Baljeet Singh

The escalating level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is currently one of the most pressing environmental concerns for scientists. Consequently, a wide range of sorbents are investigated for their CO2 uptake ability. Studies showed that morphology-controlled mesoporous silica (MPS) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) perform exceptionally well towards CO2 capture. However, based on their respective physicochemical properties, both MPS and DES systems have their own drawbacks when used… Näytä lisää

The escalating level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is currently one of the most pressing environmental concerns for scientists. Consequently, a wide range of sorbents are investigated for their CO2 uptake ability. Studies showed that morphology-controlled mesoporous silica (MPS) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) perform exceptionally well towards CO2 capture. However, based on their respective physicochemical properties, both MPS and DES systems have their own drawbacks when used separately. A novel strategy is adopted here by combining MPS and DES [choline chloride: ethylene glycol (ChCl: EG):: 1: 2 mol ratio] to prepare a hybrid high-performing porous sorbent - porous DES (PDES) for CO2 capture. PDES has shown superior CO2 capture capacity relative to the DES (ChCl: EG) alone. CO2 capture efficiency of PDES system was further improved by adding superbases 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]–non-5-ene (DBN). DBN-added PDES system exhibited remarkable CO2 uptake efficiency of 72.4 mg/g (mg of CO2 captured/g of liquid media) and excellent CO2 absorption-expulsion reversibility. The work establishes that a functional MPS-DES combination can enhance CO2 absorption dramatically creating a new generation of high-performing, inexpensive, environmentally-friendly, and widely accessible porous liquid material as an effective CO2 sorbent. Näytä vähemmän

Textural properties of the solid sorbents are critical to tuning their CO2 capture performance. In this work, we studied the effect of fiber density (in turn, pore size, distribution, and accessibility) on CO2 capture capacity and kinetics. CO2 solid sorbents were prepared by physisorption of tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) molecules on dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS) with varying fiber density. Among the various DFNS, the DFNS with moderate fiber density [DFNS-3] showed the best CO2 capture… Näytä lisää

Textural properties of the solid sorbents are critical to tuning their CO2 capture performance. In this work, we studied the effect of fiber density (in turn, pore size, distribution, and accessibility) on CO2 capture capacity and kinetics. CO2 solid sorbents were prepared by physisorption of tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) molecules on dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS) with varying fiber density. Among the various DFNS, the DFNS with moderate fiber density [DFNS-3] showed the best CO2 capture capacity under the flue gas condition. The maximum CO2 capture capacity achieved was 24.3 wt % (5.53 mmol/g) at 75 °C for DFNS-3 under humid gas conditions. Fiber density also played a role in the kinetics of CO2 capture. DFNS-1 with dense fiber density needed ∼10.4 min to reach 90 % capture capacity, while DFNS-3 (moderate fiber density) needed only 6.4 min, which further decreased to 5.9 min for DFNS-5 with lightly dense fibers. The DFNS-impregnated TEPA also showed good recyclability during 21 adsorption and desorption cycles under humid and dry conditions. The total CO2 capture capacity of DFNS-3 (14.7) in 21 cycles was 108.9 and 105.0 mmol/g under humid and dry conditions, respectively. Adsorption lifetime calculation and recyclability confirmed the fiber density-dependent CO2 capture performance. Näytä vähemmän

Photon upconversion from visible light to ultraviolet (UV) light is useful for various photochemical reactions such as artificial photosynthesis, but its efficiency has been low under practical film conditions. Here, we demonstrate a film with a record-high visible-to-UV upconversion efficiency of 27.6% by simply soaking a porous film with a low-volatile upconversion solution. Furthermore, by combining this film with a microlens array, a significantly low threshold excitation light intensity of… Näytä lisää

Photon upconversion from visible light to ultraviolet (UV) light is useful for various photochemical reactions such as artificial photosynthesis, but its efficiency has been low under practical film conditions. Here, we demonstrate a film with a record-high visible-to-UV upconversion efficiency of 27.6% by simply soaking a porous film with a low-volatile upconversion solution. Furthermore, by combining this film with a microlens array, a significantly low threshold excitation light intensity of less than 0.60 mW cm−2, at least one order of magnitude lower than solar irradiance, is achieved. Näytä vähemmän

