Ī (Indic)
Ī | |
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Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | ![]() |
Tibetan | ཨཱི |
Tamil | ![]() |
Thai | ี |
Malayalam | ഈ |
Sinhala | ඊ |
Ashoka Brahmi | ![]() |
Devanagari | ![]() |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | ע |
Greek | Ο, Ω |
Latin | O |
Cyrillic | О, Ѡ, Ѿ, Ꙋ, Ю |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /iː/ |
IAST transliteration | ī Ī |
ISCII code point | A7 (167) |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ī is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ī is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ī comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
[edit]Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The ई sign ी was used to modify a consonant's value ×102, but the vowel letter did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic Ī
[edit]There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ī as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gujarat
. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ī
has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ī are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.
Brahmi Ī
[edit]The Brahmi letter Ī , is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Ayin
, and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ī can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
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No sample | No sample | ![]() |
No sample |
Tocharian Ī
[edit]The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi
. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.
Kī | Khī | Gī | Ghī | Cī | Chī | Jī | Jhī | Nyī | Ṭī | Ṭhī | Ḍī | Ḍhī | Ṇī |
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Tī | Thī | Dī | Dhī | Nī | Pī | Phī | Bī | Bhī | Mī | Yī | Rī | Lī | Vī |
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Śī | Ṣī | Sī | Hī | ||||||||||
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Kharoṣṭhī Ī
[edit]The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ī is indicated with the I vowel mark plus the vowel length mark
. As an independent vowel, Ī is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A
.
Devanagari Ī
[edit]Ī (ई) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઈ, and the Modi letter 𑘃.
Devanagari Using Languages
[edit]The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ई is pronounced as [ī]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali Ī
[edit]Ī (ঈ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ई.
Bengali Script Using Languages
[edit]The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঈ is pronounced as [ī]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati Ī
[edit]Ī (ઈ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ī , and ultimately the Brahmi letter
.
Gujarati-using Languages
[edit]The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઈ is pronounced as [ī]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. In addition to the standard vowel sign, Ī forms a unique ligature when combined with the consonant J:
- જ (j) + ઈ (ī) gives the ligature jī:
Javanese Ī
[edit]![]() | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2023) |
Telugu Ī
[edit]Ī (ఈ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಈ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Telugu_Ii_matra.svg/550px-Telugu_Ii_matra.svg.png)
Malayalam Ī
[edit]Ī (ഈ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter
ī. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.
Odia Ī
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odia_alphabet_%E0%AC%88.svg/220px-Odia_alphabet_%E0%AC%88.svg.png)
Ī (ଈ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
ī. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.
Kaithi Ī
[edit]Ī (𑂆) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
Ī. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.
Comparison of Ī
[edit]The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ī, are related as well.
Comparison of Ī in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
|
Character encodings of Ī
[edit]Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ī in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ī from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ![]() |
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ఈ | ଈ | ಈ | ഈ | ઈ | ਈ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER II | BENGALI LETTER II | TAMIL LETTER II | TELUGU LETTER II | ORIYA LETTER II | KANNADA LETTER II | MALAYALAM LETTER II | GUJARATI LETTER II | GURMUKHI LETTER II | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2312 | U+0908 | 2440 | U+0988 | 2952 | U+0B88 | 3080 | U+0C08 | 2824 | U+0B08 | 3208 | U+0C88 | 3336 | U+0D08 | 2696 | U+0A88 | 2568 | U+0A08 |
