Zambia

A landlocked country in southern Africa, unlike many of its neighbors, Zambia has mostly enjoyed political stability since gaining independence from Britain in 1964. The country boasts significant mining production, agricultural wealth, a substantial share of hydroelectric power generation, and a growing tourism sector. Still, Zambia has also struggled to reach its full economic potential and remains plagued by some of the highest levels of poverty and income inequality in the world.

Some positive progress has been made since 2021, when President Hakainde Hichilema won on a platform of democratic reforms, economic revitalization, and anti-corruption efforts, marking a significant departure from the authoritarian rule of his predecessor, Edgar Lungu. However, cumbersome administrative procedures, lack of transparency, inadequate infrastructure, and a shortage of skilled labor continue to discourage private sector investment. Over-reliance on mining and extractive industries for exports and government revenue, unsustainable external debt levels, and vulnerability to climate change compound the country’s problems.