The interfacial local environment of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) and support is crucial for the development and design of thermally and chemically stable noble metal heterogeneous catalysts. The unique chemical environment can strengthen the NPs interaction with the support surface, which can effectively avoid the agglomeration of NPs. The strategy is developed to modulate the interfacial chemical environment of supported Pt NPs with the help of the unsaturated Al³⁺ in Al2O3-N (nanobelt)… Näytä lisää

The interfacial local environment of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) and support is crucial for the development and design of thermally and chemically stable noble metal heterogeneous catalysts. The unique chemical environment can strengthen the NPs interaction with the support surface, which can effectively avoid the agglomeration of NPs. The strategy is developed to modulate the interfacial chemical environment of supported Pt NPs with the help of the unsaturated Al³⁺ in Al2O3-N (nanobelt) support, resulting in a sintering-resistant Pt/Al2O3-N catalyst. Al solid-state MAS NMR characterization shows that Al2O3-N support contains a large amount of unsaturated Alpenta3+ (about 22.6%). XAS confirms that Pt NPs deposited on the surface of Al2O3 with rich unsaturated pentahedral coordinated Al³⁺ sites have a unique coordination structure at the interface (more Pt-O coordination). When catalyzing the CO oxidation as a probe reaction, the catalytic activity and the particle sizes of Pt NPs do not change significantly even after the reaction at 400°C for 15 days, and the complete CO conversion temperature increases only by 40°C when the catalyst is screened at 600°C for 5 days. This work demonstrates a new strategy to develop stable large-scale anti-sintering noble metal-based heterogeneous catalysts for many important high-temperature industrial applications. Näytä vähemmän

Supported single-metal atom catalysts (SACs) are constituted of isolated active metal centers, which are heterogenized on inert supports such as graphene, porous carbon, and metal oxides. Their thermal stability, electronic properties, and catalytic activities can be controlled via interactions between the single-metal atom center and neighboring heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Due to the atomic dispersion of the active catalytic centers, the amount of metal required for… Näytä lisää

Supported single-metal atom catalysts (SACs) are constituted of isolated active metal centers, which are heterogenized on inert supports such as graphene, porous carbon, and metal oxides. Their thermal stability, electronic properties, and catalytic activities can be controlled via interactions between the single-metal atom center and neighboring heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Due to the atomic dispersion of the active catalytic centers, the amount of metal required for catalysis can be decreased, thus offering new possibilities to control the selectivity of a given transformation as well as to improve catalyst turnover frequencies and turnover numbers. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the synthesis of Fe-SACs with a focus on anchoring single atoms (SA) on carbon/graphene supports. The characterization of these advanced materials using various spectroscopic techniques and their applications in diverse research areas are described. When applicable, mechanistic investigations conducted to understand the specific behavior of Fe-SACs-based catalysts are highlighted, including the use of theoretical models. Näytä vähemmän

A heterogeneous catalyst is a backbone of modern sustainable green industries; and understanding the relationship between its structure and properties is the key for its advancement. Recently, many upscaling synthesis strategies for the development of a variety of respectable control atomically precise heterogeneous catalysts are reported and explored for various important applications in catalysis for energy and environmental remediation. Precise atomic‐scale control of catalysts has allowed… Näytä lisää

A heterogeneous catalyst is a backbone of modern sustainable green industries; and understanding the relationship between its structure and properties is the key for its advancement. Recently, many upscaling synthesis strategies for the development of a variety of respectable control atomically precise heterogeneous catalysts are reported and explored for various important applications in catalysis for energy and environmental remediation. Precise atomic‐scale control of catalysts has allowed to significantly increase activity, selectivity, and in some cases stability. This approach has proved to be relevant in various energy and environmental related technologies such as fuel cell, chemical reactors for organic synthesis, and environmental remediation. Therefore, this review aims to critically analyze the recent progress on single‐atom catalysts (SACs) application in oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and chemical and/or electrochemical organic transformations. Finally, opportunities that may open up in the future are summarized, along with suggesting new applications for possible exploitation of SACs. Näytä vähemmän

