter. The aromatic [[leaf|leaves]] are [[Pinnation|pinnate]], with 11–21&nbsp;leaflets, each leaflet {{convert|2|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad. The plant produces small white [[flower]]s which can self-pollinate to produce small shiny-black [[berry (botany)|berries]] containing a single, large viable seed. Though the berry pulp is edible—with a sweet but medicinal flavour—in general, neither the pulp nor seed is used for culinary purposes.<ref name=trimen />
It is a small tree, growing 4–6 m (13–20&nbsp;feet) tall, with a trunk up to {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter. The aromatic [[leaf|leaves]] are [[Pinnation|pinnate]], with 11–21&nbsp;leaflets, each leaflet {{convert|2|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad. The plant produces small white [[flower]]s which can self-pollinate to produce small shiny-black [[berry (botany)|berries]] containing a single, large viable seed. Though the berry pulp is edible—with a sweet but medicinal flavour—in general, neither the pulp nor seed is used for culinary purposes.<ref name=trimen />
The species name commemorates the botanist [[Johann Gerhard König|Johann König]]. The genus ''Murraya'' commemorates Swedish physician and botanist [[Johann Andreas Murray]] who died in 1791.
The species name commemorates the botanist [[Johann Gerhard König|Johann König]]. The genus Murray commemorates Swedish physician and botanist [[Johann Andreas Murray]] who died in 1791.
<ref name=trimen >{{cite book|last1=Henry|first1=Trimen|title=A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon|date=1893|publisher=Dulau & Co.|location=London|page=219|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktoflorao01trim#page/220/mode/2up|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=trimen >{{cite book|last1=Henry|first1=Trimen|title=A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon|date=1893|publisher=Dulau & Co.|location=London|page=219|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktoflorao01trim#page/220/mode/2up|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==


The leaves are highly valued as seasoning in southern and west-coast [[Indian cuisine]], and [[Sri Lankan cuisine]] especially in curries, usually fried along with the chopped onion in the first stage of the preparation. They are also used to make [[thoran]], [[vada (food)|vada]], [[rasam]] and [[kadhi]]. In their fresh form, they have a short shelf life and do not keep well in the refrigerator. They are also available dried, though the aroma is largely inferior. Leaves can also be harvested from home-raised plants as it is also fairly easily grown in warmer areas of the world, or in containers where the climate is not supportive
The leaves are highly valued as seasoning in [[South Indian cuisine|southern]] and west-coast [[Indian cuisine|Indian cooking]], and [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lankan cooking]] especially in curries, usually fried along with the chopped onion in the first stage of the preparation. In Sri Lanka curry tree is called ''Karapincha (කරපිංචා).'' They are also used to make [[thoran]], [[vada (food)|vada]], [[rasam]] and [[kadhi]]. In their fresh form, they have a short shelf life and do not keep well in the refrigerator. They are also available dried, though the aroma is largely inferior. They do, however, keep quite well frozen if well wrapped. Leaves can also be harvested from home-raised plants as it is also fairly easily grown in warmer areas of the world, or in containers where the climate is not supportive outdoors.
outdoors.


The leaves of ''Murraya koenigii'' are also used as an [[herb]] in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arulselvan P, Senthilkumar GP, Sathish Kumar D, Subramanian S |title=Anti-diabetic effect of Murraya koenigii leaves on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmazie |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=874–7 |date=Oct 2006 |pmid=17069429 }}</ref>
The leaves of ''Murraya koenigii'' are also used as an [[herb]] in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]]. They are believed to possess [[Anti-diabetic medication|anti-diabetic]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Arulselvan P, Senthilkumar GP, Sathish Kumar D, Subramanian S |title=Anti-diabetic effect of Murraya koenigii leaves on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats |journal=Pharmazie |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=874–7 |date=Oct 2006 |pmid=17069429 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-30/science/27171874_1_leaf-tree-closer-links|title=Traditional diabetes remedy offers hope |author=Rashmee Z Ahmed |date= 30 September 2004 |work=The Times Of India}}</ref><ref name="pmid">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arulselvan P, Subramanian SP | title = Beneficial effects of Murraya koenigii leaves on antioxidant defense system and ultra structural changes of pancreatic beta-cells in experimental diabetes in rats | journal = [[Chem Biol Interact]]. | volume =165 | issue = 2| pages = 155–64 |date=Jan 2007 |pmid=17188670 |doi=10.1016/j.cbi.2006.10.014 | url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0009-2797(06)00342-5}}</ref>


Although most commonly used in curries, leaves from the curry tree can be used in many other dishes to add flavour. In Cambodia, Khmer toast the leaves in an open flame or roast it until crispy and then crush it into a soured soup dish called maju krueng.
Although most commonly used in curries, leaves from the curry tree can be used in many other dishes to add flavour. In Cambodia, Khmer toast the leaves in an open flame or roast it until crispy and then crush it into a soured soup dish called Maju Krueng.


