Dan harshe
Dan harshe | |
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| |
Lamban rijistar harshe | |
ISO 639-3 |
dnj |
Glottolog |
dann1241 [1] |
Dan /ˈdæn/ [2] yaren Mande ne na Kudancin da ake magana da shi da farko a Ivory Coast (~ 800,000 masu magana) da Laberiya (150,000-200,000 masu magana). Har ila yau, akwai yawan mutane kusan 800 a Guinea. Dan yare ne na sauti, tare da 9 zuwa 11 da kuma yin rajistar sautuna, dangane da yaren.
Sauran sunayen yaren sun hada da Yacouba ko Yakubasa, Gio, Gyo, Gio-Dan, da Da. Harsuna sune Gio (Liberian Dan), Gweetaawu (Eastern Dan), Blowo (Western Dan), da Kla. Kla a bayyane yake yare ne na musamman.
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A gaba | Tsakiya | Komawa | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<small id="mwMA">Rashin jituwa.</small> | <small id="mwMw">Ruwa.</small> | <small id="mwNg">Rashin jituwa.</small> | <small id="mwOQ">Ruwa.</small> | ||
Kusa | i | ɯ | u | ||
Kusa da kusa | ɪ | An tsara shi | ʊ | ||
Tsakanin Tsakiya | da kuma | ɵ | Bayani | o | |
Tsakanin | ə | ||||
Bude-tsakiya | ɛ | Zuwa | Owu | ||
Bude | æ ne | Ƙarshen | ɒ | ||
Kalmomin da ake kira | JI da kuma |
1Kawai a cikin Dan na Laberiya.
2Kawai a Gabashin Dan lokacin da yake cikin matsayi na karin sautin.
A gaba | Komawa | ||
---|---|---|---|
<small id="mwkA">Rashin jituwa.</small> | <small id="mwkw">Ruwa.</small> | ||
Kusa | Ya kasance | ɯ̃ | A cikin su |
Bude-tsakiya | ɛ̃ | ʌ̃ | O.A. |
Bude | æ̃ | Bayyanawa | ɒ̃ |
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Labari | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labar da ke cikin baki<br id="mwvw"> | Gishiri | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fili | L<small id="mwxw">ab.</small> | |||||||
Hanci | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋw | ŋ͡m | ||
Plosive | ba tare da murya ba | p | t | k | kw | k͡p | ||
<small id="mw7Q">murya</small> | b | d | ɡ | ɡw | ɡ͡b | |||
Ba a yarda da shi ba | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||
Fricative | ba tare da murya ba | f | s | x | h | |||
<small id="mwARo">murya</small> | v | z | ||||||
Kusanci | j | w | ||||||
Hanyar gefen | l | |||||||
Trill | (r) |
2Ba a cikin Dan na Laberiya ba.
- /l/ ana jin sautin a matsayin [r] lokacin da alveolar ko palatal suka riga su.
