client.go

/*
Copyright 2017 Google LLC

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package spanner

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"os"
	"regexp"
	"strconv"
	"time"

	"cloud.google.com/go/internal/trace"
	sppb "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/apiv1/spannerpb"
	"github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/grpc-gcp-go/grpcgcp"
	grpcgcppb "github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/grpc-gcp-go/grpcgcp/grpc_gcp"
	"github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric"
	"google.golang.org/api/iterator"
	"google.golang.org/api/option"
	"google.golang.org/api/option/internaloption"
	gtransport "google.golang.org/api/transport/grpc"
	"google.golang.org/grpc"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/encoding/gzip"
	"google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"

	vkit "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/apiv1"
	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner/internal"

	// Install google-c2p resolver, which is required for direct path.
	_ "google.golang.org/grpc/xds/googledirectpath"
	// Install RLS load balancer policy, which is needed for gRPC RLS.
	_ "google.golang.org/grpc/balancer/rls"
)

const (
	// resourcePrefixHeader is the name of the metadata header used to indicate
	// the resource being operated on.
	resourcePrefixHeader = "google-cloud-resource-prefix"

	// routeToLeaderHeader is the name of the metadata header if RW/PDML
	// requests need  to route to leader.
	routeToLeaderHeader = "x-goog-spanner-route-to-leader"

	requestsCompressionHeader = "x-response-encoding"

	// numChannels is the default value for NumChannels of client.
	numChannels = 4
)

const (
	// Scope is the scope for Cloud Spanner Data API.
	Scope = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spanner.data"

	// AdminScope is the scope for Cloud Spanner Admin APIs.
	AdminScope = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spanner.admin"
)

var (
	validDBPattern = regexp.MustCompile("^projects/(?P<project>[^/]+)/instances/(?P<instance>[^/]+)/databases/(?P<database>[^/]+)$")
)

func validDatabaseName(db string) error {
	if matched := validDBPattern.MatchString(db); !matched {
		return fmt.Errorf("database name %q should conform to pattern %q",
			db, validDBPattern.String())
	}
	return nil
}

func parseDatabaseName(db string) (project, instance, database string, err error) {
	matches := validDBPattern.FindStringSubmatch(db)
	if len(matches) == 0 {
		return "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("Failed to parse database name from %q according to pattern %q",
			db, validDBPattern.String())
	}
	return matches[1], matches[2], matches[3], nil
}

// Client is a client for reading and writing data to a Cloud Spanner database.
// A client is safe to use concurrently, except for its Close method.
type Client struct {
	sc                   *sessionClient
	idleSessions         *sessionPool
	logger               *log.Logger
	qo                   QueryOptions
	ro                   ReadOptions
	ao                   []ApplyOption
	txo                  TransactionOptions
	bwo                  BatchWriteOptions
	ct                   *commonTags
	disableRouteToLeader bool
	dro                  *sppb.DirectedReadOptions
	otConfig             *openTelemetryConfig
}

// DatabaseName returns the full name of a database, e.g.,
// "projects/spanner-cloud-test/instances/foo/databases/foodb".
func (c *Client) DatabaseName() string {
	return c.sc.database
}

// ClientID returns the id of the Client. This is not recommended for customer applications and used internally for testing.
func (c *Client) ClientID() string {
	return c.sc.id
}

func createGCPMultiEndpoint(cfg *grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpointOptions, config ClientConfig, opts ...option.ClientOption) (*grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpoint, error) {
	if cfg.GRPCgcpConfig == nil {
		cfg.GRPCgcpConfig = &grpcgcppb.ApiConfig{}
	}
	if cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.Method == nil || len(cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.Method) == 0 {
		cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.Method = []*grpcgcppb.MethodConfig{
			{
				Name: []string{"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/CreateSession"},
				Affinity: &grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig{
					Command:     grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig_BIND,
					AffinityKey: "name",
				},
			},
			{
				Name: []string{"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/BatchCreateSessions"},
				Affinity: &grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig{
					Command:     grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig_BIND,
					AffinityKey: "session.name",
				},
			},
			{
				Name: []string{"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/DeleteSession"},
				Affinity: &grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig{
					Command:     grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig_UNBIND,
					AffinityKey: "name",
				},
			},
			{
				Name: []string{"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/GetSession"},
				Affinity: &grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig{
					Command:     grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig_BOUND,
					AffinityKey: "name",
				},
			},
			{
				Name: []string{
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/BeginTransaction",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/Commit",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/ExecuteBatchDml",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/ExecuteSql",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/ExecuteStreamingSql",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/PartitionQuery",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/PartitionRead",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/Read",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/Rollback",
					"/google.spanner.v1.Spanner/StreamingRead",
				},
				Affinity: &grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig{
					Command:     grpcgcppb.AffinityConfig_BOUND,
					AffinityKey: "session",
				},
			},
		}
	}
	// Append emulator options if SPANNER_EMULATOR_HOST has been set.
	if emulatorAddr := os.Getenv("SPANNER_EMULATOR_HOST"); emulatorAddr != "" {
		emulatorOpts := []option.ClientOption{
			option.WithEndpoint(emulatorAddr),
			option.WithGRPCDialOption(grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials())),
			option.WithoutAuthentication(),
			internaloption.SkipDialSettingsValidation(),
		}
		opts = append(opts, emulatorOpts...)
		// Replace all endpoints with emulator target.
		for _, meo := range cfg.MultiEndpoints {
			meo.Endpoints = []string{emulatorAddr}
		}
	}