Ever since the high activity of heterogeneous catalysts is realized, catalytic applications of metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on silica have exponentially increased. A variety of metals have been supported on silica in pursuit of better yields, rate, and stability. In this chapter, we provide to readers the basic knowledge of how different metal NPs can be utilized to catalyze a range of reactions and how silica as the support can render superior activity for certain reactions… Näytä lisää

Ever since the high activity of heterogeneous catalysts is realized, catalytic applications of metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on silica have exponentially increased. A variety of metals have been supported on silica in pursuit of better yields, rate, and stability. In this chapter, we provide to readers the basic knowledge of how different metal NPs can be utilized to catalyze a range of reactions and how silica as the support can render superior activity for certain reactions. Furthermore, wherever needed, we provide the synthesis of designed catalysts and understanding about their influence on catalytic performance. Näytä vähemmän

Silica materials are used in a wide range of applications such as catalysis, photocatalysis, CO2 capture, and environmental remediation. These nanomaterials (NMs) have been extensively investigated since the advent of Stöber silica. However, the absence of pores and small surface area of Stöber silica limits its applications. Later, the discovery of MCM-41 type mesoporous silica using surfactants as structural directing agents became revolutionary in the field of silica NMs. This review focuses… Näytä lisää

Silica materials are used in a wide range of applications such as catalysis, photocatalysis, CO2 capture, and environmental remediation. These nanomaterials (NMs) have been extensively investigated since the advent of Stöber silica. However, the absence of pores and small surface area of Stöber silica limits its applications. Later, the discovery of MCM-41 type mesoporous silica using surfactants as structural directing agents became revolutionary in the field of silica NMs. This review focuses on the methods used for synthesizing mesoporous silica nanomaterials (NMs), especially mesoporous nanoparticles (NPs), and their applications in various fields including catalysis (i.e., support for nanoparticle catalysts) and environmental remediation (CO to CO2 conversion, volatile organic compound (VOC) removal, and CO2 capture). The current issues/challenges in realizing the practical applications of these conventional materials are also highlighted. This review also compares the characteristics and applications of MCM-41, SBA-15, and KCC-1 to demonstrate the effect of the morphology and pore architecture of silica on the properties of silica-based NMs. The scope for future developments in the synthesis and applications of silica materials with different pore sizes and morphologies is discussed. Näytä vähemmän

Acceleration of protons by transient strong electric fields formed with intense ultrashort laser pulses is important for advancements in radiography and biomedical applications. Controlling the absorption mechanisms by material modification or adding structural features to the solid substrate is important to enhance ion energies for a given laser intensity. We present here an experimental demonstration of enhanced proton acceleration when a BK-7 glass target is coated with 150 nm diameter… Näytä lisää

Acceleration of protons by transient strong electric fields formed with intense ultrashort laser pulses is important for advancements in radiography and biomedical applications. Controlling the absorption mechanisms by material modification or adding structural features to the solid substrate is important to enhance ion energies for a given laser intensity. We present here an experimental demonstration of enhanced proton acceleration when a BK-7 glass target is coated with 150 nm diameter silica hollow spheres. The hollow particle coated target yielded a maximum proton energy of ≥ 800 keV at a peak intensity of 1018 W cm−2 while the maximum energy is only up to 200 keV with a plain glass target under otherwise identical conditions. Two-dimensional particle in cell simulations demonstrate the role of local fields in the hollow spherical cavities that lead to the enhanced proton energies comparable to the experiments. Näytä vähemmän

The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the field of catalysis is growing exponentially due to their high surface area and distinctive active sites. In this work, we report a novel understanding of the active sites responsible for the catalytic activity of aluminum trimesate MOFs and their crystal/framework structure dependency. Here, we have studied the nature of the active sites of Al-MOFs with two different framework structures (MIL-100 and MIL-96). We found that the MOFs with MIL-100… Näytä lisää

