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Yara a cikin soja

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Yara a cikin soja
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Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na childhood in war (en) Fassara da Soja
Soja na Yara a cikin Ivory Coast, Gilbert G. Groud, 2007

   Yara a cikin soja, gami da sojojin jihar, kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba, da sauran kungiyoyin soja, ana iya horar da su don yaƙi, ana ba su matsayi na tallafi, kamar masu dafa abinci, masu ɗaukar kaya / jakar, ko manzanni, ko amfani da su don fa'idar dabarun kamar don garkuwar ɗan adam, ko don fa'idodin siyasa a farfaganda.[1] Yara (wanda Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ta bayyana a matsayin mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba) an tattara su don shiga cikin ayyukan soja da kamfen a duk tarihin da al'adu da yawa.[2]

Ana amfani da yara ne saboda saukin kamuwa da tasiri, wanda ke sa su sauƙaƙa ɗaukar su da sarrafawa.[3][2][4] Yayinda ake daukar wasu ta hanyar tilas, wasu suna zaɓar shiga, galibi don guje wa talauci ko kuma saboda suna sa ran rayuwar soja don ba da al'adar wucewa zuwa balaga.[2][5][6]

[2] karatu da rubutu da lissafi, da matsalolin halayyar kamar karuwar tashin hankali, wanda tare ke haifar da karuwar haɗarin rashin aikin yi da talauci a cikin balaga.[7] Bincike a Ƙasar Ingila ya gano cewa shiga da horar da yara matashi, koda kuwa ba a tura su yaƙi ba, sau da yawa yana tare da haɗarin kashe kansa, [8] cututtukan hankali masu alaƙa da damuwa, [9] [10] shan barasa, [11] [12] da halayyar tashin hankali. [5] [6] [7][13][14][15][16]

Tun daga shekarun 1960, yarjejeniyoyi da yawa sun sami nasarar rage daukar ma'aikata da amfani da yara a duk duniya. Duk da haka, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na sojoji a duk duniya, musamman na ƙasashe na uku, har yanzu suna horar da yara matasa don aikin soja, yayin da a wasu wurare, amfani da yara a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da tashin hankali ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[17]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tarihi ya cika da yara waɗanda aka horar da su kuma aka yi amfani da su don yaƙi, an sanya su don tallafawa matsayi kamar masu ɗaukar kaya ko manzanni, waɗanda aka yi amfani dasu a matsayin bayi na jima'i, ko kuma an ɗauke su don fa'idar dabarun a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ko don fa'idodin siyasa a farfaganda.[1][18] A cikin 1813 da 1814, alal misali, Napoleon ya kwashe matasa da yawa na Faransa don sojojinsa.[19] Dubban yara sun shiga dukkan bangarorin yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya na farko da na biyu.[20] An ci gaba da amfani da yara a cikin karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21 a kowace nahiya, tare da maida hankali a wasu sassan Afirka, Latin Amurka, da Gabas ta Tsakiya.[21] Sai kawai tun lokacin da aka fara yin kokari na kasa da kasa don iyakancewa da rage amfani da yara a soja.

Yanayin yanzu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sojojin Jiha

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amincewa a cikin 2000 na Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Haɗin Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai (OPAC) ya yi wa jihohin da suka tabbatar da shi don "yi duk matakan da za a iya ɗauka" don tabbatar da cewa babu yaro da ke shiga kai tsaye a cikin tashin hankali da kuma dakatar da daukar ma'aikata a ƙasa da shekaru 16. [22] Kamar yadda yawancin jihohi yanzu suka shiga cikin OPAC, yanayin duniya ya kasance zuwa adana daukar ma'aikata na soja zuwa balaga, wanda aka sani da daidaitattun Straight-18.

Duk da haka, tun daga shekara ta 2018, ana daukar yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 kuma ana horar da su don dalilai na soja a kasashe 46, wanda shine kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na dukkan ƙasashe.[23] Yawancin waɗannan jihohin suna daukar ma'aikata daga shekaru 17, kasa da 20 daga shekaru 16, kuma ba a san su ba, karamin adadi, suna daukar kananan yara.[17][24]

As of 2022 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta tabbatar da cewa sojoji tara na jihohi suna amfani da yara a cikin tashin hankali: Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Mali, Somaliya, da Sudan ta Kudu a Afirka; Falasdinu, Siriya da Yemen a Yammacin Asiya; Afghanistan a Asiya ta Tsakiya; da Myanmar a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.[25]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) kan 'Yancin Yara da sauransu sun yi kira ga kawo karshen daukar yara ta hanyar sojojin gwamnati, suna jayayya cewa horar da sojoji, yanayin soja, da kwangilar aiki ba su dace da' yancin yara ba kuma suna jefa ci gaban lafiya cikin haɗari.[26][17][27][28]

Kungiyoyin da ba na jihar ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wadannan sun hada da kungiyoyin Sojoji masu dauke da makamai wadanda ba na jihar ba kamar su 'yan bindiga, masu tayar da kayar baya, kungiyoyin 'Yan tawaye, kungiyoyin' yanci masu dauke da kayan aiki, da sauran nau'ikan kungiyoyin sojozi.

