ROCK FORMING MINERALS

Mineral Pembentuk Batuan

Menurut W.T Huang (1962) komposisi
mineral pembentuk batuan
dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok
mineral, yaitu:
1.MINERAL UTAMA (Essensial Mineral):
2.MINERAL TEMBAHAN (Accessory
Minerals)
3.MINERAL SEKUNDER (Secondary
Minerals)

MINERAL UTAMA (Essensial

Mineral):
Mineral yang terbentuk langsung
dari kristalisasi magma dan
kehadirannya sangat menentukkan
dalam penamaan batuan. mineral
utama dapat dilihat dari deret bowen
series(1928).

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Deret
Bowen
menggambarkan
secara umum urutan kristalisasi
suatu
mineral
sesuai
dengan
penurunan suhu [bagian kiri] dan
perbedaan
kandungan
magma
[bagian kanan], dengan asumsi
dasar
bahwa
semua
magma
berasal dari magma induk yang
bersifat basa.
Bagan serial ini kemudian dibagi
menjadi dua cabang; kontinyu dan
diskontinyu.

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CONTINUOUS BRANCH [DERET

KONTINU]
Deret ini dibangun dari mineral feldspar plagioklas.
Dalam deret kontinu, mineral awal akan turut serta
dalam pembentukan mineral selanjutnya.
Dari bagan, plagioklas kaya kalsium akan
terbentuk
lebih
dahulu,
kemudian
seiring
penurunan suhu, plagioklas itu akan bereaksi
dengan sisa larutan magma yang pada akhirnya
membentuk plagioklas kaya sodium.
Demikian seterusnya reaksi ini berlangsung hingga
semua kalsium dan sodium habis dipergunakan.
Karena mineral awal terus ikut bereaksi dan
bereaksi, maka sangat sulit sekali ditemukan
plagioklas kaya kalsium di alam bebas.

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 Bila pendinginan terjadi terlalu

cepat, akan terbentuk zooning
pada plagioklas [plagioklas kaya
kalsium dikelilingi plagioklas kaya
sodium].

Contoh
struktur
Zooning pada
Plagioklas

Discontinuous branch [deret

diskontinu]
Deret ini dibangun dari mineral ferro-magnesian
sillicates. Dalam deret diskontinu, satu mineral
akan berubah menjadi mineral lain pada suhu
tertentu dengan melakukan reaksi terhadap
sisa larutan magma.
Bowen menemukan bahwa pada suhu tertentu,
akan terbentuk olivin, yang jika diteruskan akan
bereaksi kemudian dengan sisa larutan
magma, membentuk pyroxene.
Jika pendinginan dilanjutkan, akan dikonversi ke
pyroxene,dan kemudian biotite [sesuai skema].
Deret ini berakhir ketika biotite telah
mengkristal, yang berarti semua besi dan
magnesium dalam larutan magma telah habis
dipergunakan untuk membentuk mineral.

 Bila pendinginan terjadi terlalu cepat

dan mineral yang telah ada tidak
sempat bereaksi seluruhnya dengan
sisa magma, akan terbentuk rim
[selubung] yang tersusun oleh mineral
yang terbentuk setelahnya. Rim
tersusun atas mineral yang telah
terbentuk
sebelumnya,
misal
Olivin dengan rim Pyroxene.

 Apabila kedua jalur reaksi tersebut berakhir

dan seluruh besi, magnesium, kalsium dan
sodium habis, secara ideal yang tersisa
hanya potassium, aluminium dan silica.
Semua unsur sisa tersebut akan bergabung
membentuk Othoclase Potassium Feldspar.
Dan akan terbentuk mika muscovite apabila
tekanan air cukup tinggi. Sisanya, larutan
magma yang sebagian besar mengandung
silica dan oksigen akan membentuk Quartz
(kuarsa).
Dalam kristalisasi mineral-mineral ini tidak
termasuk dalam deret reaksi karena proses
pembentukannya yang saling terpisah dan
independent.

