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==Development==
==Development==
In the late 1960s, the "Ekho" study conducted by the [[GosNIIAS]] institute concluded that it would be more effective to deploy lots of small, subsonic cruise missiles than the much more expensive supersonic missiles then in favour.<ref name="JALW">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw2922.html | title=Kh-55/RKV-500A, Kh-55SM/RKV-500B, Kh-555 and Kh-65SE (AS-15 'Kent') | journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons | date=2008-08-01|accessdate=2009-02-06}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Work started at the Raduga bureau on an air-launched cruise missile in 1971, with a first test flight in 1976.<ref name="Janes">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws0485.html | title=Kh-55 (AS-15 'Kent'/Kh-555/RKV-500/Kh-65) | journal=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems | date=2008-09-09|accessdate=2009-02-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The appearance of the US Air Force's [[AGM-86 ALCM]] in that year gave further impetus to the programme, with the Soviet Air Force issuing a formal requirement for a new air-launched cruise missile in December 1976.<ref name="JALW" /> The longer-range Kh-55SM was developed a few years after the original went into service. In the late 1980s work began on a replacement missile with either conventional (Kh-101) or nuclear (Kh-102) warheads<ref name="JSWS101">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws9082.html | title=Kh-101/-102 | journal=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems | date=2008-09-08 | accessdate=2009-02-06 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080804151642/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws9082.html |archivedate = August 4, 2008}}{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> and greater stealth. It was designed by Igor Seleznyev of Raduga.<ref name="JDW-101">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extract/jdw95/jdw01140.html | title=Air Force Priority Given To Conventional Cruise | journal=Jane's Defence Weekly | date=1995-08-19 }} {{dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref> The importance of advanced missiles as "force multipliers" increased as Russia's fleet of available cruise-missile bombers declined in the early 1990s.<ref name="JALW-101">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Kh-101-Kh-102-Russian-Federation.html | journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons | date=2008-07-28 | accessdate=2009-02-06}} {{Dead link|date=December 2014}}</ref> The cancellation of the ambitious [[Kh-90]] [[ramjet]] missile due to INF treaty in 1987 led to a renewed emphasis on improving the Kh-55, in particular to achieve the <20 m accuracy required to hit infrastructure targets with conventional - as opposed to nuclear - warheads. First flight of the Kh-101 was in 1998, and evaluation trials started in 2000.<ref name="JSWS101" />
In the late 1960s, the "Ekho" study conducted by the [[GosNIIAS]] institute concluded that it would be more effective to deploy lots of small, subsonic cruise missiles than the much more expensive supersonic missiles then in favour.<ref name="JALW">{{citation|url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw2922.html |title=Kh-55/RKV-500A, Kh-55SM/RKV-500B, Kh-555 and Kh-65SE (AS-15 'Kent') |journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons |date=2008-08-01 |accessdate=2009-02-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090604084422/http://www.janes.com:80/extracts/extract/jalw/jalw2922.html |archivedate=June 4, 2009 }}</ref> Work started at the Raduga bureau on an air-launched cruise missile in 1971, with a first test flight in 1976.<ref name="Janes">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws0485.html | title=Kh-55 (AS-15 'Kent'/Kh-555/RKV-500/Kh-65) | journal=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems | date=2008-09-09|accessdate=2009-02-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The appearance of the US Air Force's [[AGM-86 ALCM]] in that year gave further impetus to the programme, with the Soviet Air Force issuing a formal requirement for a new air-launched cruise missile in December 1976.<ref name="JALW" /> The longer-range Kh-55SM was developed a few years after the original went into service. In the late 1980s work began on a replacement missile with either conventional (Kh-101) or nuclear (Kh-102) warheads<ref name="JSWS101">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws9082.html | title=Kh-101/-102 | journal=Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems | date=2008-09-08 | accessdate=2009-02-06 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080804151642/http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jsws/jsws9082.html |archivedate = August 4, 2008}}{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> and greater stealth. It was designed by Igor Seleznyev of Raduga.<ref name="JDW-101">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/extract/jdw95/jdw01140.html | title=Air Force Priority Given To Conventional Cruise | journal=Jane's Defence Weekly | date=1995-08-19 }} {{dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref> The importance of advanced missiles as "force multipliers" increased as Russia's fleet of available cruise-missile bombers declined in the early 1990s.<ref name="JALW-101">{{citation | url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Kh-101-Kh-102-Russian-Federation.html | journal=Jane's Air-Launched Weapons | date=2008-07-28 | accessdate=2009-02-06}} {{Dead link|date=December 2014}}</ref> The cancellation of the ambitious [[Kh-90]] [[ramjet]] missile due to INF treaty in 1987 led to a renewed emphasis on improving the Kh-55, in particular to achieve the <20 m accuracy required to hit infrastructure targets with conventional - as opposed to nuclear - warheads. First flight of the Kh-101 was in 1998, and evaluation trials started in 2000.<ref name="JSWS101" />