	// Set the number of channels to the default value if not specified.
	if cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.GetChannelPool() == nil || cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.GetChannelPool().GetMaxSize() == 0 {
		cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.ChannelPool = &grpcgcppb.ChannelPoolConfig{
			MinSize: numChannels,
			MaxSize: numChannels,
		}
	}
	// Set MinSize equal to MaxSize to create all the channels beforehand.
	cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.ChannelPool.MinSize = cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.ChannelPool.GetMaxSize()

	cfg.GRPCgcpConfig.ChannelPool.BindPickStrategy = grpcgcppb.ChannelPoolConfig_ROUND_ROBIN

	cfg.DialFunc = func(ctx context.Context, target string, dopts ...grpc.DialOption) (*grpc.ClientConn, error) {
		copts := opts

		for _, do := range dopts {
			copts = append(copts, option.WithGRPCDialOption(do))
		}

		allOpts := allClientOpts(1, config.Compression, copts...)

		// Overwrite endpoint and pool config.
		allOpts = append(allOpts,
			option.WithEndpoint(target),
			option.WithGRPCConnectionPool(1),
			option.WithGRPCConn(nil),
		)

		return gtransport.Dial(ctx, allOpts...)
	}

	gme, err := grpcgcp.NewGCPMultiEndpoint(cfg)
	return gme, err
}

// To use GCPMultiEndpoint in gtransport.Dial (via gtransport.WithConnPool option)
// we implement gtransport.ConnPool interface using this wrapper.
type gmeWrapper struct {
	*grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpoint
}

// Make sure gmeWrapper implements ConnPool interface.
var _ gtransport.ConnPool = (*gmeWrapper)(nil)

func (gw *gmeWrapper) Conn() *grpc.ClientConn {
	// GCPMultiEndpoint does not expose any ClientConn.
	// This is safe because Cloud Spanner client doesn't use this function and instead
	// makes calls directly using Invoke and NewStream from the grpc.ClientConnInterface
	// which GCPMultiEndpoint implements.
	return nil
}

func (gw *gmeWrapper) Num() int {
	return int(gw.GCPMultiEndpoint.GCPConfig().GetChannelPool().GetMaxSize())
}

// ClientConfig has configurations for the client.
type ClientConfig struct {
	// NumChannels is the number of gRPC channels.
	// If zero, a reasonable default is used based on the execution environment.
	//
	// Deprecated: The Spanner client now uses a pool of gRPC connections. Use
	// option.WithGRPCConnectionPool(numConns) instead to specify the number of
	// connections the client should use. The client will default to a
	// reasonable default if this option is not specified.
	NumChannels int

	// SessionPoolConfig is the configuration for session pool.
	SessionPoolConfig

	// SessionLabels for the sessions created by this client.
	// See https://cloud.google.com/spanner/docs/reference/rpc/google.spanner.v1#session
	// for more info.
	SessionLabels map[string]string

	// QueryOptions is the configuration for executing a sql query.
	QueryOptions QueryOptions

	// ReadOptions is the configuration for reading rows from a database
	ReadOptions ReadOptions

	// ApplyOptions is the configuration for applying
	ApplyOptions []ApplyOption

	// TransactionOptions is the configuration for a transaction.
	TransactionOptions TransactionOptions

	// BatchWriteOptions is the configuration for a BatchWrite request.
	BatchWriteOptions BatchWriteOptions

	// CallOptions is the configuration for providing custom retry settings that
	// override the default values.
	CallOptions *vkit.CallOptions

	// UserAgent is the prefix to the user agent header. This is used to supply information
	// such as application name or partner tool.
	//
	// Internal Use Only: This field is for internal tracking purpose only,
	// setting the value for this config is not required.
	//
	// Recommended format: ``application-or-tool-ID/major.minor.version``.
	UserAgent string

	// DatabaseRole specifies the role to be assumed for all operations on the
	// database by this client.
	DatabaseRole string

	// DisableRouteToLeader specifies if all the requests of type read-write and PDML
	// need to be routed to the leader region.
	//
	// Default: false
	DisableRouteToLeader bool

	// Logger is the logger to use for this client. If it is nil, all logging
	// will be directed to the standard logger.
	Logger *log.Logger

	//
	// Sets the compression to use for all gRPC calls. The compressor must be a valid name.
	// This will enable compression both from the client to the
	// server and from the server to the client.
	//
	// Supported values are:
	//  gzip: Enable gzip compression
	//  identity: Disable compression
	//
	//  Default: identity
	Compression string

	// BatchTimeout specifies the timeout for a batch of sessions managed sessionClient.
	BatchTimeout time.Duration

	// ClientConfig options used to set the DirectedReadOptions for all ReadRequests
	// and ExecuteSqlRequests for the Client which indicate which replicas or regions
	// should be used for non-transactional reads or queries.
	DirectedReadOptions *sppb.DirectedReadOptions