MINERAL UTAMA
Berdasarkan warna mineral, dapat
dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu:
1.Mineral Felsik ( mineral-mineral berwarna
terang )
Kelompok Plagioklas ( Anortit, bitownit,
Labradorit, Andesin, oligoklas, Albit)
kelompok Alkali Feldspar (ortoklas, Mikrolin,
Anortoklas, Sanidin)
Kelompok Feldspatoid (Leusit, Nefelin, Sodalit)
Kuarsa
Muskovit

 Kelompok plagioklas dan kelompok

alkali feldspar sering disebut kelompok
feldspar.
catatan: Tidak semua mineral felsik
berwarna terang tetapi ada mineral felsik
yang berwarna gelap yaitu, obsidian.
Mineral
yang
berwarna
terang
disebabkan banyaknya kandungan SiO 2
dan jarang mengandung Fe dan Mg

2. Mineral Mafik (mineral yang berwarna gelap)

Olivin (Forsterite dan Fayalite)
Piroksen, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu
Orto Piroksen (Piroksen tegak) dan klino
piroksen (piroksen miring). Orto piroksen
antara lain; Enstatite dan Hypersten. Klino
piroksen antara lain; Diopsit, Augit, Pigeonit,
Aigirin, Spodemen, Jadeit.
Amfibol (Hornblande, Labprobolit, Riebeokit,
Glukofan)
Biotit.

MINERAL TEMBAHAN ( ACCESSORY

MINERALS)

Adalah
mineral-mineral
yang
terbentuk oleh kristalisasi magma,
terdapat dalam jumlah yang sedikit
(kurang dari 5%). kehadirannya
tidak menentukan nama batuan.
Contoh dari mineral tambahan ini
antara laian : ZIRKON, MAGNESIT,
HEMATIT, PYRIT, RUTIL APATIT,
GARNET,SPHEN.

MINERAL SEKUNDER (SECONDARY

MINERALS)

Merupakan mineral-mineral ubahan

dari mineral utama, dapat dari
hasil pelapukan, reaksi hidrotermal
maupun
hasil
metamorfisme
terhadap mineral utama. contoh
dari mineral sekunder antara lain;
SERPENTIN,
KALSIT,
SERISIT,
KALKOPIRIT, KAOLIN, KLORIT, PIRIT.

PENGELOMPOKKAN
MINERAL
A. BERDASARKAN FUNGSINYA
Mineral pembentuk batuan (rock forming minerals),
yaitu kelompok mineral yang keterdapatannya dalam
jumlah banyak pada batuan dapat menentukan nama
batuan terutama batuan beku. Di antara mineral
pembentuk batuan itu adalah Kwarsa, Feldspar,
Plagioklas,
felspatoid
(foida),
Olivine,
Biotot,
Hornblenda dll.
Feldspar merupakan mineral silica yang paling banyak
terdapat dalam batuan (lebih dari 50 %). Dalam
batuan beku mineral ini merupakan bagian terbesar
yaitu sekitar 60 %, 30% terdapat dalam batuan
malihan, sisanya dalam batuan endapan seperti batu
pasir (arkose dan graywacke) dan konglomerat.

BERDASARKAN SUSUNAN/KOMPOSISI
Mineral silica, yaitu mineral yang mengandung
gugusan silica (mengadung unsur Si dan O)
atau alumosilika (Si, O dan Al) seperti sebagian
mineral pembentuk batuan. contohnya adalah
Ortoklas, Plagioklas, Hornblenda, Biotit dls.
Mineral
Oksida,
yaitu
mineral
yang
mengadung gugusan oksigen, seperti Kwarsa,
Kasiterit, Magnetite, Hematite, Khromit dls.
Magnetite
sulfide,
yaitu
mineral
yang
mengandung gugusan sulfur, seperti Pirit,
Khalkopirit, Sfalerit dls.

Mineral karbonat, yaitu mineral yang

mengadung
gugusan
karbonat,
seperti Kalsit dan Magnetis dls.
Mineral sulfat, yaitu mineral yang
mengandung gugusan sulfat.
Mineral-mineral
Sulfosalt,
Fosfat
Molibdat, Borat, Tungstat, Vanadad,
Halide dll.

BERDASARKAN PEMBENTUKKANNYA
Menurut genesanya mineral dapat di
kelompokkan menjadi mineral primer
dan mineral sekunder.
Mineral primer, yaitu mineral yang
terbentuk pada awal pembentukkan
magma atau pembentukkan batuan.
Mineral primer ini biasanya menyusun
batuan
beku.
Contoh
Feldspar,
Plagioklas, Biotit, Kwarsa, Galena, Pirit,
Khalkopirit, dls

 Mineral sekunder, yaitu mineral yang

terbentuk karena adanya proses ubahan
atau pengaruh perubahan temperature,
tekanan atau kedunya yang di alami
batuan. Mineral macam sekunder ini
dapat terbentuk karena pengaruh
intrusi magma atau kegiatan atmosfir.
Contoh
mineral
lempung
(Kaolin,
Monmorilonit, Smektit, illite, Serisit dls),
Serisit, Biotit (sekunder).