After the end of the Cold War and anti-proliferation treaties restricting the deployment of long-range nuclear missiles, the Russians made efforts to develop tactical versions of the Kh-55 with conventional warheads. First came the 600&nbsp;km-range Kh-65SE (derived from the Kh-55) announced in 1992, then the 300&nbsp;km-range Kh-SD tactical version of the Kh-101 for export, and finally the Kh-555.<ref name="JSWS" /> In 2001 the Russian Air Force are believed to have selected the Kh-101 and Kh-555 for development.<ref name="JSWS" />
After the end of the Cold War and anti-proliferation treaties restricting the deployment of long-range nuclear missiles, the Russians made efforts to develop tactical versions of the Kh-55 with conventional warheads. First came the 600&nbsp;km-range Kh-65SE (derived from the Kh-55) announced in 1992, then the 300&nbsp;km-range Kh-SD tactical version of the Kh-101 for export, and finally the Kh-555.<ref name="JSWS" /> In 2001 the Russian Air Force are believed to have selected the Kh-101 and Kh-555 for development.<ref name="JSWS" />


A 1995 Russian document suggested a complete production facility had been transferred to Shanghai, for the development of a nuclear-armed cruise missile. Originally it was thought that this was based on the 300&nbsp;km-range Raduga [[Kh-15]] (AS-16 'Kickback'), but it now appears that it was the Kh-55 that was transferred to China.<ref>{{citation | title=China's new cruise missile programme 'racing ahead' | url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2000/China-s-new-cruise-missile-programme-racing-ahead.html | date=2000-01-12 | journal=Jane's Defence Weekly}}{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref>
A 1995 Russian document suggested a complete production facility had been transferred to Shanghai, for the development of a nuclear-armed cruise missile. Originally it was thought that this was based on the 300&nbsp;km-range Raduga [[Kh-15]] (AS-16 'Kickback'), but it now appears that it was the Kh-55 that was transferred to China.<ref>{{citation|title=China's new cruise missile programme 'racing ahead' |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2000/China-s-new-cruise-missile-programme-racing-ahead.html |date=2000-01-12 |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090205025026/http://www.janes.com:80/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2000/China-s-new-cruise-missile-programme-racing-ahead.html |archivedate=February 5, 2009 }}</ref>


==Design==
==Design==

Revision as of 08:09, 9 January 2016

Kh-55/65/101/102/555
AS-15 Kent
Kh-55 in the Ukrainian Air Force Museum
TypeAir-launched strategic cruise missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1983-present
Used byRussia, China, Iran
WarsSyrian Civil War[1]
Production history
Designed1971-1981
ManufacturerRaduga OKB
Unit costunknown
Produced1981
Specifications
Mass1,650 kg (3,640 lb) (Kh-65SE)[2]
2,400 kg (5,300 lb) (Kh-101)[3]
Length604 cm (19 ft 10 in) (Kh-65SE)[2]
745 cm (24 ft 5 in) (Kh-101)[3]
Diameter51.4 cm (20.2 in) (Kh-55-Kh-55SM)
Wingspan310 cm (122.0 in) (Kh-55-Kh-55SM)
WarheadThermonuclear weapon or Conventional warhead
Blast yieldNuclear 200kt (Kh-55-Kh-55SM)
Engineturbofan (Kh-55-Kh-55SM)
400 kgf (Kh-55-Kh-55SM)
Propellantjet fuel
Operational
range
2,500 km (1,300 nmi) (Kh-55)
3,000 km (1,600 nmi) (Kh-55SM)
600 km (320 nmi)(Kh-65SE)[2]
300 km, later 600 km(Kh-SD)[2]
Flight altitudeunder 110 m/300 ft
Maximum speed Mach 0.75 (KH-SD)[2]
Mach 0.6-0.78 (Kh-101)[3]
Guidance
system
inertial guidance with Doppler radar/terrain map updates; Kh-SD had a TC/IIR terminal guidance system, and an alternative active radar homing seeker was proposed
Launch
platform
Tu-95MS, Tu-160, Su-34[4]