Because of its aromatic characteristic properties, the plant has uses in soap making, body lotions, potpourri, scent, air fresheners, body fragrance, perfume, bath and massage oils, aromatherapy, towel scenting, spas and health clinics, incense, facial steams or hair treatments.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}
Murraya Koenigii, because of its aromatic characteristic properties, finds use and application in soap making ingredient, body lotions, diffusers, potpourri, scent, air fresheners, body fragrance, perfume, bath and massage oils, aromatherapy, towel scenting, spas and health clinics, incense, facial steams, hair treatments etc..


In the absence of [[tulsi]] leaves, curry leaves are used for rituals, such as [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s.
In the absence of [[tulsi]] leaves, curry leaves are used for rituals, such as [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s.
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Stem cuttings can be also used for [[Plant propagation|propagation]].
Stem cuttings can be also used for [[Plant propagation|propagation]].


== Alkaloids ==
== Chemical constituents ==
[[File:Girinimbine.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Girinimbine]] structure]]
[[File:Girinimbine.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Girinimbine]] structure]]
[[Alkaloid]]s found in curry tree leaves, stems, and seeds include [[mahanimbine]], [[girinimbine]], [[koenimbine]] and [[mahanine]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=Vandana|title=Murraya Koenigii: An Updated Review|journal=International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine|date=2012|volume=2|issue=2|pages=607:627|url=http://interscience.org.uk/issue/V2-I5/3%20ijahm.pdf|accessdate=2014-10-11|issn=2249-5746|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
Some of the primary alkaloids found in the curry tree leaves, stems, and seeds are as follows: Mahanimbine [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/167963], girinimbine [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/96943], koenimbine [http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB30210], isomahanine [http://www.chemfaces.com/natural/Isomahanine-CFN92200.html], mahanine [http://www.chemfaces.com/natural/Mahanine-CFN92199.html], Undecalactone, 2-methoxy-3-methyl-carbazole.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=Vandana|title=Murraya Koenigii: An Updated Review|journal=International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine|date=2012|volume=2|issue=2|pages=607:627|url=http://interscience.org.uk/issue/V2-I5/3%20ijahm.pdf|accessdate=2014-10-11|issn=2249-5746|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

A 2011 study of girinimbine, a [[carbazole]] [[alkaloid]] isolated from this plant, found that it inhibited the growth and induced [[apoptosis]] in human [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], HepG2 cells ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3390/molecules16087155 | title = The Growth Suppressing Effects of Girinimbine on Hepg2 Involve Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest | year = 2011 | last1 = Syam | first1 = Suvitha | last2 = Abdul | first2 = Ahmad Bustamam | last3 = Sukari | first3 = Mohd. Aspollah | last4 = Mohan | first4 = Syam | last5 = Abdelwahab | first5 = Siddig Ibrahim | last6 = Wah | first6 = Tang Sook | journal = Molecules | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 7155–70 | pmid = 21862957}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 01:18, 23 March 2017

This article is about Murraya koenigii or Bergera koenigii, a tree which produces an aromatic leaf often used in Indian cuisine. For the European plant sometimes referred to as curry plant, see Helichrysum italicum.

Curry tree
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Rutaceae
Genus:
Murraya
Species:
M. koenigii
Binomial name
Murraya koenigii
(L.) Sprengel[1]

The curry tree (Murraya koenigii or Bergera koenigii) is a tropical to sub-tropical tree in the family Rutaceae (the rue family, which includes rue, citrus, and satinwood), which is native to India and Sri Lanka.

Its leaves are used in many dishes in India, Sri Lanka, and neighbouring countries. Often used in curries, the leaves are generally called by the name 'curry leaves', although they are also literally 'sweet neem leaves' in most Indian languages (as opposed to ordinary neem leaves which are very bitter and in the family Meliaceae, not Rutaceae).