As of 2022 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano kasashe 12 inda irin wadannan kungiyoyi ke amfani da yara: Colombia a Kudancin Amurka; Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Mali, Somaliya, Sudan" id="mwwg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="South Sudan">Sudan ta Kudu, da Sudan a Afirka; Lebanon da Falasdinu a Gabas ta Tsakiya; Siriya da Yemen a Yammacin Asiya; Afghanistan a Asiya ta Tsakiya) da Myanmar a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.[25]

Ba duk kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai ba ne ke amfani da yara kuma kimanin 60 sun shiga yarjejeniyoyi don rage ko kawo karshen aikin tun daga 1999.[29] Misali, a shekara ta 2017, kungiyar Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) a Philippines ta saki kusan yara 2,000 daga matsayinta, kuma a cikin 2016, ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta FARC-EP a Colombia ta amince da dakatar da daukar yara.[30][31] Sauran ƙasashe sun ga yanayin da ya juya, musamman Afghanistan da Siriya, inda mayakan Islama da kungiyoyin da ke adawa da su suka kara karfafa daukar su, horo, da amfani da yara.[31]

Ƙididdigar Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2003, wani kimantawa ya lissafa cewa yara sojoji sun shiga cikin kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na rikice-rikicen da ke gudana.[32] A cikin wannan shekarar, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gudanar da Harkokin Jama'a (UNOCHA) ya kiyasta cewa yawancin waɗannan yara sun wuce shekaru 15, kodayake wasu sun fi ƙanƙanta.[33]

Saboda yaduwar amfani da yara a yankunan da rikice-rikicen makamai da rashin tsaro ke hana jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran masu kallo shiga, yana da wahala a kiyasta yawan yara da ke fama da cutar.

  • A shekara ta 2003 UNICEF ta kiyasta cewa kimanin yara 300,000 suna da hannu a cikin rikice-rikice sama da 30 a duk duniya.[34]
  • A cikin 2017, Child Soldiers International sun kiyasta cewa dubban yara, watakila fiye da 100,000, suna cikin kungiyoyin soja na jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ba a duniya, kuma a cikin 2018 kungiyar ta ba da rahoton cewa ana amfani da yara don shiga cikin akalla rikice-rikicen makamai 18.[23]
  • A cikin 2023 rahoton Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya gabatar da shari'o'i 7,622 da aka tabbatar da yara da aka dauka kuma aka yi amfani da su a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai a kasashe 23. Fiye da yara 12,460 da ke da alaƙa da sojoji ko kungiyoyi sun sami kariya ko tallafin sake hadewa a cikin shekara ta 2022.[35]

An kiyasta cewa 'yan mata sojoji suna tsakanin 10% da 30%, [36] 6 da 50%, ko kuma sama da 40% na yawan yara sojoji. [37] Daga cikin shari'o'in da aka tabbatar da su da aka gabatar a cikin rahoton Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2023, 'yan mata sun kai kashi 12.3% na dukkan yara sojoji da kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai suka dauka ko suka yi amfani da su.[35]

Abubuwan da ke motsawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da rashin ci gaba na jiki da tunani na yara dangane da manya, akwai dalilai da yawa da ya sa kungiyoyin soja na jihohi da wadanda ba na jihohi ke neman su, da kuma dalilin da ya sa yara da kansu ke yawan jawo su shiga cikin nasu son rai.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da tunanin mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da manya, rashin ci gaban jijiyoyin yara, gami da yara matasa, yana sa su fi saukin daukar ma'aikata kuma suna iya yin yanke shawara mai mahimmanci ba tare da la'akari da haɗarin ba.[38][39]

Tare da waɗannan abubuwan da ke cikin zuciya, an soki tallan soja ga matasa a Jamus, [40] Burtaniya, [41] da Amurka [42] don kyautata rayuwar soja yayin da suke watsar da haɗari da asarar haƙƙoƙi na asali.