- jin haɗin ƙwayoyin /sl, zl/ a matsayin sautunan fricative na gefe [ɬ, ♡] .[3]
Tsarin rubuce-rubuce
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rubutun Laberiya ya haɗa da wannan haruffa:
Dan haruffa (Liberia) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | B | Ɓara | D | Ɗa | E | Ɛ | F | G | GB | H | Na | K | KP | KW | L | M | N | NW | NY | Ŋ | O | O | Ə | Sanya | P | R | S | T | U | Sanya | V | W | X | Y | Z |
a | b | ɓ | d | ɗ | da kuma | ɛ | f | g | gb | h | i | k | kp | kw | l | m | n | nw | ny | ŋ | o | Owu | ə | ɵ | p | r | s | t | u | Ƙarshen | v | w | x | da kuma | z |
Darajar IPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | ɓ | d | ɗ | da kuma | ɛ | f | ɡ | ɡ͡b | h | i | k | k͡p | kw | l | m | n | ŋw | ɲ | ŋ | o | Owu | ə | ɵ | p | r | s | t | u | ɯ | v | w | x | j | z |
Harshen Dan West (Côte d'Ivoire) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | AƆ | B | BH | D | DH | E | Ɛ | Ni | ƐA | F | G | GB | GW | Na | K | KP | KW | L | M | N | NG | O | O | Ö | P | R | S | T | U | Ü | V | W | Y | Z |
a | aɔ | b | bh | d | dh | da kuma | ɛ | Ya kasance a cikin | ɛa | f | g | gb | gw | i | k | kp | kw | l | m | n | ng | o | Owu | ö | p | r | s | t | u | ü | v | w | da kuma | z |
Darajar IPA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | ɒ | b | ɓ | d | ɗ | da kuma | ɛ | Zuwa | æ ne | f | ɡ | ɡ͡b | gw | i | k | k͡p | kw | l | m | n | ŋ | o | Owu | Bayani | p | r | s | t | u | ɯ | v | w | j | z |
Harshen Dan East (Côte d'Ivoire), 1982 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | AƆ | B | BH | D | DH | E | Ni | Ɛ | ƐA | F | G | GB | GW | H | Na | Yaro da aka yi | K | KP | KW | L | M | N | O | Ö | O | P | R | S | T | U | Ü | Uwargidan | Uwargidan | V | W | Y | Z |
a | aɔ | b | bh | d | dh | da kuma | Ya kasance a cikin | ɛ | ɛa | f | g | gb | gw | h | i | A bayyane yake | k | kp | kw | l | m | n | o | ö | Owu | p | r | s | t | u | ü | Bayyanawa | Bayyanawa | v | w | da kuma | z |
Darajar IPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | ɒ | b | ɓ | d | ɗ | da kuma | Zuwa | ɛ | æ ne | f | ɡ | ɡ͡b | gw | h | i | ɪ | k | k͡p | kw | l | m | n | o | Bayani | Owu | p | r | s | t | u | ɯ | ʊ | ʉ | v | w | j | z |
Harshen Dan East (Côte d'Ivoire), 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A | Ɗaya daga cikin | B | BH | D | DH | E | Sanya | Ɛ | Æ | F | G | GB | GW | H | Na | Yaro da aka yi | K | KP | KW | L | M | N | O | Sanya | O | P | R | S | T | U | Sanya | Uwargidan | V | W | Y | Z | |
a | ya | b | bh | d | dh | da kuma | Zuwa | ɛ | æ ne | f | g | gb | gw | h | i | A bayyane yake | k | kp | kw | l | m | n | o | Bayani | Owu | p | r | s | t | u | ɯ | Bayyanawa | v | w | da kuma | z | |
Darajar IPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a | ɒ | b | ɓ | d | ɗ | da kuma | Zuwa | ɛ | æ ne | f | ɡ | ɡ͡b | ɡw | h | i | ɪ | k | k͡p | kw | l | m | n | o | Bayani | Owu | p | r | s | t | u | ɯ | ʊ | v | w | j | z |
Za a sanya Bayani aiki a cikin wani nau'i na gaba na The Unicode Standard .
Ana nuna sautuna kamar haka: karin sautin sama: a̋; sautin sama - á; sautin matsakaici: ā; sautin ƙasa: à; sautin sautin saurin sautin saunin sautin saitin sautin sawun sautin saun sautin saut sautin sauti sautin sauni sautin saiti sautin sautan sautin sautar sautin sauna sautin sa sautin sauka sautin sautum sautin sa
Digraphs Ōn, dh, gb gw, kp, kwā suna riƙe da dabi'u iri ɗaya kamar yadda yake a cikin rubutun 1982, kuma ana nuna wasula na hanci ta hanyar ƙara harafin n bayan harafin wasula Ōn.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Dan harshe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ↑ Vydrin, Valentin (2020). Dan. In Rainer Vossen and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of African Languages: Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 451–462.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Turanci-Dan Online Dictionary
- Roberts, David, Ginger Boyd, Johannes Merz, da Valentin Vydrin. 2020. Ƙididdigar rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban a cikin harsunan sauti: Nazarin kwatankwacin Elip, Mbelime, da Gabashin Dan. Takaddun Harshe & Tsaro 14: 108-138. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24915.