	OpenTelemetryMeterProvider metric.MeterProvider
}

type openTelemetryConfig struct {
	meterProvider           metric.MeterProvider
	attributeMap            []attribute.KeyValue
	otMetricRegistration    metric.Registration
	openSessionCount        metric.Int64ObservableGauge
	maxAllowedSessionsCount metric.Int64ObservableGauge
	sessionsCount           metric.Int64ObservableGauge
	maxInUseSessionsCount   metric.Int64ObservableGauge
	getSessionTimeoutsCount metric.Int64Counter
	acquiredSessionsCount   metric.Int64Counter
	releasedSessionsCount   metric.Int64Counter
	gfeLatency              metric.Int64Histogram
	gfeHeaderMissingCount   metric.Int64Counter
}

func contextWithOutgoingMetadata(ctx context.Context, md metadata.MD, disableRouteToLeader bool) context.Context {
	existing, ok := metadata.FromOutgoingContext(ctx)
	if ok {
		md = metadata.Join(existing, md)
	}
	if !disableRouteToLeader {
		md = metadata.Join(md, metadata.Pairs(routeToLeaderHeader, "true"))
	}
	return metadata.NewOutgoingContext(ctx, md)
}

// NewClient creates a client to a database. A valid database name has the
// form projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/databases/DATABASE_ID. It uses
// a default configuration.
func NewClient(ctx context.Context, database string, opts ...option.ClientOption) (*Client, error) {
	return NewClientWithConfig(ctx, database, ClientConfig{SessionPoolConfig: DefaultSessionPoolConfig, DisableRouteToLeader: false}, opts...)
}

// NewClientWithConfig creates a client to a database. A valid database name has
// the form projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/databases/DATABASE_ID.
func NewClientWithConfig(ctx context.Context, database string, config ClientConfig, opts ...option.ClientOption) (c *Client, err error) {
	return newClientWithConfig(ctx, database, config, nil, opts...)
}

func newClientWithConfig(ctx context.Context, database string, config ClientConfig, gme *grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpoint, opts ...option.ClientOption) (c *Client, err error) {
	// Validate database path.
	if err := validDatabaseName(database); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	ctx = trace.StartSpan(ctx, "cloud.google.com/go/spanner.NewClient")
	defer func() { trace.EndSpan(ctx, err) }()

	// Append emulator options if SPANNER_EMULATOR_HOST has been set.
	if emulatorAddr := os.Getenv("SPANNER_EMULATOR_HOST"); emulatorAddr != "" {
		emulatorOpts := []option.ClientOption{
			option.WithEndpoint(emulatorAddr),
			option.WithGRPCDialOption(grpc.WithInsecure()),
			option.WithoutAuthentication(),
			internaloption.SkipDialSettingsValidation(),
		}
		opts = append(emulatorOpts, opts...)
	}

	// Prepare gRPC channels.
	hasNumChannelsConfig := config.NumChannels > 0
	if config.NumChannels == 0 {
		config.NumChannels = numChannels
	}

	var pool gtransport.ConnPool

	if gme != nil {
		// Use GCPMultiEndpoint if provided.
		pool = &gmeWrapper{gme}
	} else {
		// Create gtransport ConnPool as usual if MultiEndpoint is not used.
		// gRPC options.
		allOpts := allClientOpts(config.NumChannels, config.Compression, opts...)
		pool, err = gtransport.DialPool(ctx, allOpts...)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		if hasNumChannelsConfig && pool.Num() != config.NumChannels {
			pool.Close()
			return nil, spannerErrorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "Connection pool mismatch: NumChannels=%v, WithGRPCConnectionPool=%v. Only set one of these options, or set both to the same value.", config.NumChannels, pool.Num())
		}
	}

	// TODO(loite): Remove as the original map cannot be changed by the user
	// anyways, and the client library is also not changing it.
	// Make a copy of labels.
	sessionLabels := make(map[string]string)
	for k, v := range config.SessionLabels {
		sessionLabels[k] = v
	}

	// Default configs for session pool.
	if config.MaxOpened == 0 {
		config.MaxOpened = uint64(pool.Num() * 100)
	}
	if config.MaxBurst == 0 {
		config.MaxBurst = DefaultSessionPoolConfig.MaxBurst
	}
	if config.incStep == 0 {
		config.incStep = DefaultSessionPoolConfig.incStep
	}
	if config.BatchTimeout == 0 {
		config.BatchTimeout = time.Minute
	}

	md := metadata.Pairs(resourcePrefixHeader, database)
	if config.Compression == gzip.Name {
		md.Append(requestsCompressionHeader, gzip.Name)
	}

	// Create a session client.
	sc := newSessionClient(pool, database, config.UserAgent, sessionLabels, config.DatabaseRole, config.DisableRouteToLeader, md, config.BatchTimeout, config.Logger, config.CallOptions)

	// Create a OpenTelemetry configuration
	otConfig, err := createOpenTelemetryConfig(config.OpenTelemetryMeterProvider, config.Logger, sc.id, database)
	if err != nil {
		// The error returned here will be due to database name parsing
		return nil, err
	}
	// To prevent data race in unit tests (ex: TestClient_SessionNotFound)
	sc.mu.Lock()
	sc.otConfig = otConfig
	sc.mu.Unlock()

