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Russian keyboard layout
Letter Cursive Italic Letter Name Old name IPA Scientific transliteration Approximate English
example
Russian example, romanization, meaning Unicode (Hex)
Аа А а а
[a]
азъ
[as]
/a/ a father два dva
"two"
1 U+0410 / U+0430
Бб Б б бэ
[bɛ]
буки
[ˈbukʲɪ]
/b/ or /bʲ/ b bad оба óba
"both"
U+0411 / U+0431
Вв В в вэ
[vɛ]
вѣди
[ˈvʲedʲɪ]
/v/ or /vʲ/ v vine вот vot
"here"
2 U+0412 / U+0432
Гг Г г гэ
[ɡɛ]
глаголь
[ɡɫɐˈɡolʲ]
/ɡ/ or /gʲ/ g go год god
"year"
3 U+0413 / U+0433
Дд Д д дэ
[dɛ]
добро
[dɐˈbro]
/d/ or /dʲ/ d do да da
"yes"
4 U+0414 / U+0434
Ее Е е е
[je]
есть
[jesʲtʲ]
/je/, / ʲe/ or /e/ e yes не ne
"not"
5 U+0415 / U+0435
Ёё Ё ё ё
[jo]
/jo/ or / ʲo/ ë yore ёж yozh
"hedgehog"
U+0401 / U+0451
Жж Ж ж жэ
[ʐɛ]
живѣте
[ʐɨˈvʲetʲɪ][a]
/ʐ/ ž pleasure жук zhuk
"beetle"
U+0416 / U+0436
Зз З з зэ
[zɛ]
земля
[zʲɪˈmlʲæ]
/z/ or /zʲ/ z zoo зной znoy
"heat"
7 U+0417 / U+0437
Ии И и и
[i]
иже
[ˈiʐɨ]
/i/, / ʲi/, or /ɨ/ i police или íli
"or"
8 U+0418 / U+0438
Йй Й й и краткое
[i ˈkratkəjɪ]
и съ краткой
s ˈkratkəj]
/j/ j toy мой moy
"my, mine"
U+0419 / U+0439
Кк К к ка
[ka]
како
[ˈkakə]
/k/ or /kʲ/ k kept кто kto
"who"
20 U+041A / U+043A
Лл Л л эл or эль
[ɛɫ] or [ɛlʲ]
люди
[ˈlʲʉdʲɪ]
/ɫ/ or /lʲ/ l feel or lamp ли li
"whether"
30 U+041B / U+043B
Мм М м эм
[ɛm]
мыслѣте
[mɨˈsʲlʲetʲɪ][2]
/m/ or /mʲ/ m map меч mech
"sword"
40 U+041C / U+043C
Нн Н н эн
[ɛn]
нашъ
[naʂ]
/n/ or /nʲ/ n not но no
"but"
50 U+041D / U+043D
Оо О о о
[о]
онъ
[on]
/o/ o more он on
"he"
70 U+041E / U+043E
Пп П п пэ
[pɛ]
покой
[pɐˈkoj]
/p/ or /pʲ/ p pet под pod
"under"
80 U+041F / U+043F
Рр Р р эр
[ɛr]
рцы
[rt͡sɨ]
/r/ or /rʲ/ r rolled r река reká
"river"
100 U+0420 / U+0440
Сс С с эс
[ɛs]
слово
[ˈsɫovə]
/s/ or /sʲ/ s set если yésli
"if"
200 U+0421 / U+0441
Тт Т т тэ
[tɛ]
твердо
[ˈtvʲerdə]
/t/ or /tʲ/ t top тот tot
"that"
300 U+0422 / U+0442
Уу У у у
[u]
укъ
[uk]
/u/ u tool уже uzhé
"already"
400 U+0423 / U+0443
Фф Ф ф эф
[ɛf]
фертъ
[fʲert]
/f/ or /fʲ/ f face форма fórma
"form"
500 U+0424 / U+0444
Хх Х х ха
[xa]
хѣръ
[xʲer]
/x/ or /xʲ/ x loch дух dukh
"spirit"
600 U+0425 / U+0445
Цц Ц ц цэ
[tsɛ]
цы
[t͡sɨ]
/t͡s/ c sits конец konéts
"end"
900 U+0426 / U+0446
Чч Ч ч че
[tɕe]
червь
[t͡ɕerfʲ]
/t͡ɕ/ č chat час chas
"hour"
90 U+0427 / U+0447
Шш Ш ш ша
[ʂa]
ша
[ʂa]
/ʂ/ š sharp ваш vash
"yours"
U+0428 / U+0448
Щщ Щ щ ща
[ɕɕæ]
ща
[ɕt͡ɕæ]
/ɕɕ/ šč sheer (in some dialects pronounced as in pushchair) щека shcheká
"cheek"
U+0429 / U+0449
Ъъ Ъ ъ твёрдый знак
[ˈtvʲɵrdɨj znak]
еръ
[jer]
ʺ (called "hard sign") silent, prevents palatalization of the preceding consonant объект obyékt
"object"
U+042A / U+044A
Ыы Ы ы ы
[ɨ]
еры
[jɪˈrɨ]
[ɨ] y roses, hit ты ty
"you"
U+042B / U+044B
Ьь Ь ь мягкий знак
[ˈmʲæxʲkʲɪj znak]
ерь
[jerʲ]
/ ʲ/ ' (called "soft sign") silent, palatalizes the preceding consonant (if it is phonologically possible) весь vyes'
"all"
U+042C / U+044C
Ээ Э э э
[ɛ]
э оборотное
[ˈɛ ɐbɐˈrotnəjɪ]
/e/ è met это éto
"this, that"
U+042D / U+044D
Юю Ю ю ю
[ju]
ю
[ju]
/ju/ or / ʲu/ ju use юг yug
"south"
U+042E / U+044E
Яя Я я я
[ja]
я
[ja]
/ja/ or / ʲa/ ja yard ряд ryad
"row"
U+042F / U+044F