Olivine is a simple orthosilicate in

which the SiO4 tetrahedra are
independent of each other. It is a
solid solution of the end-members
forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and fayalite
(Fe2SiO4), although most examples
are closer to the forsterite endmember.
Olivine is very susceptible to
alteration and often has a brownish
weathering rind of assorted clay
minerals.
Olivine is most commonly found in
igneous rocks of low silica content,
such as basalts and gabbros, and is
occasionally found in metamorphic
rocks.

 Chemical composition - (Mg, Fe)2SiO4

Hardness - 6.5-7
Specific gravity - 3.2-4.4
Transparency - Transparent to translucent
Colour - Yellowish green to green, also
colourless, greenish brown to black
Streak - White
Lustre - Vitreous
Cleavage/fracture - Imperfect / conchoidal
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence Prismatic (equant to elongate) / granular,
massive

Orthoclase is a member of
the feldspar group (like
plagioclase) and is a
framework silicate.
Orthoclase, also known as
alkali feldspar or K-feldspar,
is one end-member of a
solid solution between
orthoclase and albite.
Orthoclase is found in
silica-rich igneous rocks
such as granite, and in high
grade metamorphic rocks.

 Chemical composition - KAlSi3O8

Hardness - 6
Specific gravity - 2.6
Transparency - Translucent to opaque (rarely
transparent)
Colour - Pinkish white, off-white, yellow, or
shades of red, orange to brown
Streak - White
Lustre - Vitreous
Cleavage/fracture - Perfect in two directions,
seldom twinned / hackly, conchoidal
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence Prismatic, tabular

Plagioclase is a member of the

feldspar group (like orthoclase
) and is a framework silicate.
Plagioclase consists of a solid
solution between the albite
and anorthite end-members,
and together with quartz is the
most common of the rock
forming minerals.
The twinning in plagioclase
produces stacks of twin layers
that are typically fractions to
several millimetres thick.
These twinned layers can be
seen as striation like grooves
on the surface of the crystal
and, unlike true striations,
these also appear on cleavage
surfaces.
Plagioclase is found in almost
all igneous rocks and most
metamorphic rocks, but is less
common in sedimentary rocks
where it usually weathers to
clay minerals or a fine grained
variant of muscovite (sericite).

 Chemical composition - CaAl2Si2O8

(anorthite), NaAlSi3O8 (albite)
Hardness - 6-6.5
Specific gravity - 2.6-2.8
Transparency - Translucent to opaque (rarely
transparent)
Colour - Usually white, grey or colourless
Streak - White
Lustre - Vitreous
Cleavage/fracture - Perfect in two directions,
commonly twinned / hackly, conchoidal
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence Prismatic, tabular

Muscovite is a
member of the mica
group of silicate
minerals (sheet
silicates) in which the
base of all of the SiO4
tetrahedra lie in one
plane and three corners
of the base are shared
with the neighbouring
tetrahedra. This creates
a strongly layered sheetlike structure, hence the
term sheet silicate (the
sheets are weakly bound
together by layers of
potassium ions).
Muscovite, biotite and
chlorite are all common
mica group minerals.

 Muscovite is commonly found in metamorphic

rocks such as schists and gneisses, sedimentary
rocks (as the fine grained variety sericite), and
in igneous rocks such as granite.
Although muscovite has perfect cleavage,
individual sheets are quite durable and are often
found in sands that have undergone erosion and
transport that would have destroyed most other
minerals. Sheets of muscovite have high heat
and electrical insulating properties and are used
in the manufacture of many electrical
components. Muscovite sheets were used for
kitchen oven windows before synthetic materials
replaced them.

 Chemical composition - KAl3Si3O10(OH)2

Hardness - 2-2.5
Specific gravity - 2.8
Transparency - Transparent to translucent
Colour - White, silver, yellow, green and
brown
Streak - White
Lustre - Vitreous to pearly
Cleavage/fracture - Perfect in one direction
producing thin sheets or flakes / uneven
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence - Tabular
(sheets or flakes)

Quartz is a complex silicate

in which all the oxygen
atoms of the SiO4 tetrahedra
are shared between two
tetrahedra, leading to
complex 3-dimensional
frameworks. For this reason,
quartz is referred to as a
framework silicate.
Quartz is among the most
common of all rock forming
minerals and is found in
many metamorphic rocks,
sedimentary rocks, and
those igneous rocks that are
high in silica content such
as granites and rhyolites. It
is a common vein mineral
and is often associated with
mineral deposits.