	// Create a session pool.
	config.SessionPoolConfig.sessionLabels = sessionLabels
	sp, err := newSessionPool(sc, config.SessionPoolConfig)
	if err != nil {
		sc.close()
		return nil, err
	}

	c = &Client{
		sc:                   sc,
		idleSessions:         sp,
		logger:               config.Logger,
		qo:                   getQueryOptions(config.QueryOptions),
		ro:                   config.ReadOptions,
		ao:                   config.ApplyOptions,
		txo:                  config.TransactionOptions,
		bwo:                  config.BatchWriteOptions,
		ct:                   getCommonTags(sc),
		disableRouteToLeader: config.DisableRouteToLeader,
		dro:                  config.DirectedReadOptions,
		otConfig:             otConfig,
	}
	return c, nil
}

// NewMultiEndpointClient is the same as NewMultiEndpointClientWithConfig with
// the default client configuration.
//
// A valid database name has the
// form projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/databases/DATABASE_ID.
func NewMultiEndpointClient(ctx context.Context, database string, gmeCfg *grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpointOptions, opts ...option.ClientOption) (*Client, *grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpoint, error) {
	return NewMultiEndpointClientWithConfig(ctx, database, ClientConfig{SessionPoolConfig: DefaultSessionPoolConfig, DisableRouteToLeader: false}, gmeCfg, opts...)
}

// NewMultiEndpointClientWithConfig creates a client to a database using GCPMultiEndpoint.
//
// The purposes of GCPMultiEndpoint are:
//
//   - Fallback to an alternative endpoint (host:port) when the original
//     endpoint is completely unavailable.
//   - Be able to route a Cloud Spanner call to a specific group of endpoints.
//   - Be able to reconfigure endpoints in runtime.
//
// The GRPCgcpConfig and DialFunc in the GCPMultiEndpointOptions are optional
// and will be configured automatically.
//
// For GCPMultiEndpoint the number of channels is configured via MaxSize of the
// ChannelPool config in the GRPCgcpConfig.
//
// The GCPMultiEndpoint returned can be used to update the endpoints in runtime.
//
// A valid database name has the
// form projects/PROJECT_ID/instances/INSTANCE_ID/databases/DATABASE_ID.
func NewMultiEndpointClientWithConfig(ctx context.Context, database string, config ClientConfig, gmeCfg *grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpointOptions, opts ...option.ClientOption) (c *Client, gme *grpcgcp.GCPMultiEndpoint, err error) {
	gme, err = createGCPMultiEndpoint(gmeCfg, config, opts...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	// Align number of channels.
	config.NumChannels = int(gme.GCPConfig().GetChannelPool().GetMaxSize())
	c, err = newClientWithConfig(ctx, database, config, gme, opts...)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	return
}

// Combines the default options from the generated client, the default options
// of the hand-written client and the user options to one list of options.
// Precedence: userOpts > clientDefaultOpts > generatedDefaultOpts
func allClientOpts(numChannels int, compression string, userOpts ...option.ClientOption) []option.ClientOption {
	generatedDefaultOpts := vkit.DefaultClientOptions()
	clientDefaultOpts := []option.ClientOption{
		option.WithGRPCConnectionPool(numChannels),
		option.WithUserAgent(fmt.Sprintf("spanner-go/v%s", internal.Version)),
		internaloption.AllowNonDefaultServiceAccount(true),
	}
	if enableDirectPathXds, _ := strconv.ParseBool(os.Getenv("GOOGLE_SPANNER_ENABLE_DIRECT_ACCESS")); enableDirectPathXds {
		clientDefaultOpts = append(clientDefaultOpts, internaloption.EnableDirectPath(true), internaloption.EnableDirectPathXds())
	}
	if compression == "gzip" {
		userOpts = append(userOpts, option.WithGRPCDialOption(grpc.WithDefaultCallOptions(
			grpc.UseCompressor(gzip.Name))))
	}
	allDefaultOpts := append(generatedDefaultOpts, clientDefaultOpts...)
	return append(allDefaultOpts, userOpts...)
}

// getQueryOptions returns the query options overwritten by the environment
// variables if exist. The input parameter is the query options set by users
// via application-level configuration. If the environment variables are set,
// this will return the overwritten query options.
func getQueryOptions(opts QueryOptions) QueryOptions {
	if opts.Options == nil {
		opts.Options = &sppb.ExecuteSqlRequest_QueryOptions{}
	}
	opv := os.Getenv("SPANNER_OPTIMIZER_VERSION")
	if opv != "" {
		opts.Options.OptimizerVersion = opv
	}
	opsp := os.Getenv("SPANNER_OPTIMIZER_STATISTICS_PACKAGE")
	if opsp != "" {
		opts.Options.OptimizerStatisticsPackage = opsp
	}
	return opts
}

// Close closes the client.
func (c *Client) Close() {
	if c.idleSessions != nil {
		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
		defer cancel()
		c.idleSessions.close(ctx)
	}
	c.sc.close()
}