The Kh-55 (Russian: Х-55, also known as RKV-500; NATO reporting name: AS-15 'Kent') is a Soviet/Russian subsonic air-launched cruise missile, designed by MKB Raduga. It has a range of up to 2,500 km (1,350 nmi) and can carry nuclear warheads. Kh-55 is launched exclusively from bomber aircraft and has spawned a number of conventionally armed variants mainly for tactical use, such as the Kh-65SE and Kh-SD, but only the Kh-101 and Kh-555 appear to have made it into service. Contrary to popular belief, the Kh-55 was not the basis of the submarine- and ground-launched RK-55 Granat (SS-N-21 'Sampson' and SSC-X-4 'Slingshot').

A Kh-55 production unit was delivered to Shanghai in 1995 and appears to have been used to produce a similar weapon for China.[citation needed]

Development

In the late 1960s, the "Ekho" study conducted by the GosNIIAS institute concluded that it would be more effective to deploy lots of small, subsonic cruise missiles than the much more expensive supersonic missiles then in favour.[5] Work started at the Raduga bureau on an air-launched cruise missile in 1971, with a first test flight in 1976.[6] The appearance of the US Air Force's AGM-86 ALCM in that year gave further impetus to the programme, with the Soviet Air Force issuing a formal requirement for a new air-launched cruise missile in December 1976.[5] The longer-range Kh-55SM was developed a few years after the original went into service. In the late 1980s work began on a replacement missile with either conventional (Kh-101) or nuclear (Kh-102) warheads[4] and greater stealth. It was designed by Igor Seleznyev of Raduga.[3] The importance of advanced missiles as "force multipliers" increased as Russia's fleet of available cruise-missile bombers declined in the early 1990s.[7] The cancellation of the ambitious Kh-90 ramjet missile due to INF treaty in 1987 led to a renewed emphasis on improving the Kh-55, in particular to achieve the <20 m accuracy required to hit infrastructure targets with conventional - as opposed to nuclear - warheads. First flight of the Kh-101 was in 1998, and evaluation trials started in 2000.[4]

After the end of the Cold War and anti-proliferation treaties restricting the deployment of long-range nuclear missiles, the Russians made efforts to develop tactical versions of the Kh-55 with conventional warheads. First came the 600 km-range Kh-65SE (derived from the Kh-55) announced in 1992, then the 300 km-range Kh-SD tactical version of the Kh-101 for export, and finally the Kh-555.[2] In 2001 the Russian Air Force are believed to have selected the Kh-101 and Kh-555 for development.[2]

A 1995 Russian document suggested a complete production facility had been transferred to Shanghai, for the development of a nuclear-armed cruise missile. Originally it was thought that this was based on the 300 km-range Raduga Kh-15 (AS-16 'Kickback'), but it now appears that it was the Kh-55 that was transferred to China.[8]

Design

It is powered by a single 400 kgf Ukrainian-made, Motor Sich JSC R95-300 turbofan engine, with pop-out wings for cruising efficiency. It can be launched from both high and low altitudes, and flies at subsonic speeds at low levels (under 110 m/300 ft altitude). After launch, the missile's folded wings, tail surfaces and engine deploy. It is guided through a combination of an inertial guidance system plus a terrain contour-matching guidance system which uses radar and images stored in the memory of an onboard computer to find its target. This allows the missile to guide itself to the target with a high degree of accuracy.

The original Kh-55 had a drop-down engine; the Kh-65SE had a fixed external turbojet engine, whilst the Kh-SD had its engine inside the body of the missile. Current-production versions are equipped with the increased power of 450 kgf Russian-made NPO Saturn TRDD-50A engine.[9]

The Kh-101 version has a low radar cross-section, of about 0.01 square meters.[10]

Operational history

Tu-160 launching Kh-101 against targets in Syria, November 2015

The original Kh-55 entered service in December 31, 1983.[11] The Kh-55SM followed in 1987.[6] The conventionally armed Kh-55SE was flight tested on 13 January 2000, and first used in exercises over the Black Sea 17–22 April 2000.[12] The Kh-555 is thought to have entered service in 2004, the first pictures of the Kh-101 appeared in 2007.[13][14]

