ENDAPAN MINERAL BIJIH: KLASIFIKASI, GENESA,

MODEL ENDAPAN SERTA ASOSIASI MINERAL DAN

KOMPOSISI KIMIANYA

ENDAPAN RESIDUAL (KIMIAWI)

ENDAPAN SEDIMENTER (MEKANIK)

MATA-KULIAH
Endapan Mineral
(2 SKS)

Arifudin Idrus & I Wayan Warmada

Laboratorium Bahan Galian
Jurusan Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta

Stolberg, Germany, 2005

RUANG LNGKUP
BAHASAN
Pengantar
Metalogenesis: pembentukan endapan logam
Klasifikasi endapan mineral bijih
Endapan magmatik (kromit, nikel dan PGM)
Endapan hidrotermal I: epitermal dan porfiri
Endapan hidrotermal II: skarn dan
mesotermal
Endapan hidrotermal III: VMS
Endapan SEDEX dan MVT
Endapan residual (kimiawi)
Endapan sedimenter (mekanik)
Evaluasi: Tugas dan ujian

KLASIFIKASI ENDAPAN
BIJIH

Endapan bijih magmatik-hidrotermal

Endapan liquid magmatik (Cr pada ofiolit atau intrusi berlapis
dengan produk sampingan Pt, Fe/Ti dan Ni)
Pegmatit (Sn, Nb/Ta, Li, Be, etc).
Endapan hidrotermal: Cyprus-type (VMS); skarn (W, Sn, Cu, etc),
porfiri (Cu, Mo, Sn, etc); endapan urat (Sn, W, U); endapan
epitermal Au-Ag; BIF (Algoma type)
Endapan hidrotermal-metamorfik
Urat kuarsa pada batuan metamorf (Au) atau lode gold.
Endapan hidrotermal-diagenetik
Tipe Kupferschiefer (Cu, Pb, Zn) SEDEX
Tipe Mississippi (MVT): Pb-Zn-Ba-F pada karbonat laut
Endapan hasil pelapukan (kimia)
Endapan sisa: bauksit dan Fe-laterit
Sisa pelarutan: endapan Ni dan Au laterit; pengkayaan Mn, Fe,
Cu, Ag
Endapan bijih sedimenter (mekanik)
Endapan placer aluvial dan laut (Au, Sn, Ti, REE)

ENDAPAN RESIDUAL
(KIMIAWI ATAU LATERIT)

DEFINISI

= Endapan/material yang terbentuk oleh proses

kimiawi, biasanya oleh pelarutan atau pencucian
(leaching) (Whitten & Brooks, 1988)
= Endapan yang terbentuk oleh proses pelapukan
dan dekomposisi kimiawi terhadap batuan
induknya (Jensen & Bateman, 1986)
Syarat terbentuknya:
Terdapat batuan/lode sumber unsur/mineral
valuable
Iklim yang favorable tejadinya dominan
pelapukan kimia
Relief rendah/landai
Kestabilan kerak yang lama

Residual processes
Chemical weathering leads to
mineral concentration through the
removal of soluble materials and
the concentration of a less soluble
residue.
A common example of a deposit
formed through residual
concentration is bauxite.

Pelapukan kimia ada 2 tahap:

Tahap alkaline: K, Na, Ca akan hilang
(removed) dan menyisakan material yang kaya
akan Fe, Si, dan Al
Tahap acid: Alumunium hidroksida dan besi
akan berpindah (migrate) pada tingkat/daerah
terbatas

Contoh endapan residual

Alumunium (bauksit)
Endapan Nikel laterit:
Batuan ultrabasa (peridotit: olivin, Mg-silikat,
Fe-silikat)
Berasosiasi dengan mineral garnierit,
krisopras
Zone limonit dan saprofil, dibatasi oleh m.a.t
Endapan besi (hematit-limonit)
Mangan (manganit)

1. Bauksit (endapan bauksit

laterit)

Bauksit bauxite: Les Baux (Prancis)

Bauksit soil/batuan yang utamanya tersusun oleh
mineral-mineral hidroksida alumunium (hasil
pelapukan kimiawi batuan silicate aluminium yang
sedikit mengandung Fe dan kuarsa.
Batuan asal:
Endapan bauksit dapat berasal dari berbagai jenis
batuan yang kaya akan mineral pembawa aluminium
(Al-bearing minerals):
syenit nefelin (Arkansas, USA)
batugamping (Jamaika),
batu lempung, serpih (Gove, Australia),
batupasir kaolinitik (Brazil, Weipa-Australia) dan
granit (Los Pijiguaos, Venezuela).

Bauxite occurrences
The source of the worlds aluminum.
Concentrated in the tropics because
that is where lateritic weathering
occurs.
Found in present-day temperate
conditions, such as France, China,
Hungary, and Arkansas, where the
climate was tropical when the
bauxites formed.
Not found in glacial regions.
Glaciers scrape off the soft surface
materials.