The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the field of catalysis is growing exponentially due to their high surface area and distinctive active sites. In this work, we report a novel understanding of the active sites responsible for the catalytic activity of aluminum trimesate MOFs and their crystal/framework structure dependency. Here, we have studied the nature of the active sites of Al-MOFs with two different framework structures (MIL-100 and MIL-96). We found that the MOFs with MIL-100 framework structures were highly catalytically active, while the same Al-MOFs with MIL-96 framework structures exhibited poor catalytic activity. This behavior is explained based on the effect of coordinated water molecules on their Brønsted acidity as well as the effect of the coordination of Al sites, specifically hexacoordinated Al3+6c sites and pentacoordinated Al3+5c sites, on their Lewis acidity. The different entrance sizes of the catalytic pocket of MIL-96 and MIL-100 also played critical roles in their catalytic performance. Näytä vähemmän

Transition metal nanoparticles and metal oxide have been used extensively for a wide range of applications in electrochemical reactions (HER, ORR, OER) and energy storage (supercapacitors batteries). To make less expensive, the use of transition metal at minimum metal contents without compromising the catalytic activity could be one way. Most of the catalytic process takes place on the surface and reaction dynamic can be manipulated by changing the particle size and shape. For a long time… Näytä lisää

Transition metal nanoparticles and metal oxide have been used extensively for a wide range of applications in electrochemical reactions (HER, ORR, OER) and energy storage (supercapacitors batteries). To make less expensive, the use of transition metal at minimum metal contents without compromising the catalytic activity could be one way. Most of the catalytic process takes place on the surface and reaction dynamic can be manipulated by changing the particle size and shape. For a long time, single metal atom organometallic compounds have been used as a catalyst at the industrial level. However, problems with the homogeneous catalyst to recover back at the end of the process lead to the development of heterogeneous single-atom catalysts with equal activity like a homogeneous catalyst. Cobalt single atom has received a tremendous interest of the scientific community due to its excellent catalytic activity and recyclability. Cobalt single-atom catalyst has shown better performance compared with sub-nanometer nanoparticles catalyst for ORR, OER, and HER. This chapter is conferring method of preparation of carbon-based single Co atoms heterogeneous catalyst, their application for ORR, OER, HER reactions, and mechanistic investigations through DFT calculations. The role of single Co metal atoms and anchoring using N or heteroatoms is discussed and compared. Näytä vähemmän

The discharge of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment is coined as an oil spill and is identified as a major form of ‘ocean pollution’. There are seven major proposed techniques to selectively remove spilled oil from water surfaces, and the choice of technique depends on the type of crude oil, temperature of the water, and other environmental conditions. After the proposal by Nicolaides et al. that the magnetic nanocomposite-based oil recovery method can be 30% less costly than… Näytä lisää

The discharge of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment is coined as an oil spill and is identified as a major form of ‘ocean pollution’. There are seven major proposed techniques to selectively remove spilled oil from water surfaces, and the choice of technique depends on the type of crude oil, temperature of the water, and other environmental conditions. After the proposal by Nicolaides et al. that the magnetic nanocomposite-based oil recovery method can be 30% less costly than other available methods, high surface area magnetic materials have received tremendous attention. Many interesting laboratory scale approaches have been reported so far on magnetic nanomaterial-based oil recovery. Most of the techniques use synergistic activities of engineered superhydrophobic scaffolds which are functionalized with magnetic particles either inherently or by external means. In this review article, the advancements in magnetic material-based oil spill clean-up are discussed by reviewing the literature from the last ten years. This review ends with the plausible future direction of this field and also discusses the commercial viability of some of these techniques. Näytä vähemmän

The solution-phase synthesis of silica nanosheets with tunable thickness and textural properties is still a challenge. We have developed a robust protocol to synthesize silica nanosheets using lamellar micelles as soft templates in a water–cyclohexane solvent mixture. The synthesized silica nanosheets (∼3.7 nm) possess significantly improved textural properties, with as high as 1420 m2 g−1 surface area and 3.47 cm3 g−1 pore volume. When functionalized with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA)… Näytä lisää

The solution-phase synthesis of silica nanosheets with tunable thickness and textural properties is still a challenge. We have developed a robust protocol to synthesize silica nanosheets using lamellar micelles as soft templates in a water–cyclohexane solvent mixture. The synthesized silica nanosheets (∼3.7 nm) possess significantly improved textural properties, with as high as 1420 m2 g−1 surface area and 3.47 cm3 g−1 pore volume. When functionalized with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) molecules using a physisorption method, the silica nanosheets showed a CO2 working capture capacity of 3.8 mmol g−1 at 75 °C with fast capture kinetics and good sorbent stability. Näytä vähemmän