Bincike a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe uku ya gano cewa masu daukar ma'aikata suna da niyya ga yara daga mafi talauci.[5][43][41][44][42] A Burtaniya, alal misali, sojoji sun sami sauƙin jawo hankalin yara daga shekaru 16 fiye da manya daga shekaru 18, [5] musamman waɗanda suka fito daga mafi talauci. [45][46]

Da zarar an ɗauke su, yara sun fi sauƙi fiye da manya don koyarwa da sarrafawa, [3] [2] kuma sun fi motsawa fiye da manya su yi yaƙi don abubuwan da ba na kuɗi ba kamar addini, girmamawa, ɗaukaka, fansa, da aiki.[4][47]

Abubuwan zamantakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A kasashe da yawa yawan matasa da ke da alaƙa da tsofaffi sun sanya yara masu arha da sauƙi ga kungiyoyin soja. A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 game da yara a cikin kungiyoyin soja a duniya, Rachel Brett da Irma Specht sun nuna abubuwan da ke tattare da yara su shiga kungiyoyin soja, musamman:

  • Talauci na baya ciki har da rashin ilimin farar hula ko damar aiki.
  • Al'adun al'adu na yaki.
  • Neman sabbin abokai.
  • Ramuwar gayya (alal misali, bayan ganin abokai da dangi sun mutu).
  • Binciken cewa rawar "mai yaƙi" tana ba da al'ada ta wucewa zuwa balaga.

Shaidar da ta biyo baya daga wani yaro da sojojin Kambodiya suka dauka a cikin shekarun 1990s ya dace da dalilan yara da yawa don shiga:

I joined because my parents lacked food and I had no school... I was worried about mines but what can we do—it's an order [to go to the front line]. Once somebody stepped on a mine in front of me—he was wounded and died... I was with the radio at the time, about 60 metres away. I was sitting in my hammock and saw him die... I see young children in every unit... I'm sure I'll be a soldier for at least a couple of more years. If I stop being a soldier, I won't have a job to do because I don't have any skills. I don't know what I'll do...[48]

Abubuwan da suka shafi soja

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

The global proliferation of light automatic weapons, which children can easily handle, has also made the use of children as direct combatants more viable.