The consonant letters represent both as "soft" (palatalized, represented in the IPA with a ʲ) and "hard" consonant phonemes. If a consonant letter is followed by a vowel letter, then the soft/hard quality of the consonant depends on whether the vowel is meant to follow "hard" consonants а, о, э, у, ы or "soft" ones я, ё, е, ю, и; see below. A soft sign indicates Ь palatalization of the preceding consonant without adding a vowel. However, in modern Russian six consonant phonemes do not have phonemically distinct "soft" and "hard" variants (except in foreign proper names) and do not change "softness" in the presence of other letters: /ʐ/, /ʂ/ and /t͡s/ are always hard; /j/, /ɕː/ and /t͡ɕ/ are always soft. See Russian phonology for details.

^† An alternate form of the letter El (Л л) closely resembles the Greek letter for lambda (Λ λ).

Non-vocalized letters

[edit]

Hard sign

[edit]

The hard sign (ъ) acts like a "silent back vowel" that separates a succeeding "soft vowel" (е, ё, ю, я, but not и) from a preceding consonant, invoking implicit iotation of the vowel with a distinct /j/ glide. Today it is used mostly to separate a prefix ending with a hard consonant from the following root. Its original pronunciation, lost by 1400 at the latest, was that of a very short middle schwa-like sound, /ŭ/ but likely pronounced [ə] or [ɯ]. Until the 1918 reform, no written word could end in a consonant: those that end in a ("hard") consonant in modern orthography had then a final ъ.

While и is also a soft vowel, root-initial /i/ following a hard consonant is typically pronounced as [ɨ]. This is normally spelled ы (the hard counterpart to и) unless this vowel occurs at the beginning of a word, in which case it remains и. An alternation between the two letters (but not the sounds) can be seen with the pair без и́мени ('without name', which is pronounced [bʲɪz ˈɨmʲɪnʲɪ]) and безымя́нный ('nameless', which is pronounced [bʲɪˈmʲænːɨj]). This spelling convention, however, is not applied with certain loaned prefixes such as in the word панислами́зм[ˌpanɨsɫɐˈmʲizm], 'Pan-Islamism') and compound (multi-root) words (e.g. госизме́на[ˌɡosɨˈzmʲenə], 'high treason').