The Kh-55 can be carried by the Tupolev Tu-95MS ('Bear-H')[6] and Tu-142M ('Bear-F'),[6] and the Kh-55SM is carried by the Tupolev Tu-160 ('Blackjack').[6] Sixteen Kh-55's can be carried by the Tu-95MS16 (Tu-95MSM) variant, ten on underwing hardpoints and six on a MKU-5-6 rotary launcher.[14]

The Kh-55 was also tested on the Tu-22M ('Backfire').[6] The Kh-SD tactical version was to have been carried by the Tu-95MS (fourteen missiles) and the Tu-22M (eight missiles);[2] the Kh-101 is expected to be carried by the Tu-160 (twelve missiles), Tu-95MS16 (eight missiles), Tu-22M3/5 (four missiles) and Su-34 (two missiles).[4]

The end of the Cold War left Ukraine with 1,612 Kh-55's, part of the armament of the 19 Tu-160's of the 184th Heavy Bomber Regiment at Priluki and the 25 Tu-95MS of the 182nd Heavy Bomber Regiment at Uzin-Shepelovka.[15] It was reported that Ukraine demanded US$3bn for the return of the planes and their missiles to Russia.[15] In October 1999 a compromise was reached that saw Russia pay US$285m for 11 aircraft and 575 missiles,[15] whilst the rest were meant to be destroyed under a US-funded disarmament programme.[16] However, in March 2005 Ukraine's prosecutor-general Svyatoslav Piskun said that in 2001, 12 Kh-55's had been exported to Iran in a deal allegedly worth US$49.5 million[17] and six to China.[16] In March 2015, Iran subsequently revealed the existence of the Soumar cruise missile with a design and range comparable to the Kh-55.[18]

During the Syrian Civil War on 17 November 2015 Russian Ministry of Defence announced that Tupolev Tu-95MS aircraft launched Kh-555 air-launched cruise missiles against targets in Syria,[19] while Tupolev Tu-160 bombers launched Kh-101 stealthy cruise missiles in their first combat use.[20][21][22][23] Tupolev Tu-22M3 bomber aircraft launched missiles against targets in Syria's Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor provinces and Tupolev Tu-95MS and Tupolev Tu-160 strategic bombers launched missiles against targets in Aleppo and Idlib provinces.[20] A total of 34 air-launched cruise missiles are claimed to have been fired against 14 ISIL targets in Syria on 17 November 2015.[20]

Variants

  • Kh-55 (NATO 'Kent-A', RKV-500A, Izdeliye 120) - original model with 2,500 km range.
  • Kh-55-OK - with optical guidance.
  • Kh-55SM (NATO 'Kent-B', RKV-500B, Izdeliye 121) - with extra fuel tanks to extend range to 3000 km.
  • Kh-101/102 (Izdeliye 111) - developed as a very stealthy replacement for the Kh-55SM in the late 1990s, the Kh-101 has a conventional warhead and the Kh-102 is nuclear.[4] This missile weighs some 2,200 - 2,400 kg, the weight of warhead is 400-450 kg. According to reports, the Kh-101 has a maximum range of 4,500-5,000 km and a variable flight profile at altitudes ranging from 30 - 70 m to 6000 m, a cruising speed of 190-200 m/s and a maximum speed of 250-270 m/s. It can well be classed as a low-observable flying vehicle because the radar cross section of the Kh-101 is 0.01 m2. The missile is equipped with an electro-optical system for correcting the flight trajectory and with a TV guidance system for terminal guidance.[4][24] Accuracy is reportedly 6–9 m.[7] Estimates range that it will outnumber the Russian nuclear missile fleet by 5:1, making them some of the most numerous and effective cruise missiles in the world.[7] They are expected to be in service in those numbers by 2023. The new missile complex has been successfully tested and in recent years put into series production[25] to equip modernized Tu-160[26] and Tu-95MSM bombers.[27]
  • Kh-65SE - tactical version announced in 1992 with 410 kg conventional warhead and restricted to the 600 km range[6] limit of the INF treaty.
  • Kh-SD (средней дальности Srednei Dalnosti - 'Medium Range') - 300 km range conventional version announced in 1995, possibly for export. Shared components with the Kh-101, range reportedly increased to 600 km with a high-altitude approach, but the Kh-SD was apparently shelved in 2001.[2] An alternative active radar seeker was proposed for anti-shipping use.
  • Kh-555 (NATO 'Kent-C', Kh-55SE, Kh-55Sh)[6] - conventionally armed version with an improved guidance system and warhead. It became operational in 2000.[12] In recent years it has been received by the Russian Air Force.
  • Soumar - unlicensed copy of the KH-55 by Iran.