Names

The tree has varying names in the languages of its area of distribution:

  • Tamil: கறிவேப்பிலை (spelled as karuveppilai)
  • Hindi: करी पेड़ (pronounced as karee pade), मीठी नीम (sweet neem)
  • Kannada: ಕರಿಬೇವು (pronounced as karee bevu, black neem)
  • Sinhala: කරපිංචා (spelled as karapincha)
  • Malayalam: കറിവേപ്പ്

Description

The small flowers are white and fragrant.
Ripe and unripe fruits
Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India.
Curry leaves in a tree in Assam

It is a small tree, growing 4–6 m (13–20 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm (16 in) diameter. The aromatic leaves are pinnate, with 11–21 leaflets, each leaflet 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) long and 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) broad. The plant produces small white flowers which can self-pollinate to produce small shiny-black berries containing a single, large viable seed. Though the berry pulp is edible—with a sweet but medicinal flavour—in general, neither the pulp nor seed is used for culinary purposes.[2]

The species name commemorates the botanist Johann König. The genus Murray commemorates Swedish physician and botanist Johann Andreas Murray who died in 1791. [2]

Uses

The leaves are highly valued as seasoning in southern and west-coast Indian cooking, and Sri Lankan cooking especially in curries, usually fried along with the chopped onion in the first stage of the preparation. In Sri Lanka curry tree is called Karapincha (කරපිංචා). They are also used to make thoran, vada, rasam and kadhi. In their fresh form, they have a short shelf life and do not keep well in the refrigerator. They are also available dried, though the aroma is largely inferior. They do, however, keep quite well frozen if well wrapped. Leaves can also be harvested from home-raised plants as it is also fairly easily grown in warmer areas of the world, or in containers where the climate is not supportive outdoors.

The leaves of Murraya koenigii are also used as an herb in Ayurvedic medicine. They are believed to possess anti-diabetic properties.[3][4][5]

Although most commonly used in curries, leaves from the curry tree can be used in many other dishes to add flavour. In Cambodia, Khmer toast the leaves in an open flame or roast it until crispy and then crush it into a soured soup dish called Maju Krueng.

Murraya Koenigii, because of its aromatic characteristic properties, finds use and application in soap making ingredient, body lotions, diffusers, potpourri, scent, air fresheners, body fragrance, perfume, bath and massage oils, aromatherapy, towel scenting, spas and health clinics, incense, facial steams, hair treatments etc..

In the absence of tulsi leaves, curry leaves are used for rituals, such as pujas.

Propagation

Seeds must be ripe and fresh to plant; dried or shriveled fruits are not viable. One can plant the whole fruit, but it is best to remove the pulp before planting in potting mix that is kept moist but not wet.

Stem cuttings can be also used for propagation.

Chemical constituents

Girinimbine structure

Some of the primary alkaloids found in the curry tree leaves, stems, and seeds are as follows: Mahanimbine [1], girinimbine [2], koenimbine [3], isomahanine [4], mahanine [5], Undecalactone, 2-methoxy-3-methyl-carbazole.[6]

A 2011 study of girinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from this plant, found that it inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 cells in vitro.[7]

References

  1. ^ "Murraya koenigii information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
  2. ^ a b Henry, Trimen (1893). A hand-book to the flora of Ceylon. London: Dulau & Co. p. 219. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  3. ^ Arulselvan P, Senthilkumar GP, Sathish Kumar D, Subramanian S (Oct 2006). "Anti-diabetic effect of Murraya koenigii leaves on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats". Pharmazie. 61 (10): 874–7. PMID 17069429.
  4. ^ Rashmee Z Ahmed (30 September 2004). "Traditional diabetes remedy offers hope". The Times Of India.
  5. ^ Arulselvan P, Subramanian SP (Jan 2007). "Beneficial effects of Murraya koenigii leaves on antioxidant defense system and ultra structural changes of pancreatic beta-cells in experimental diabetes in rats". Chem Biol Interact. 165 (2): 155–64. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2006.10.014. PMID 17188670.
  6. ^ Jain, Vandana; et al. (2012). "Murraya Koenigii: An Updated Review" (PDF). International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. 2 (2): 607:627. ISSN 2249-5746. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
  7. ^ Syam, Suvitha; Abdul, Ahmad Bustamam; Sukari, Mohd. Aspollah; Mohan, Syam; Abdelwahab, Siddig Ibrahim; Wah, Tang Sook (2011). "The Growth Suppressing Effects of Girinimbine on Hepg2 Involve Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest". Molecules. 16 (8): 7155–70. doi:10.3390/molecules16087155. PMID 21862957.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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