In this work, we report the synthesis protocol for carbon coated dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS@Carbon) and high surface area wrinkled carbon nanospheres using phenol formaldehyde polymerization chemistry. We have shown that the choice of hard template, i. e. DFNS with different sizes and fiber density, can lead to the synthesis of carbon‐coated DFNS and wrinkled carbon nanospheres with tunable properties, having high surface area (1090 ±50 m²/g), large pore volume (1.18 ±0.02 cm³/g) and… Näytä lisää

In this work, we report the synthesis protocol for carbon coated dendritic fibrous nanosilica (DFNS@Carbon) and high surface area wrinkled carbon nanospheres using phenol formaldehyde polymerization chemistry. We have shown that the choice of hard template, i. e. DFNS with different sizes and fiber density, can lead to the synthesis of carbon‐coated DFNS and wrinkled carbon nanospheres with tunable properties, having high surface area (1090 ±50 m²/g), large pore volume (1.18 ±0.02 cm³/g) and distinct pore size distribution (from 3.5 nm to 15 nm). The CO2 capture value of 1.47 mmol/g was obtained without any amine functionalization. This value is comparable or better than reported non‐amine functionalized CO2 sorbents, indicating the contribution of textural properties and morphology of carbon cages on their CO2 capture capacity. Näytä vähemmän

Synthesis of amphi-functional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (~80 nm) by stepwise chemical modifications of outer and inner pore surfaces is reported. These materials display a clear "Janus" like character and are able to selectively and completely separate hydrophobic dyes form a mixture of dyes. Our results clearly suggest a clear partition of more hydrophobic dyes into the pores from a mixture of two dyes. In addition this material displays remarkable recycling ability for 10 cycles with up… Näytä lisää

Synthesis of amphi-functional mesoporous silica nanoparticles (~80 nm) by stepwise chemical modifications of outer and inner pore surfaces is reported. These materials display a clear "Janus" like character and are able to selectively and completely separate hydrophobic dyes form a mixture of dyes. Our results clearly suggest a clear partition of more hydrophobic dyes into the pores from a mixture of two dyes. In addition this material displays remarkable recycling ability for 10 cycles with up to ~ 99% dye removal from water. Näytä vähemmän

We report a facile protocol for the synthesis of fibrous nano-silica (KCC-1) with controllable size and fiber density. In this work, we have shown that the particle size, fiber density, surface area and pore volume of KCC-1 can be effectively controlled and tuned by changing various reaction parameters, such as the concentrations of urea, CTAB, 1-pentanol, reaction time, temperature, solvent ratio, and even outside
stirring time. For the first time, we were able to control the particle size… Näytä lisää

We report a facile protocol for the synthesis of fibrous nano-silica (KCC-1) with controllable size and fiber density. In this work, we have shown that the particle size, fiber density, surface area and pore volume of KCC-1 can be effectively controlled and tuned by changing various reaction parameters, such as the concentrations of urea, CTAB, 1-pentanol, reaction time, temperature, solvent ratio, and even outside
stirring time. For the first time, we were able to control the particle size ranging from as small as 170 nm
to as large as 1120 nm. We were also able to control the fiber density from low to medium to very dense,
which consequently allowed the tuning of the pore volume. We were able to achieve a pore volume
of 2.18 cm3/g, which is the highest reported for such a fibrous material. Notably, we were even able to increase the surface area up to 1244 m2/g, nearly double the previously reported surface area of KCC-1. Thus, one can now synthesize KCC-1 with various degrees of size, surface area, pore volume, and fiber density. Näytä vähemmän

Hybrid materials by functionalization of fibrous nanosilica (KCC-1) were synthesized for efficient CO2 capture, using various amine molecules by physisorption (ads.) as well as the covalent attachment. Their CO2 capture efficiency was studied using various parameters, such as CO2 capture capacity, the kinetics of adsorption, stability of the sorbent, and regeneration-reuse properties. The best KCC-1 sorbent (i.e., KCC-1-TEPAads) was then studied for the effects of solvents, adsorption… Näytä lisää