Soft sign

[edit]

The soft sign (ь) in most positions acts like a "silent front vowel" and indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized (except for always-hard ж, ш, ц) and the following vowel (if present) is iotated (including ьо in loans). This is important as palatalization is phonemic in Russian. For example, брат [brat] ('brother') contrasts with брать [bratʲ] ('to take'). The original pronunciation of the soft sign, lost by 1400 at the latest, was that of a very short fronted reduced vowel /ĭ/ but likely pronounced [ɪ] or [jɪ]. There are still some remnants of this ancient reading in modern Russian, e.g. in the co-existing versions of the same name, read and written differently, such as Марья and Мария (Mary).[3]

When applied after stem-final always-soft (ч, щ, but not й) or always-hard (ж, ш, but not ц) consonants, the soft sign does not alter pronunciation, but has a grammatical meaning:[4]

  • feminine gender for singular nouns in nominative and accusative cases; e.g. тушь ('India ink', feminine) cf. туш ('flourish after a toast', masculine) – both pronounced [tuʂ];
  • imperative mood for some verbs;
  • infinitive form of some verbs (with -чь ending);
  • second person for non-past verbs (with -шь ending);
  • some adverbs and particles.

Vowels

[edit]

The vowels е, ё, и, ю, я indicate a preceding palatalized consonant and with the exception of и are iotated (pronounced with a preceding /j/) when written at the beginning of a word or following another vowel (initial и was iotated until the nineteenth century). The IPA vowels shown are a guideline only and sometimes are realized as different sounds, particularly when unstressed. However, е may be used in words of foreign origin without palatalization (/e/), and я is often realized as [æ] between soft consonants, such as in мяч ("toy ball").

ы is an old Proto-Slavic close central vowel, thought to have been preserved better in modern Russian than in other Slavic languages. It was originally nasalized in certain positions: камы [ˈkamɨ̃]; камень [ˈkamʲɪnʲ] ("rock"). Its written form developed as follows: ъ + іы.

э was introduced in 1708 to distinguish the non-iotated/non-palatalizing /e/ from the iotated/palatalizing one. The original usage had been е for the uniotated /e/, ѥ or ѣ for the iotated, but ѥ had dropped out of use by the sixteenth century. In native Russian words, э is found only at the beginnings of words or in compound words (e.g. поэтому "therefore" = по + этому). In words that come from foreign languages in which iotated /e/ is uncommon or nonexistent (such as English, for example), э is usually written in the beginning of words and after vowels except и (e.g. поэт, poet), and е after и and consonants. However, the pronunciation is inconsistent. Many words, especially monosyllables, words ending in е and many words where е follows т, д, н, с, з or р are pronounced with /e/ without palatalization or iotation: секс (seks — "sex"), проект (proekt — "project") (in this example, the spelling is etymological but the pronunciation is counteretymological). But many other words are pronounced with /ʲe/: секта (syekta — "sect"), дебют (dyebyut — "debut"). Proper names are usually not concerned by the rule (Сэм — "Sam", Пэмела — "Pamela", Мао Цзэдун — "Mao Zedong"); the use of э after consonants is common in East Asian names and in English names with the sounds /æ/ and /ɛər/, with some exceptions such as Джек ("Jack") or Шепард ("Shepard"), since both э and е are not palatalized in cases of же ("che") or ше ("she"), yet in writing е usually prevails.

ё, introduced by Karamzin in 1797 and made official in 1943 by the Soviet Ministry of Education,[5] marks a /jo/ sound that has historically developed from /je/ under stress, a process that continues today. The letter ё is optional (in writing, not in pronunciation): it is formally correct to write ⟨e⟩ for both /je/ and /jo/. None of the several attempts in the twentieth century to mandate the use of ё have stuck.

  1. ^ Ushakov, Dmitry, "ёлка", Толковый словарь русского языка Ушакова (in Russian), RU: Yandex, archived from the original on 2012-07-22 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help).
  2. ^ Ushakov, Dmitry, "мыслете", Толковый словарь русского языка Ушакова [Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language] (article) (in Russian), RU: Yandex, archived from the original on 2012-07-16 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help).
  3. ^ See Polish Maria as a given name but Maryja in context of the Virgin Mary.
  4. ^ "Буквы Ъ и Ь - "Грамота.ру" – справочно-информационный Интернет-портал "Русский язык"". gramota.ru. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
  5. ^ Benson 1960, p. 271.


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