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 UNICEF (2007). "The Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Wessels, Michael (1997). "Child Soldiers". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 53 (4): 32. Bibcode:1997BuAtS..53f..32W. doi:10.1080/00963402.1997.11456787.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beber, Blattman, Bernd, Christopher (2013). "The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion". International Organization. 67 (1): 65–104. doi:10.1017/s0020818312000409.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 (Carl Andrew ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (1 November 2016). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?". The RUSI Journal. 161 (6): 36–48. doi:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837. ISSN 0307-1847. S2CID 157986637.
  6. ↑ Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2008). "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008". Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  7. ↑ Boothby, N; et al. (2010). "Child soldiering: Impact on childhood development and learning capacity". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  8. ↑ Ursano, Robert J.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Stein, Murray B.; Naifeh, James A.; Aliaga, Pablo A.; Fullerton, Carol S.; Wynn, Gary H.; Vegella, Patti L.; Ng, Tsz Hin Hinz (1 July 2016). "Risk Factors, Methods, and Timing of Suicide Attempts Among US Army Soldiers". JAMA Psychiatry (in Turanci). 73 (7): 741–9. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0600. ISSN 2168-622X. PMC 4937827. PMID 27224848.
  9. ↑ Goodwin, L.; Wessely, S.; Hotopf, M.; Jones, M.; Greenberg, N.; Rona, R. J.; Hull, L.; Fear, N. T. (2015). "Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population?". Psychological Medicine (in Turanci). 45 (9): 1881–1891. doi:10.1017/s0033291714002980. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 25602942. S2CID 3026974.
  10. ↑ Martin, Pamela Davis; Williamson, Donald A.; Alfonso, Anthony J.; Ryan, Donna H. (February 2006). "Psychological adjustment during Army basic training". Military Medicine. 171 (2): 157–160. doi:10.7205/milmed.171.2.157. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 16578988.
  11. ↑ Head, M.; Goodwin, L.; Debell, F.; Greenberg, N.; Wessely, S.; Fear, N. T. (1 August 2016). "Post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse: comorbidity in UK military personnel". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (in Turanci). 51 (8): 1171–1180. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1177-8. ISSN 0933-7954. PMC 4977328. PMID 26864534.
  12. ↑ Mattiko, Mark J.; Olmsted, Kristine L. Rae; Brown, Janice M.; Bray, Robert M. (2011). "Alcohol use and negative consequences among active duty military personnel". Addictive Behaviors. 36 (6): 608–614. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.023. PMID 21376475.
  13. ↑ UK, Ministry of Defence (2017). "UK armed forces suicide and open verdict deaths: 1984–2017". Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  14. ↑ MacManus, Deirdre; Dean, Kimberlie; Jones, Margaret; Rona, Roberto J; Greenberg, Neil; Hull, Lisa; Fahy, Tom; Wessely, Simon; Fear, Nicola T (2013). "Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: a data linkage cohort study". The Lancet. 381 (9870): 907–917. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60354-2. PMID 23499041. S2CID 606331.
  15. ↑ Bouffard, L A (2005). "The Military as a Bridging Environment in Criminal Careers: Differential Outcomes of the Military Experience". Armed Forces & Society. 31 (2): 273–295. doi:10.1177/0095327x0503100206. S2CID 144559516.
  16. ↑ Merrill, Lex L.; Crouch, Julie L.; Thomsen, Cynthia J.; Guimond, Jennifer; Milner, Joel S. (August 2005). "Perpetration of severe intimate partner violence: premilitary and second year of service rates". Military Medicine. 170 (8): 705–709. doi:10.7205/milmed.170.8.705. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 16173214.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Child Soldiers International (2012). "Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers". Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  18. ↑ "Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda, Women News Network – WNN". Womennewsnetwork.net. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  19. ↑ Michael Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon: The Allied Invasion of France 1813–1814, pg.99–100
  20. ↑ "How did Britain let 250000 underage soldiers fight in WW1?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  21. ↑ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2004". Archived from the original on 17 December 2004. (2.29 MB) Child Soldiers International p. 292
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CSI-2017b
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Child Soldiers International (2018). "Child Soldiers World Index". childsoldiersworldindex.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  24. ↑ United Nations Secretary-General (2017). "Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017". United Nations. p. 41. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 UN Secretary-General (23 June 2022). "Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  26. ↑ Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016). "General comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence". tbinternet.ohchr.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  27. ↑ UNICEF (2017). "Ending the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  28. ↑ "Children, Not Soldiers | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict" (in Turanci). United Nations. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  29. ↑ Child Soldiers International (2016). "A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups". Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  30. ↑ UNICEF (4 December 2017). "UN Officials congratulate MILF for completion of disengagement of children from its ranks". unicef.org. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 United Nations Secretary-General (2017). "Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017". United Nations. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  32. ↑ P. W. Singer (14 January 2003). "Facing Saddam's Child Soldiers". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  33. ↑ "AFRICA: Too small to be fighting in anyone's war". UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2003. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  34. ↑ "FACTSHEET: CHILD SOLDIERS" (PDF) (in Turanci). UNICEF. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Children and armed conflict Report of the Secretary-General" (PDF) (in Turanci). UN Security Council. 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  36. ↑ "I wanted to take revenge". theguardian.com. July 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2023. The usual view of girl soldiers - who make up between 10% and 30% of some child armies
  37. ↑ "4 out of 10 child soldiers are girls". un.org. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  38. ↑ Spear, L. P. (June 2000). "The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 24 (4): 417–463. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 10817843. S2CID 14686245.
  39. ↑ Medact (2018). "House of Commons Defence Committee Inquiry into Armed Forces and Veterans Mental Health: Written Evidence Submitted by Medact". Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  40. ↑ Krennerich, Michael (30 October 2020). "Shadow Report Child Soldiers 2020" (PDF). UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Gee, D (2008). "Informed Choice? Armed forces recruitment practices in the United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 American Public Health Association (2012). "Cessation of Military Recruiting in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools". apha.org. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  43. ↑ Gee, D; Goodman, A. "Army visits London's poorest schools most often" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  44. ↑ Hagopian, Amy; Barker, Kathy (1 January 2011). "Should We End Military Recruiting in High Schools as a Matter of Child Protection and Public Health?". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (1): 19–23. doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.183418. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 3000735. PMID 21088269.
  45. ↑ Child Rights International Network (21 August 2019). "Conscription by poverty? Deprivation and army recruitment in the UK" (PDF). crin.org. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  46. ↑ Child Rights International Network (21 August 2019). "Youngest British army recruits come disproportionately from England's most deprived constituencies" (PDF). Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  47. ↑ Rosenblatt, Roger (1984). "Children of War". American Educator 8. 1: 37–41.
  48. ↑ Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001). "Global Report on Child Soldiers". child-soldiers.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
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