Bijih bauksit (ekonomis ditambang), bila:

Al2O3 > 45%
Fe2O3<20%
SiO2<5%
Mineralogi:
Mineral bijih :
Gibbsit (Al2O3.3H2O)
Boehmit (Al2O3.H2O)
Diaspor (Al2O3.H2O)
Gangue:
Oksida (Fe2O3)
Kuarsa (SiO2)
Titanium (TiO3)
Air (water)

 KLASIFIKASI ENDAPAN BAUKSIT

Endapan Karstik 14% produksi
Endapan Lateritik 85% produksi
Endapan Allochthonous 1% produksi
Endapan bauksit lateritik (residual)
Pelapukan kimia
Desilisikasi
Pengkayaan Alumina dalam soil
Alumina: Oksida alumina murni
(Al2O3)
Al = 52,9%
O = 47,1%

Bentuk endapan bauksit

residual

Blanket: dekat permukaan horisontal

Inter-stratified bedding
Lenses
Pocket deposits atau irregular masses
Endapan klastik transported deposits

Ages of residual bauxites

More than 90 percent of all known bauxite
deposits formed during the last 60 million
years,
All of the very large bauxite deposits
formed less than 25 million years ago.

Gambar 13 Distribusi vertikal (vol.%) dari mineral gibbsite (gbs), nordstrandite

(nsd), kaolinit (kaol), kuarsa (qtz), goethit (gt), hematit (hem) dan anatase (ant)
pada endapan bijih bauksit Pijiguaos, Venezuela (Meyer et al., 2002). Kuantifikasi
fase dilakukan dengan analisis Rietveld.

KIMIA MINERAL

2. Endapan nikel
laterit

Endapan bijih nikel sekunder (laterit),

dikarakterisasi oleh silika nikel (nickeliferous
silicates) seperti garnierit ((Ni,Mg)6(OH)8Si4O10) yang
mengandung Ni dengan variasi 4-36 %.
Terbentuk oleh proses pelapukan dan pengkayaan
kimiawi terhadap batuan ultramafik, seperti
peridotit, harzburgit dan lherzolit yang
mengalami proses serpentinisasi.
Zona pelapukan kimiawi yang kaya akan bijih
nikel berada pada zona saprolit
Contoh: endapan nikel laterit di Soroako,
Sulawesi.

Proses
pembentukan

Endapan Ni laterit

Profil endapan bijih nikel laterit, (a) endapan Exmibal, Guatemala, dan (b)
endapan nikel Soroako (Edwards dan Atkinson, 1986). Bijih nikel kaya terjadi
pada zona saprolit.

KIMIA MINERAL

Nikel tidak hanya berasosiasi dengan garnierit, tapi Ni juga dapat mensubstitusi
Fe dan Mg pada mineral silika, khususnya olivin.

ENDAPAN SEDIMENTER
(MEKANIK ATAU PLACER)

Placer deposit
A mineral with a high specific gravity
will become concentrated by flowing
water.
Deposits of minerals having high specific
gravities are placers.
Most placers are found in stream gravels
that are geologically young.

Placer deposit
The most important minerals
concentrated in placers are gold,
platinum, cassiterite (SnO2), and
diamond.
More than half of the gold recovered
throughout all of human history has come
from placers.

Placer deposit

The South African fossil placers are a series of gold-bearing conglomerates (next
Figure).
They were laid down 2.7 billion years ago as gravels in the shallow marginal
waters of a marine basin.
Associated with the gold are grains of pyrite and uranium minerals.
Nothing like the deposits in the Witwatersrand basin has been discovered
anywhere else.
Mining the Witwatersrand basin has reached a depth of 3600 m (11,800
ft).
The deposits are running out of ore.

South African fossil placers (gold-bearing conglomerates)

Konsentrasi mekanik: Pemisahan gaya berat

secara alamiah terhadap mineral-mineral
berat dari mineral ringan oleh pergerakan air
atau udara dimana mineral - mineral berat
terkonsentrasikan membentuk endapan.
Syarat pembentukan:
Berat jenis tinggi (3,5 19,4)
Tahan terhadap pelapukan kimia dan
mekanis
Mempunyai
daya
tahan
(durabillity,
malleability)
Kekerasan (toughness, hardness) tinggi (2,5
10)
Tidak mudah larut
Jenis endapan placer (komoditi):
Emas - Timah - Platinum - Magnetit Kromit - Ilmenit - Rutil - Gemstone -

 Sumber material endapan:

Endapan lode komersial
Lode non komersial
Mineral bijih terhambur:
platinum
Rock-forming minerals:
butiran magnetit, ilmenit,
monasit, zirkon

Prinsip pembentukan:
Tahap pembentukan
1. Pelapukan mineral-mineral stabil dari
matriksnya
2. Konsentrasi
Mineral stabil dipisahkan dari matriknya,
dicuci oleh air ke arah downslope
BJ>> akan mengendap lebih dulu
Terkonsentrasi

Laju pengendapan dipengaruhi oleh:

Kecepatan pergerakan fluida
Perbedaan BJ (di air >> di udara)
Ukuran
Bentuk partikel

