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Philippine presidential line of succession

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The Philippine presidential line of succession defines who becomes or acts as president upon the incapacity, death, resignation, or removal from office (by impeachment and subsequent disqualification) of a sitting president or a president-elect.

Current order

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Bongbong Marcos takes the oath of office as the 17th president of the Philippines at the National Museum of Fine Arts on June 30, 2022. Sara Duterte had taken her own oath of office as vice president ahead on June 19, 2022.

The current presidential line of succession to the office of the president of the Philippines is specified by the 1987 Constitution. The line of presidential succession follows the order of: vice president, president of the Senate and speaker of the House of Representatives. In case of death, permanent disability, or inability of these officials, Congress shall, by law, provide for the manner of selection of the person who is to act as president until a president or vice president shall have qualified and the line of succession will change of who those new national officials are.[1]

Contrary to popular belief, the presidential line of succession does not include the chief justice.[1]

Current line of succession

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No. Position Incumbent Party
1 Vice President of the Philippines Sara Duterte HNP
2 President of the Senate of the Philippines Francis Escudero NPC
3 Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Martin Romualdez Lakas

Constitutional provisions

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Historical provisions

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1973–1984

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Cesar Virata as prime minister was the head of the executive committee created in 1973. The government body which was later abolished in 1984 could have assumed powers of the president, in an event President Ferdinand Marcos vacated the presidency.

Under the 1973 constitution, the executive committee led by the prime minister was to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the president, if the president-elect had died, failed to qualify, or if the president had not have been chosen.[2] If the Batasang Pambansa, the national legislature, withdraws confidence in the prime minister, the legislature's speaker would have presided over the executive committee. In an absence of an executive committee, the Batasang Pambansa speaker would be acting president until a new president was elected or qualified. If the presidency was vacated with more than 18 months left in the term of the previous president, the Batasang Pambansa was obliged to organize a special election, with the elected president to serve the unexpired term of their predecessor.[3]

The executive committee was created under the said constitution, which should have at most 14 members and at least half of which should be Assemblymen. The executive committee assists the president in fulfilling their executive function.[3]

There was uncertainty regarding the presidential line of succession during the later years of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, particularly in the 1980s. It is implied that the member who was deemed the best performing would be Marcos' successor whose health is already deteriorating.[4] The failing economy at that time also called for the clarity on who exactly would succeed Marcos. In 1983, President Marcos announced who ever was prime minister at the time the presidency becomes vacant would succeed him. Among those who were considered as candidates to succeed Marcos are Prime Minister Cesar Virata who was chairman of the committee, and Imelda Marcos who is also a committee member, Marcos' wife and the first lady.[5] A member of the committee, Emmanuel Pelaez lobbied for a constitutional amendment which would allow Prime Minister Virata to assume as acting president in an event Marcos vacates the presidency while Assemblyman Arturo Tolentino campaigned for the restoration of the post of vice president.[6]

1984–1987

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Another plebiscite was held in 1984 which restored the position of vice president, as well as restoring the holder of the position as the first in line in the presidential succession. A vice president should have been elected in a scheduled national elections in 1987, which was never held because President Marcos announced snap elections in 1985. The ratified provisions of the 1984 plebiscite also obliged the speaker of the Batasang Pambansa to act as acting president should the presidency be vacated prior to the scheduled 1987 elections.[4] Corazon Aquino was installed as president when President Ferdinand Marcos was removed from office in the People Power Revolution of 1986.

Current provisions

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The following are the provisions for the Philippine presidential line of succession of the current Constitution of the Philippines adopted in 1987.[7]

Prior to the start of the term

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  • If a president was elected but failed to qualify, the vice president who was elected will act as president until the president qualifies
  • If there was no president elected, the vice president who was elected will act as president until a president is elected and qualifies
  • If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect dies or has become permanently disabled, the vice president who was elected becomes president
  • If neither a president nor a vice president had been chosen or had qualified, or if both had died or had become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of their inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, will act as president until a president or a vice president is chosen and qualifies.

During the term

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  • If the president dies, becomes permanently disabled, is removed from office, or resigns, the vice president becomes the president and serves the unexpired term
  • If both the president and the vice president die, become permanently disabled, are removed from office, or resign, the president of the Senate or, in case of their inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, will act as president until a president or vice president is elected and qualifies
  • If the acting president dies, becomes permanently disabled, is removed from office, or resigns, Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as president. They shall serve until the president or the vice president shall have been elected and qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the acting president

Succession in practice

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In 1944, following the death of Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmeña became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency

Proposed amendments

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  • 2018: In line with President Rodrigo Duterte's campaign for the adoption of a federal system of government in the Philippines, the presidential line of succession has been a subject of debate within the House of Representatives in the creation of a draft federal charter. A version of the draft proposed that the Senate president to be next in line in the presidential succession ahead of the vice president in an event Duterte would be unable to perform his duties as president during the transition period to federal form of government.[9] House constitutional amendments panel chairperson Vicente Veloso justified the provision as a means to avert political instability due to the ongoing electoral protest filed by losing candidate Bongbong Marcos against Vice President Leni Robredo at the time. The provision was criticized by Robredo herself who characterized the move as "too desperate".[10]
  • 2019: Senator Panfilo Lacson filed a bill that would expand the presidential line of succession which included a "designated survivor" clause. In addition to the vice president, the Senate president, and the House speaker, Lacson proposed that the next set of officials in the line of succession would be as follows: the most senior senator, based on the length of service in the Senate; the most senior representative, based on the length of service in the House of Representatives; and a member of the Cabinet designated by the president.[11] The measure was filed as a contingency in an event that the president, and the three named officials in the presidential line of succession all died or rendered incapacitated such as a hypothetical terrorist attack during a State of the Nation Address.[12][13][14]

References

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  1. ^ a b "The Executive Branch". Official Gazette. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  2. ^ Muego, Benjamin (1983). "The Executive Committee in the Philippines: Successors, Power Brokers, and Dark Horses". Asian Survey. 23 (11): 1159–1170. doi:10.2307/2644365. JSTOR 2644365.
  3. ^ a b 1973 Constitution – via Official Gazette.
  4. ^ a b "The Fall of the Dictatorship". Official Gazette. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  5. ^ Campbell, Colin (November 1, 1983). "Marcos Clarifies Line of Succession". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  6. ^ Quinn-Judge, Paul (November 30, 1983). "Succession Question in Philippines Takes on Added Urgency". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  7. ^ 1987 Constitution – via Official Gazette.
  8. ^ a b Molina, Antonio M. (1960). The Philippines Through the Centuries. Manila: U.S.T. Cooperative.
  9. ^ Parrocha, Azer (October 13, 2018). "Clear Line of Succession to Presidency 'Important,' Palace Says". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  10. ^ Cepeda, Mara (October 10, 2018). "House to Put Robredo Back in Line of Succession of Draft Constitution". Rappler. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  11. ^ Cervantes, Filane Mikee (August 29, 2019). "Lacson Wants More Exhaustive Line of Presidential Succession". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  12. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (August 31, 2020). "Lacson Pushes for Passage of Bill Naming President's 'Designated Survivor'". Inquirer.net. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  13. ^ Casayuran, Mario (August 31, 2020). "Lacson Proposes 'Designated Survivor' Bill to Extend Presidential Line of Succession". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
  14. ^ Sampang, Dianne (July 12, 2024). "Lacson says Designated Survivor Bill a constitutional mandate". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 13, 2024.