// Single provides a read-only snapshot transaction optimized for the case
// where only a single read or query is needed.  This is more efficient than
// using ReadOnlyTransaction() for a single read or query.
//
// Single will use a strong TimestampBound by default. Use
// ReadOnlyTransaction.WithTimestampBound to specify a different
// TimestampBound. A non-strong bound can be used to reduce latency, or
// "time-travel" to prior versions of the database, see the documentation of
// TimestampBound for details.
func (c *Client) Single() *ReadOnlyTransaction {
	t := &ReadOnlyTransaction{singleUse: true}
	t.txReadOnly.sp = c.idleSessions
	t.txReadOnly.txReadEnv = t
	t.txReadOnly.qo = c.qo
	t.txReadOnly.ro = c.ro
	t.txReadOnly.disableRouteToLeader = true
	t.txReadOnly.replaceSessionFunc = func(ctx context.Context) error {
		if t.sh == nil {
			return spannerErrorf(codes.InvalidArgument, "missing session handle on transaction")
		}
		// Remove the session that returned 'Session not found' from the pool.
		t.sh.destroy()
		// Reset the transaction, acquire a new session and retry.
		t.state = txNew
		sh, _, err := t.acquire(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		t.sh = sh
		return nil
	}
	t.txReadOnly.qo.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.LockHint = sppb.ReadRequest_LOCK_HINT_UNSPECIFIED
	t.ct = c.ct
	t.otConfig = c.otConfig
	return t
}

// ReadOnlyTransaction returns a ReadOnlyTransaction that can be used for
// multiple reads from the database.  You must call Close() when the
// ReadOnlyTransaction is no longer needed to release resources on the server.
//
// ReadOnlyTransaction will use a strong TimestampBound by default.  Use
// ReadOnlyTransaction.WithTimestampBound to specify a different
// TimestampBound.  A non-strong bound can be used to reduce latency, or
// "time-travel" to prior versions of the database, see the documentation of
// TimestampBound for details.
func (c *Client) ReadOnlyTransaction() *ReadOnlyTransaction {
	t := &ReadOnlyTransaction{
		singleUse:       false,
		txReadyOrClosed: make(chan struct{}),
	}
	t.txReadOnly.sp = c.idleSessions
	t.txReadOnly.txReadEnv = t
	t.txReadOnly.qo = c.qo
	t.txReadOnly.ro = c.ro
	t.txReadOnly.disableRouteToLeader = true
	t.txReadOnly.qo.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.LockHint = sppb.ReadRequest_LOCK_HINT_UNSPECIFIED
	t.ct = c.ct
	t.otConfig = c.otConfig
	return t
}

// BatchReadOnlyTransaction returns a BatchReadOnlyTransaction that can be used
// for partitioned reads or queries from a snapshot of the database. This is
// useful in batch processing pipelines where one wants to divide the work of
// reading from the database across multiple machines.
//
// Note: This transaction does not use the underlying session pool but creates a
// new session each time, and the session is reused across clients.
//
// You should call Close() after the txn is no longer needed on local
// client, and call Cleanup() when the txn is finished for all clients, to free
// the session.
func (c *Client) BatchReadOnlyTransaction(ctx context.Context, tb TimestampBound) (*BatchReadOnlyTransaction, error) {
	var (
		tx  transactionID
		rts time.Time
		s   *session
		sh  *sessionHandle
		err error
	)

	// Create session.
	s, err = c.sc.createSession(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	sh = &sessionHandle{session: s}
	sh.updateLastUseTime()

	// Begin transaction.
	res, err := sh.getClient().BeginTransaction(contextWithOutgoingMetadata(ctx, sh.getMetadata(), true), &sppb.BeginTransactionRequest{
		Session: sh.getID(),
		Options: &sppb.TransactionOptions{
			Mode: &sppb.TransactionOptions_ReadOnly_{
				ReadOnly: buildTransactionOptionsReadOnly(tb, true),
			},
		},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, ToSpannerError(err)
	}
	tx = res.Id
	if res.ReadTimestamp != nil {
		rts = time.Unix(res.ReadTimestamp.Seconds, int64(res.ReadTimestamp.Nanos))
	}

	t := &BatchReadOnlyTransaction{
		ReadOnlyTransaction: ReadOnlyTransaction{
			tx:                       tx,
			txReadyOrClosed:          make(chan struct{}),
			state:                    txActive,
			rts:                      rts,
			isLongRunningTransaction: true,
		},
		ID: BatchReadOnlyTransactionID{
			tid: tx,
			sid: sh.getID(),
			rts: rts,
		},
	}
	t.txReadOnly.sh = sh
	t.txReadOnly.txReadEnv = t
	t.txReadOnly.qo = c.qo
	t.txReadOnly.ro = c.ro
	t.txReadOnly.disableRouteToLeader = true
	t.txReadOnly.qo.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.LockHint = sppb.ReadRequest_LOCK_HINT_UNSPECIFIED
	t.ct = c.ct
	t.otConfig = c.otConfig
	return t, nil
}

// BatchReadOnlyTransactionFromID reconstruct a BatchReadOnlyTransaction from
// BatchReadOnlyTransactionID
func (c *Client) BatchReadOnlyTransactionFromID(tid BatchReadOnlyTransactionID) *BatchReadOnlyTransaction {
	s, err := c.sc.sessionWithID(tid.sid)
	if err != nil {
		logf(c.logger, "unexpected error: %v\nThis is an indication of an internal error in the Spanner client library.", err)
		// Use an invalid session. Preferably, this method should just return
		// the error instead of this, but that would mean an API change.
		s = &session{}
	}
	sh := &sessionHandle{session: s}

	t := &BatchReadOnlyTransaction{
		ReadOnlyTransaction: ReadOnlyTransaction{
			tx:                       tid.tid,
			txReadyOrClosed:          make(chan struct{}),
			state:                    txActive,
			rts:                      tid.rts,
			isLongRunningTransaction: true,
		},
		ID: tid,
	}
	t.txReadOnly.sh = sh
	t.txReadOnly.txReadEnv = t
	t.txReadOnly.qo = c.qo
	t.txReadOnly.ro = c.ro
	t.txReadOnly.disableRouteToLeader = true
	t.txReadOnly.qo.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.DirectedReadOptions = c.dro
	t.txReadOnly.ro.LockHint = sppb.ReadRequest_LOCK_HINT_UNSPECIFIED
	t.ct = c.ct
	t.otConfig = c.otConfig
	return t
}

type transactionInProgressKey struct{}

func checkNestedTxn(ctx context.Context) error {
	if ctx.Value(transactionInProgressKey{}) != nil {
		return spannerErrorf(codes.FailedPrecondition, "Cloud Spanner does not support nested transactions")
	}
	return nil
}