UTF-8 | 224 164 136 | E0 A4 88 | 224 166 136 | E0 A6 88 | 224 174 136 | E0 AE 88 | 224 176 136 | E0 B0 88 | 224 172 136 | E0 AC 88 | 224 178 136 | E0 B2 88 | 224 180 136 | E0 B4 88 | 224 170 136 | E0 AA 88 | 224 168 136 | E0 A8 88 |
Numeric character reference | ई |
ई |
ঈ |
ঈ |
ஈ |
ஈ |
ఈ |
ఈ |
ଈ |
ଈ |
ಈ |
ಈ |
ഈ |
ഈ |
ઈ |
ઈ |
ਈ |
ਈ |
ISCII | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 | 167 | A7 |
Preview | ![]() |
𑌈 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER II | SIDDHAM LETTER II | GRANTHA LETTER II | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69640 | U+11008 | 71043 | U+11583 | 70408 | U+11308 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 136 | F0 91 80 88 | 240 145 150 131 | F0 91 96 83 | 240 145 140 136 | F0 91 8C 88 |
UTF-16 | 55300 56328 | D804 DC08 | 55301 56707 | D805 DD83 | 55300 57096 | D804 DF08 |
Numeric character reference | 𑀈 |
𑀈 |
𑖃 |
𑖃 |
𑌈 |
𑌈 |
Preview | 𑐃 | 𑰃 | 𑆆 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | NEWA LETTER II | BHAIKSUKI LETTER II | SHARADA LETTER II | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70659 | U+11403 | 72707 | U+11C03 | 70022 | U+11186 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 144 131 | F0 91 90 83 | 240 145 176 131 | F0 91 B0 83 | 240 145 134 134 | F0 91 86 86 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56323 | D805 DC03 | 55303 56323 | D807 DC03 | 55300 56710 | D804 DD86 |
Numeric character reference | 𑐃 |
𑐃 |
𑰃 |
𑰃 |
𑆆 |
𑆆 |
Preview | ဤ | ᩎ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER II | TAI THAM LETTER II | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 4132 | U+1024 | 6734 | U+1A4E |
UTF-8 | 225 128 164 | E1 80 A4 | 225 169 142 | E1 A9 8E |
Numeric character reference | ဤ |
ဤ |
ᩎ |
ᩎ |
Preview | ឦ | ี | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QII | THAI CHARACTER SARA II | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6054 | U+17A6 | 3637 | U+0E35 |
UTF-8 | 225 158 166 | E1 9E A6 | 224 184 181 | E0 B8 B5 |
Numeric character reference | ឦ |
ឦ |
ี |
ี |
Preview | ඊ | 𑤃 | ꢅ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER IIYANNA | DIVES AKURU LETTER II | SAURASHTRA LETTER II | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3466 | U+0D8A | 71939 | U+11903 | 43141 | U+A885 |
UTF-8 | 224 182 138 | E0 B6 8A | 240 145 164 131 | F0 91 A4 83 | 234 162 133 | EA A2 85 |
UTF-16 | 3466 | 0D8A | 55302 56579 | D806 DD03 | 43141 | A885 |
Numeric character reference | ඊ |
ඊ |
𑤃 |
𑤃 |
ꢅ |
ꢅ |
Preview | 𑘃 | 𑦣 | 𑵣 | ![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER II | NANDINAGARI LETTER II | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER II | KAITHI LETTER II | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71171 | U+11603 | 72099 | U+119A3 | 73059 | U+11D63 | 69766 | U+11086 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 131 | F0 91 98 83 | 240 145 166 163 | F0 91 A6 A3 | 240 145 181 163 | F0 91 B5 A3 | 240 145 130 134 | F0 91 82 86 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56835 | D805 DE03 | 55302 56739 | D806 DDA3 | 55303 56675 | D807 DD63 | 55300 56454 | D804 DC86 |
Numeric character reference | 𑘃 |
𑘃 |
𑦣 |
𑦣 |
𑵣 |
𑵣 |
𑂆 |
𑂆 |
Preview | 𑒄 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER II | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 70788 | U+11484 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 132 | F0 91 92 84 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56452 | D805 DC84 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒄 |
𑒄 |
Preview | 𑚃 | 𑠃 | 𑊳 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER II | DOGRA LETTER II | KHUDAWADI LETTER II | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71299 | U+11683 | 71683 | U+11803 | 70323 | U+112B3 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 131 | F0 91 9A 83 | 240 145 160 131 | F0 91 A0 83 | 240 145 138 179 | F0 91 8A B3 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56963 | D805 DE83 | 55302 56323 | D806 DC03 | 55300 57011 | D804 DEB3 |
Numeric character reference | 𑚃 |
𑚃 |
𑠃 |
𑠃 |
𑊳 |
𑊳 |
Preview | ᬈ | ꦇ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER IKARA TEDUNG | JAVANESE LETTER II | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6920 | U+1B08 | 43399 | U+A987 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 136 | E1 AC 88 | 234 166 135 | EA A6 87 |
Numeric character reference | ᬈ |
ᬈ |
ꦇ |
ꦇ |
Preview | 𑴃 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | MASARAM GONDI LETTER II | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 72963 | U+11D03 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 180 131 | F0 91 B4 83 |
UTF-16 | 55303 56579 | D807 DD03 |
Numeric character reference | 𑴃 |
𑴃 |
References
[edit]- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]