Placer Deposits
Placer deposit : formed by the mechanical concentration of
resistant minerals, which are released by weathering from
source rocks
Main Commodities:
Tin, Gold, Platinum, Niobium, Tantalum, Titanium, Zircon,
Diamond
Paleo-placers:
The lithified equivalents of placer deposit
Economic deposits are limited geographical distribution
(Archean Proterozoic)
Uranium, Canada
Gold & Uranium, South Africa
Tin bearing paleo-placer: Nigeria, Brazil, Malaysia

Klasifikasi Endapan
Placer
Kastalov (1971):
Two types of alluvial placer:
Autochthonous = nearby primary source/paleoplacer (not have been fluvially transported)
~ elluvial, colluvial deposits
Allochthonous = have been fluvially transported
~ fluvial placer deposit
Youngsen & Craw (1999):
Primitive placer
Trunk placer
MacDonald (1983):
Based on geological environment

Klasifikasi Endapan Placer (Mac Donald,

1983)

Continental placer
Elluvial placer
Colluvial placer
Alluvial placer Fluvial
Desert Placer
Glacial placer
Transitional placer
Endapan pada pantai (transisi laut dan
darat)
Agen: Arus & Angin
Marine placer
- Mulanya endapan transisional
- Transisi tergenang
- Endapan placer marine

General
Characteristics

1. Distribution in space & time

Have a wide geographical distribution, some of
them as a giant placer
Otage fluvial gold deposit, New Zealand = 148 to
Au
Bakwanga eluvial diamond deposit, Zaire
Titanium bearing beach sand, eastern Australia
The bulk of the world`s placer deposit is of Tertiary
& Quarternary age.
Alphine orogeny; Post Mesozoic
Primary deposits outcropping weathering
detrital gold
Sea level change during Quarternary
2. Size and Grade
Average grade: lower than from hard rock mining
Eluvial/Colluvial are smaller & lower grade than the
fluvial deposit
Beach deposit are much larger than in continental
deposits

General
Characteristics
3. Mineralogy

Placer minerals:
Very high specific gravities
Usually highly hardness
Physically durable
Chemically inert
Fluvial beach deposit are liberated from their
gangue mineral
4. Tectonic Setting
Transitional Environment
Major influenced by:
Source material
Fluctuation of sea level in Quarternary
Mechanical concentration by wave & current
activity
Continental encvironment
Large fluvial gold placer
restricted to region of tectonic instability
e.g.: Otago Au placer

Eluvial Coluvial
Overlie or very near source rock
No reworking of resistant mineral
Grade is normally lower than other
Enrichment is partly caused by the removal of
soluble minerals by groundwater & partly by
transport of the lighter mineral by running water &
wind action
Fluvial
Relatively far from source rocks
Any reworking of resistate minerals
Gold & cassiterite main are mineral
Size larger & grade higher
Important environment: river terraces & valley fill
Requirements for formation:
Appropriate source rock
Climate
Morfology
Distance from sources

 Beach Sand Deposits

Genesis
Natural sorting of the surf, which is concentrated
heavy minerals at the high-water mark and removes
the lighter fraction
Transport sediment by wind
Climate change in Plio-Pleistosen, during which
changes of sea level have resulted in several periodes
of marine transgression and regression, which have
reworked an extensive zone of clastic sediments
e.g. Eneabba rutile zircon ilmenit sand deposit
Western
Australia
Diamondiferous beach sands of the south weatern
coast of Africa.

 Marine Placers
Genesis
Occurs on the continental shelf 5 km of the coast
Formed by the submergence of heavy mineral
accumulation, which originally concentrated in a
continental or litoral environments
Offshore current activity redistribution the heavy
minerals
Ore minerals: mainly cassiterite (Thailand, Malaysia &
Indonesia)
Also : Gold, diamond, titaniferous magnetite, chromite,
ilmenite, monazite, rutile, zircon and wolframite
Marine placers in Indonesia
Tin = Tin islands, Sumatera (Bangka, Belitung, etc).

Paleo placer Deposit

Distribution in space & time
Space: Canada, South Africa, Ghana, Brazil
Ore mainly: Gold & Uranium
Time: Proterozoic - Archaean
Size & grade deposits
Witwatersrand Gold placer deposits
Production: > 35.000 ton & grade 10 g/t Au
Reserves: 50.000 tonnes
Blind-Elliot Lake: 300 x 106 ton U
Grade: 0.1% U3O8 & 0.05% ThO2
Jacobina Brazil: 7.1 12.7 g/t Au
Mineralogy -- Host rock
South Africa, Brazil, Ghana: Native Gold
Blind Elliot lake: Uraninite, Brannerite Qzt,
Py
Host-rock: Conglomerate (>90% Clasts)
Tectonic Setting
Intra Continental setting
Thick succession of dominantly shallow
water
Terrigenous sediment
Basement : metamorphed continental rock

Classification of placer deposits (MacDonald,

1983)

Physical
properties

Provenance
s

Movement of placer gold (Otago & Westland, New

Zealand)