// ReadWriteTransaction executes a read-write transaction, with retries as
// necessary.
//
// The function f will be called one or more times. It must not maintain
// any state between calls.
//
// If the transaction cannot be committed or if f returns an ABORTED error,
// ReadWriteTransaction will call f again. It will continue to call f until the
// transaction can be committed or the Context times out or is cancelled.  If f
// returns an error other than ABORTED, ReadWriteTransaction will abort the
// transaction and return the error.
//
// To limit the number of retries, set a deadline on the Context rather than
// using a fixed limit on the number of attempts. ReadWriteTransaction will
// retry as needed until that deadline is met.
//
// See https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/spanner#ReadWriteTransaction for
// more details.
func (c *Client) ReadWriteTransaction(ctx context.Context, f func(context.Context, *ReadWriteTransaction) error) (commitTimestamp time.Time, err error) {
	ctx = trace.StartSpan(ctx, "cloud.google.com/go/spanner.ReadWriteTransaction")
	defer func() { trace.EndSpan(ctx, err) }()
	resp, err := c.rwTransaction(ctx, f, TransactionOptions{})
	return resp.CommitTs, err
}

// ReadWriteTransactionWithOptions executes a read-write transaction with
// configurable options, with retries as necessary.
//
// ReadWriteTransactionWithOptions is a configurable ReadWriteTransaction.
//
// See https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go/spanner#ReadWriteTransaction for
// more details.
func (c *Client) ReadWriteTransactionWithOptions(ctx context.Context, f func(context.Context, *ReadWriteTransaction) error, options TransactionOptions) (resp CommitResponse, err error) {
	ctx = trace.StartSpan(ctx, "cloud.google.com/go/spanner.ReadWriteTransactionWithOptions")
	defer func() { trace.EndSpan(ctx, err) }()
	resp, err = c.rwTransaction(ctx, f, options)
	return resp, err
}

func (c *Client) rwTransaction(ctx context.Context, f func(context.Context, *ReadWriteTransaction) error, options TransactionOptions) (resp CommitResponse, err error) {
	if err := checkNestedTxn(ctx); err != nil {
		return resp, err
	}
	var (
		sh      *sessionHandle
		t       *ReadWriteTransaction
		attempt = 0
	)
	defer func() {
		if sh != nil {
			sh.recycle()
		}
	}()
	err = runWithRetryOnAbortedOrFailedInlineBeginOrSessionNotFound(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) error {
		var (
			err error
		)
		if sh == nil || sh.getID() == "" || sh.getClient() == nil {
			// Session handle hasn't been allocated or has been destroyed.
			sh, err = c.idleSessions.take(ctx)
			if err != nil {
				// If session retrieval fails, just fail the transaction.
				return err
			}

			// Some operations (for ex BatchUpdate) can be long-running. For such operations set the isLongRunningTransaction flag to be true
			t.setSessionEligibilityForLongRunning(sh)
		}
		if t.shouldExplicitBegin(attempt) {
			// Make sure we set the current session handle before calling BeginTransaction.
			// Note that the t.begin(ctx) call could change the session that is being used by the transaction, as the
			// BeginTransaction RPC invocation will be retried on a new session if it returns SessionNotFound.
			t.txReadOnly.sh = sh
			if err = t.begin(ctx); err != nil {
				trace.TracePrintf(ctx, nil, "Error while BeginTransaction during retrying a ReadWrite transaction: %v", ToSpannerError(err))
				return ToSpannerError(err)
			}
		} else {
			t = &ReadWriteTransaction{
				txReadyOrClosed: make(chan struct{}),
			}
			t.txReadOnly.sh = sh
		}
		attempt++
		t.txReadOnly.sp = c.idleSessions
		t.txReadOnly.txReadEnv = t
		t.txReadOnly.qo = c.qo
		t.txReadOnly.ro = c.ro
		t.txReadOnly.disableRouteToLeader = c.disableRouteToLeader
		t.wb = []*Mutation{}
		t.txOpts = c.txo.merge(options)
		t.ct = c.ct
		t.otConfig = c.otConfig

		trace.TracePrintf(ctx, map[string]interface{}{"transactionSelector": t.getTransactionSelector().String()},
			"Starting transaction attempt")

		resp, err = t.runInTransaction(ctx, f)
		return err
	})
	return resp, err
}

// applyOption controls the behavior of Client.Apply.
type applyOption struct {
	// If atLeastOnce == true, Client.Apply will execute the mutations on Cloud
	// Spanner at least once.
	atLeastOnce bool
	// transactionTag will be included with the CommitRequest.
	transactionTag string
	// priority is the RPC priority that is used for the commit operation.
	priority sppb.RequestOptions_Priority
	// If excludeTxnFromChangeStreams == true, mutations from this Client.Apply
	// will not be recorded in allowed tracking change streams with DDL option
	// allow_txn_exclusion=true.
	excludeTxnFromChangeStreams bool
}