It was believed originally that the RK-55 (SSC-X-4 'Slingshot' and SS-N-21 'Sampson') were land- and submarine-launched derivatives of the Kh-55, but it is now known that the Kh-55 is different from the other two as its motor drops down below the missile during flight.[6]

Operators

Map with Kh-55 operators in blue with former operators in red

Current operators

Derivatives

Former operators

Similar weapons

  • RK-55 - so similar to the Kh-55 it was long believed in the West to be merely a sub-/surface-launched version
  • AGM-86 Air-Launched Cruise Missile - 1430 kg missile with 2400+ km range, Mach 0.73
  • AGM-129 ACM (Advanced Cruise Missile - stealthy 1330 kg missile with 3700 km range)
  • BGM-109 Tomahawk - surface/sub- launched, but otherwise similar to the Kh-55
  • Babur missile (Pakistan)
  • Nirbhay (India) - Nirbhay is an all-weather low-cost medium-range cruise missile
  • CJ-10 - Chinese land-attack cruise missile, believed to have incorporated elements from the Kh-55
  • Meshkat (missile) - Iranian land-attack cruise missile in development

Notes

  1. ^ http://theaviationist.com/2015/11/17/russian-tu-22s-joined-the-syria-air-war/
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Kh-65SE/Kh-SD", Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 2008-09-09, retrieved 2009-02-06 [dead link]
  3. ^ a b c d "Air Force Priority Given To Conventional Cruise", Jane's Defence Weekly, 1995-08-19 [dead link]
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Kh-101/-102", Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 2008-09-08, archived from the original on August 4, 2008, retrieved 2009-02-06[dead link]
  5. ^ a b "Kh-55/RKV-500A, Kh-55SM/RKV-500B, Kh-555 and Kh-65SE (AS-15 'Kent')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, archived from the original on June 4, 2009, retrieved 2009-02-06 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Kh-55 (AS-15 'Kent'/Kh-555/RKV-500/Kh-65)", Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 2008-09-09, retrieved 2009-02-06 [dead link]
  7. ^ a b c Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-07-28 http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Air-Launched-Weapons/Kh-101-Kh-102-Russian-Federation.html, retrieved 2009-02-06 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) [dead link]
  8. ^ "China's new cruise missile programme 'racing ahead'", Jane's Defence Weekly, 2000-01-12, archived from the original on February 5, 2009 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "- >". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  10. ^ http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/heavy-bomber-force-overview/
  11. ^ "ОАО «Корпорация Тактическое Ракетное Вооружение»". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Kh-55SE cruise missile used in exercises", Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 2000-05-24[dead link]
  13. ^ "NEWSru.com :: -555, " "". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  14. ^ a b "Details emerge of Russia's latest cruise missiles", Jane's Defence Systems News, 2007-10-22, retrieved 2009-02-06 Includes the first public picture of the Kh-101 [dead link]
  15. ^ a b c "Russia's strategic bomber fleet achieves new heights", Jane's Intelligence Review, 2000-03-01 [dead link]
  16. ^ a b c d e Warner, Tom (2005-03-18), "Ukraine admits exporting missiles to Iran and China", Financial Times
  17. ^ Dr C Kopp. "Bypassing the NMD - the Cruise Missile Proliferation Problem". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  18. ^ "Iran Unveils New Ground-Based Cruise Missile System". PressTV. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  19. ^ Video on YouTube
  20. ^ a b c Larrinaga, Nicholas (17 November 2015). "Russia launches long-range air sorties into Syria". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. IHS Jane's 360. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  21. ^ Russian bombers deploy Kh-101 cruise missiles over Syria
  22. ^ Video on YouTube
  23. ^ Video on YouTube
  24. ^ http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/1209/164032600/detail.shtml
  25. ^ http://sputniknews.com/military/20151207/1031374259/russia-rearmament-2016.html
  26. ^ http://theaviationist.com/2015/11/17/russian-mod-video-shows-tu-160-tu-95-and-tu-22-bombers-with-su-27-escort-bomb-isis-in-syria/
  27. ^ http://sputniknews.com/military/20151121/1030508547/tu-95-bomber-upgrade.html
  28. ^ "DEBKAfile, Political Analysis, Espionage, Terrorism, Security". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  29. ^ "Как Украина ядерные боеголовки считала". Retrieved 23 December 2014.

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kh-55&oldid=698953252"