Hybrid materials by functionalization of fibrous nanosilica (KCC-1) were synthesized for efficient CO2 capture, using various amine molecules by physisorption (ads.) as well as the covalent attachment. Their CO2 capture efficiency was studied using various parameters, such as CO2 capture capacity, the kinetics of adsorption, stability of the sorbent, and regeneration-reuse properties. The best KCC-1 sorbent (i.e., KCC-1-TEPAads) was then studied for the effects of solvents, adsorption temperature and TEPA (tetraethylenepentamine) loading on its textural properties and CO2 capture efficiency and compared with its MCM-41 counterparts. The textural properties of MCM-41 sorbents were drastically affected with loss of more than 99% of their surface area and pore volume, while KCC-1 based sorbents were able to retain a good amount of surface area and pore volume. Notably, the KCC-1-based sorbents exhibited better CO2 capture capacity, rate of adsorption and stability than their MCM-41 counterparts (MCM-41/TEPAads). The total CO2 capture capacity after 21 cycles under humid conditions was 91.5 mmol g−1 for KCC-1-TEPAads but 73.1 mmol g−1 for MCM-41-TEPAads, indicating the superior capacity and stability of the KCC-1-based sorbents even under humid conditions. The better performance of the KCC-1-based sorbents was due to their unique fibrous morphology, accessible surface area, and pore volume, which were retained even after functionalization. These results indicate the critical role of the silica morphology as well as the advantages of KCC-1 silica over MCM-41 for the design of efficient CO2 sorbents. Näytä vähemmän

Fibrous nanosilica (KCC-1) oxynitrides are promising solid-base catalysts. Paradoxically, when their nitrogen content increases, their catalytic activity decreases. This counterintuitive observation is explained here for the first time using 15N-solid-state NMR spectroscopy enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization.

Solid bases, such as SBA-15-oxynitrides, have attracted considerable interest for potential applications as catalysts in important industrial processes. Reported herein is that by simply tuning the temperature of nitridation (ammonolysis), the catalytic activity of these solid bases can be enhanced. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy and XPS studies provided the reasoning behind this change in activity.

Graphene, a two-dimensional single atomic layer of the carbon atoms, has a high conductivity and high surface area. For these reasons, it has attracted considerable interest in electrochemical devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. This review aims at identifying these electrocatalysts. Methods: Peer-reviewed research papers were scavenged using various bibliographic databases with graphene as one of the keywords. Research papers with good quality data were screened, analysed and the… Näytä lisää

Graphene, a two-dimensional single atomic layer of the carbon atoms, has a high conductivity and high surface area. For these reasons, it has attracted considerable interest in electrochemical devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. This review aims at identifying these electrocatalysts. Methods: Peer-reviewed research papers were scavenged using various bibliographic databases with graphene as one of the keywords. Research papers with good quality data were screened, analysed and the findings of the papers were summarized using a conceptual framework. Results: All together 80 research articles which have used graphene and/or its nanocomposite are in-cluded in the review. These bifunctional electrocatalysts are studied in a metal-oxygen battery which is a hybrid system of a Li-ion battery and a H2-O2 fuel cell. Several metal-oxygen (Zn-O2, Li-O2, Na-O2, K-O2, Ca-O2, Mg-O2, etc.) batteries are known in the literature. Li-O2 battery is another potential device for future electrical vehicles applications with its energy density being about 8 times higher than the state-of-the-art Li-ion battery. Current research works aim to improve the performance of existing met-al-oxygen systems and explore the possibilities of using cheaper Na and K as anodes. Two types of re-actions occur at the cathode in a metal-oxygen battery and electrocatalysts are employed to improve the kinetics of these reactions for better performance. Conclusion: Several research articles on graphene and its composites with transition metals and their oxides based nanocatalysts claim to improve the oxygen reaction kinetics and cycle life of the batteries. In this review, recent articles of graphene-based nanocatalysts for metal-oxygen batteries are summa-rized which give the present scenario of research in the field and scope of future work. Näytä vähemmän