// An ApplyOption is an optional argument to Apply.
type ApplyOption func(*applyOption)

// ApplyAtLeastOnce returns an ApplyOption that removes replay protection.
//
// With this option, Apply may attempt to apply mutations more than once; if
// the mutations are not idempotent, this may lead to a failure being reported
// when the mutation was applied more than once. For example, an insert may
// fail with ALREADY_EXISTS even though the row did not exist before Apply was
// called. For this reason, most users of the library will prefer not to use
// this option.  However, ApplyAtLeastOnce requires only a single RPC, whereas
// Apply's default replay protection may require an additional RPC.  So this
// option may be appropriate for latency sensitive and/or high throughput blind
// writing.
func ApplyAtLeastOnce() ApplyOption {
	return func(ao *applyOption) {
		ao.atLeastOnce = true
	}
}

// TransactionTag returns an ApplyOption that will include the given tag as a
// transaction tag for a write-only transaction.
func TransactionTag(tag string) ApplyOption {
	return func(ao *applyOption) {
		ao.transactionTag = tag
	}
}

// Priority returns an ApplyOptions that sets the RPC priority to use for the
// commit operation.
func Priority(priority sppb.RequestOptions_Priority) ApplyOption {
	return func(ao *applyOption) {
		ao.priority = priority
	}
}

// ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams returns an ApplyOptions that sets whether to exclude recording this commit operation from allowed tracking change streams.
func ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams() ApplyOption {
	return func(ao *applyOption) {
		ao.excludeTxnFromChangeStreams = true
	}
}

// Apply applies a list of mutations atomically to the database.
func (c *Client) Apply(ctx context.Context, ms []*Mutation, opts ...ApplyOption) (commitTimestamp time.Time, err error) {
	ao := &applyOption{}

	for _, opt := range c.ao {
		opt(ao)
	}

	for _, opt := range opts {
		opt(ao)
	}

	ctx = trace.StartSpan(ctx, "cloud.google.com/go/spanner.Apply")
	defer func() { trace.EndSpan(ctx, err) }()

	if !ao.atLeastOnce {
		resp, err := c.ReadWriteTransactionWithOptions(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, t *ReadWriteTransaction) error {
			return t.BufferWrite(ms)
		}, TransactionOptions{CommitPriority: ao.priority, TransactionTag: ao.transactionTag, ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams: ao.excludeTxnFromChangeStreams})
		return resp.CommitTs, err
	}
	t := &writeOnlyTransaction{sp: c.idleSessions, commitPriority: ao.priority, transactionTag: ao.transactionTag, disableRouteToLeader: c.disableRouteToLeader, excludeTxnFromChangeStreams: ao.excludeTxnFromChangeStreams}
	return t.applyAtLeastOnce(ctx, ms...)
}

// BatchWriteOptions provides options for a BatchWriteRequest.
type BatchWriteOptions struct {
	// Priority is the RPC priority to use for this request.
	Priority sppb.RequestOptions_Priority

	// The transaction tag to use for this request.
	TransactionTag string

	// If excludeTxnFromChangeStreams == true, modifications from all transactions
	// in this batch write request will not be recorded in allowed tracking
	// change treams with DDL option allow_txn_exclusion=true.
	ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams bool
}

// merge combines two BatchWriteOptions such that the input parameter will have higher
// order of precedence.
func (bwo BatchWriteOptions) merge(opts BatchWriteOptions) BatchWriteOptions {
	merged := BatchWriteOptions{
		TransactionTag:              bwo.TransactionTag,
		Priority:                    bwo.Priority,
		ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams: bwo.ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams || opts.ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams,
	}
	if opts.TransactionTag != "" {
		merged.TransactionTag = opts.TransactionTag
	}
	if opts.Priority != sppb.RequestOptions_PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED {
		merged.Priority = opts.Priority
	}
	return merged
}

// BatchWriteResponseIterator is an iterator over BatchWriteResponse structures returned from BatchWrite RPC.
type BatchWriteResponseIterator struct {
	ctx            context.Context
	stream         sppb.Spanner_BatchWriteClient
	err            error
	dataReceived   bool
	replaceSession func(ctx context.Context) error
	rpc            func(ctx context.Context) (sppb.Spanner_BatchWriteClient, error)
	release        func(error)
	cancel         func()
}

// Next returns the next result. Its second return value is iterator.Done if
// there are no more results. Once Next returns Done, all subsequent calls
// will return Done.
func (r *BatchWriteResponseIterator) Next() (*sppb.BatchWriteResponse, error) {
	for {
		// Stream finished or in error state.
		if r.err != nil {
			return nil, r.err
		}

		// RPC not made yet.
		if r.stream == nil {
			r.stream, r.err = r.rpc(r.ctx)
			continue
		}

		// Read from the stream.
		var response *sppb.BatchWriteResponse
		response, r.err = r.stream.Recv()

		// Return an item.
		if r.err == nil {
			r.dataReceived = true
			return response, nil
		}

		// Stream finished.
		if r.err == io.EOF {
			r.err = iterator.Done
			return nil, r.err
		}

