Residual and Sedimenter Deposit
Residual and Sedimenter Deposit
MATA-KULIAH
Endapan Mineral
(2 SKS)
RUANG LNGKUP
BAHASAN
Pengantar
Metalogenesis: pembentukan endapan logam
Klasifikasi endapan mineral bijih
Endapan magmatik (kromit, nikel dan PGM)
Endapan hidrotermal I: epitermal dan porfiri
Endapan hidrotermal II: skarn dan
mesotermal
Endapan hidrotermal III: VMS
Endapan SEDEX dan MVT
Endapan residual (kimiawi)
Endapan sedimenter (mekanik)
Evaluasi: Tugas dan ujian
KLASIFIKASI ENDAPAN
BIJIH
ENDAPAN RESIDUAL
(KIMIAWI ATAU LATERIT)
DEFINISI
Residual processes
Chemical weathering leads to
mineral concentration through the
removal of soluble materials and
the concentration of a less soluble
residue.
A common example of a deposit
formed through residual
concentration is bauxite.
Bauxite occurrences
The source of the worlds aluminum.
Concentrated in the tropics because
that is where lateritic weathering
occurs.
Found in present-day temperate
conditions, such as France, China,
Hungary, and Arkansas, where the
climate was tropical when the
bauxites formed.
Not found in glacial regions.
Glaciers scrape off the soft surface
materials.
KIMIA MINERAL
2. Endapan nikel
laterit
Proses
pembentukan
Endapan Ni laterit
Profil endapan bijih nikel laterit, (a) endapan Exmibal, Guatemala, dan (b)
endapan nikel Soroako (Edwards dan Atkinson, 1986). Bijih nikel kaya terjadi
pada zona saprolit.
KIMIA MINERAL
Nikel tidak hanya berasosiasi dengan garnierit, tapi Ni juga dapat mensubstitusi
Fe dan Mg pada mineral silika, khususnya olivin.
ENDAPAN SEDIMENTER
(MEKANIK ATAU PLACER)
Placer deposit
A mineral with a high specific gravity
will become concentrated by flowing
water.
Deposits of minerals having high specific
gravities are placers.
Most placers are found in stream gravels
that are geologically young.
Placer deposit
The most important minerals
concentrated in placers are gold,
platinum, cassiterite (SnO2), and
diamond.
More than half of the gold recovered
throughout all of human history has come
from placers.
Placer deposit
The South African fossil placers are a series of gold-bearing conglomerates (next
Figure).
They were laid down 2.7 billion years ago as gravels in the shallow marginal
waters of a marine basin.
Associated with the gold are grains of pyrite and uranium minerals.
Nothing like the deposits in the Witwatersrand basin has been discovered
anywhere else.
Mining the Witwatersrand basin has reached a depth of 3600 m (11,800
ft).
The deposits are running out of ore.
Prinsip pembentukan:
Tahap pembentukan
1. Pelapukan mineral-mineral stabil dari
matriksnya
2. Konsentrasi
Mineral stabil dipisahkan dari matriknya,
dicuci oleh air ke arah downslope
BJ>> akan mengendap lebih dulu
Terkonsentrasi
Placer Deposits
Placer deposit : formed by the mechanical concentration of
resistant minerals, which are released by weathering from
source rocks
Main Commodities:
Tin, Gold, Platinum, Niobium, Tantalum, Titanium, Zircon,
Diamond
Paleo-placers:
The lithified equivalents of placer deposit
Economic deposits are limited geographical distribution
(Archean Proterozoic)
Uranium, Canada
Gold & Uranium, South Africa
Tin bearing paleo-placer: Nigeria, Brazil, Malaysia
Klasifikasi Endapan
Placer
Kastalov (1971):
Two types of alluvial placer:
Autochthonous = nearby primary source/paleoplacer (not have been fluvially transported)
~ elluvial, colluvial deposits
Allochthonous = have been fluvially transported
~ fluvial placer deposit
Youngsen & Craw (1999):
Primitive placer
Trunk placer
MacDonald (1983):
Based on geological environment
Continental placer
Elluvial placer
Colluvial placer
Alluvial placer Fluvial
Desert Placer
Glacial placer
Transitional placer
Endapan pada pantai (transisi laut dan
darat)
Agen: Arus & Angin
Marine placer
- Mulanya endapan transisional
- Transisi tergenang
- Endapan placer marine
General
Characteristics
General
Characteristics
3. Mineralogy
Placer minerals:
Very high specific gravities
Usually highly hardness
Physically durable
Chemically inert
Fluvial beach deposit are liberated from their
gangue mineral
4. Tectonic Setting
Transitional Environment
Major influenced by:
Source material
Fluctuation of sea level in Quarternary
Mechanical concentration by wave & current
activity
Continental encvironment
Large fluvial gold placer
restricted to region of tectonic instability
e.g.: Otago Au placer
Eluvial Coluvial
Overlie or very near source rock
No reworking of resistant mineral
Grade is normally lower than other
Enrichment is partly caused by the removal of
soluble minerals by groundwater & partly by
transport of the lighter mineral by running water &
wind action
Fluvial
Relatively far from source rocks
Any reworking of resistate minerals
Gold & cassiterite main are mineral
Size larger & grade higher
Important environment: river terraces & valley fill
Requirements for formation:
Appropriate source rock
Climate
Morfology
Distance from sources
Marine Placers
Genesis
Occurs on the continental shelf 5 km of the coast
Formed by the submergence of heavy mineral
accumulation, which originally concentrated in a
continental or litoral environments
Offshore current activity redistribution the heavy
minerals
Ore minerals: mainly cassiterite (Thailand, Malaysia &
Indonesia)
Also : Gold, diamond, titaniferous magnetite, chromite,
ilmenite, monazite, rutile, zircon and wolframite
Marine placers in Indonesia
Tin = Tin islands, Sumatera (Bangka, Belitung, etc).
Physical
properties
Provenance
s