		// Retry request on session not found error only if no data has been received before.
		if !r.dataReceived && r.replaceSession != nil && isSessionNotFoundError(r.err) {
			r.err = r.replaceSession(r.ctx)
			r.stream = nil
		}
	}
}

// Stop terminates the iteration. It should be called after you finish using the
// iterator.
func (r *BatchWriteResponseIterator) Stop() {
	if r.stream != nil {
		err := r.err
		if err == iterator.Done {
			err = nil
		}
		defer trace.EndSpan(r.ctx, err)
	}
	if r.cancel != nil {
		r.cancel()
		r.cancel = nil
	}
	if r.release != nil {
		r.release(r.err)
		r.release = nil
	}
	if r.err == nil {
		r.err = spannerErrorf(codes.FailedPrecondition, "Next called after Stop")
	}
}

// Do calls the provided function once in sequence for each item in the
// iteration. If the function returns a non-nil error, Do immediately returns
// that error.
//
// If there are no items in the iterator, Do will return nil without calling the
// provided function.
//
// Do always calls Stop on the iterator.
func (r *BatchWriteResponseIterator) Do(f func(r *sppb.BatchWriteResponse) error) error {
	defer r.Stop()
	for {
		row, err := r.Next()
		switch err {
		case iterator.Done:
			return nil
		case nil:
			if err = f(row); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		default:
			return err
		}
	}
}

// BatchWrite applies a list of mutation groups in a collection of efficient
// transactions. The mutation groups are applied non-atomically in an
// unspecified order and thus, they must be independent of each other. Partial
// failure is possible, i.e., some mutation groups may have been applied
// successfully, while some may have failed. The results of individual batches
// are streamed into the response as the batches are applied.
//
// BatchWrite requests are not replay protected, meaning that each mutation
// group may be applied more than once. Replays of non-idempotent mutations
// may have undesirable effects. For example, replays of an insert mutation
// may produce an already exists error or if you use generated or commit
// timestamp-based keys, it may result in additional rows being added to the
// mutation's table. We recommend structuring your mutation groups to be
// idempotent to avoid this issue.
func (c *Client) BatchWrite(ctx context.Context, mgs []*MutationGroup) *BatchWriteResponseIterator {
	return c.BatchWriteWithOptions(ctx, mgs, BatchWriteOptions{})
}

// BatchWriteWithOptions is same as BatchWrite. It accepts additional options to customize the request.
func (c *Client) BatchWriteWithOptions(ctx context.Context, mgs []*MutationGroup, opts BatchWriteOptions) *BatchWriteResponseIterator {
	ctx = trace.StartSpan(ctx, "cloud.google.com/go/spanner.BatchWrite")

	var err error
	defer func() {
		trace.EndSpan(ctx, err)
	}()

	opts = c.bwo.merge(opts)

	mgsPb, err := mutationGroupsProto(mgs)
	if err != nil {
		return &BatchWriteResponseIterator{err: err}
	}

	var sh *sessionHandle
	sh, err = c.idleSessions.take(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return &BatchWriteResponseIterator{err: err}
	}

	rpc := func(ct context.Context) (sppb.Spanner_BatchWriteClient, error) {
		var md metadata.MD
		sh.updateLastUseTime()
		stream, rpcErr := sh.getClient().BatchWrite(contextWithOutgoingMetadata(ct, sh.getMetadata(), c.disableRouteToLeader), &sppb.BatchWriteRequest{
			Session:                     sh.getID(),
			MutationGroups:              mgsPb,
			RequestOptions:              createRequestOptions(opts.Priority, "", opts.TransactionTag),
			ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams: opts.ExcludeTxnFromChangeStreams,
		}, gax.WithGRPCOptions(grpc.Header(&md)))

		if getGFELatencyMetricsFlag() && md != nil && c.ct != nil {
			if metricErr := createContextAndCaptureGFELatencyMetrics(ct, c.ct, md, "BatchWrite"); metricErr != nil {
				trace.TracePrintf(ct, nil, "Error in recording GFE Latency. Try disabling and rerunning. Error: %v", err)
			}
		}
		if metricErr := recordGFELatencyMetricsOT(ct, md, "BatchWrite", c.otConfig); metricErr != nil {
			trace.TracePrintf(ct, nil, "Error in recording GFE Latency through OpenTelemetry. Error: %v", err)
		}
		return stream, rpcErr
	}

	replaceSession := func(ct context.Context) error {
		if sh != nil {
			sh.destroy()
		}
		var sessionErr error
		sh, sessionErr = c.idleSessions.take(ct)
		return sessionErr
	}

	release := func(err error) {
		if sh == nil {
			return
		}
		if isSessionNotFoundError(err) {
			sh.destroy()
		}
		sh.recycle()
	}

	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
	ctx = trace.StartSpan(ctx, "cloud.google.com/go/spanner.BatchWriteResponseIterator")
	return &BatchWriteResponseIterator{
		ctx:            ctx,
		rpc:            rpc,
		replaceSession: replaceSession,
		release:        release,
		cancel:         cancel,
	}
}

// logf logs the given message to the given logger, or the standard logger if
// the given logger is nil.
func logf(logger *log.Logger, format string, v ...interface{}) {
	if logger == nil {
		log.Printf(format, v...)
	} else {
		logger.Printf(format, v...)
	}
}