 Cryptocrystalline varieties are used as semiprecious stones and for ornamental purposes.
These varieties are divided more by character
than by colour. Chalcedony, or agate, is divided
into innumerable types that have been named
for locally common varieties. Some of the more
beautiful types have retained their names while
other names have faded into obscurity. Some of
the more common are chrysoprase (a pure
green agate), sard (a yellow to brown agate),
sardonyx (banded sard), onyx (black and white
agate), carnelian (a yellow to orange agate),
flint (a colourful and microscopically fibrous
form), jasper (a colourful impure agate) and
bloodstone (a green with red speckled agate).

 Chemical composition - SiO2

Hardness - 7
Specific gravity - 2.65
Transparency - Transparent to translucent
Colour - Clear is most common (pure quartz),
also white or cloudy (milky quartz); but can
be very variable - purple (amethyst), pink
(rose quartz), grey or brown to black (smoky
quartz) are also common; yellow to orange
(citrine) are more rare; cryptocrystalline
varieties can be multicoloured
Streak - White
Lustre - Vitreous
Cleavage/fracture - Non-existent / conchoidal
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence - Prismatic
(hexagonal prism terminated with a six sided
pyramid) / cryptocrystalline, massive

QUARTZ

ROSE QUARTZ

Hornblende is a member
of the amphibole group of
more complex silicates, in
which the tetrahedra are
linked to form a
continuous chain twice
the width of the pyroxene
chains. For this reason
they are often referred to
as double chain silicates.
Like the pyroxenes, they
can be subdivided into
those with orthorhombic
symmetry
(orthoamphiboles) and
those with monoclinic
symmetry
(clinoamphiboles).
Hornblende is the most
common of the
clinoamphiboles.

 Hornblende is commonly found in

metamorphic rocks such as schists and
gneisses, and igneous rocks such as
diorites and dacites.
Chemical composition - Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5(Al,
Si)8O22(OH)2
Hardness - 5-6
Specific gravity - 2.9-3.4
Transparency - Opaque
Colour - Dark green to black
Streak - Dark green
Lustre - Vitreous
Cleavage/fracture - Imperfect in two
directions at 56 and 124 / uneven
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence Prismatic, acicular, fibrous / massive,
granular

Biotite is a member of
the mica group of
silicates (sheet
silicates), like chlorite
and muscovite. It
occurs in more
geological
environments than
any of the other
micas. It is a common
rock forming mineral,
being present in at
least some
percentage in many
igneous rocks (e.g.
granite and rhyolite),
and metamorphic
rocks (e.g. schist,
gneiss).

 Chemical composition - K(Fe,

Mg)3AlSi3O10(F, OH)2
Hardness - 2.5-3
Specific gravity - 2.9-3.4
Transparency - Transparent to
translucent
Colour - Brown to black
Streak - Very pale brown
Lustre - Vitreous to pearly
Cleavage/fracture - Perfect in one
direction producing thin sheets or
flakes / uneven
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence Tabular (sheets or flakes) / granular

Garnet is a more
complex orthosilicate
(than olivine, for
example) in which the
SiO4 tetrahedra are still
independent.
Garnets have the
general chemical
formula A3B2Si3O12,
where A is a divalent
cation (Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
Mn2+) and B is a
trivalent cation (Fe3+,
Al3+, Cr3+). The endmembers pyrope,
almandine, and
spessartine form one
solid solution series,
while the end-members
grossular, andradite and
uvarovite form another.

 Although valued as a gem stone, garnet

is generally of low monetary value
because of its relatively common
occurrence.
Garnet is commonly found in highly
metamorphosed rocks and in some
igneous rocks. They form under the same
high temperatures and / or pressures that
form those types of rocks. Garnets can be
used by geologists to gauge the
temperature and pressure under which a
particular garnet-bearing rock formed.

 Chemical composition - Fe3Al2Si3O12

(almandine)
Hardness - 6.5-7.5
Specific gravity - 3.6-4.3
Transparency - Transparent to opaque
Colour - Variable - most commonly red,
reddish brown
Streak - White
Lustre - Vitreous to resinous
Cleavage/fracture - Non-existent / conchoidal
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence - Prismatic
(12-sided rhombic, 24-sided trapezoidal) /
granular, massive

GARNET IN SCHIST

GARNET

Talc is the softest

mineral,
demonstrated by
its position at the
bottom of Mohs'
Scale of Hardness
with a relative
hardness value of
1. It has a soapy,
greasy feel.
Talc is formed by
the hydrothermal
alteration of
ultrabasic rocks, or
low grade thermal
metamorphism of
siliceous dolomites.

 Most people know talc as the primary

ingredient in talcum powder. However,
talc is an important industrial mineral.
Its resistance to heat, electricity and
acids make it useful for lab counter
tops and electrical switchboards. It is
an important filler in paints, rubber and
insecticides.
Talc often replaces other minerals atom
by atom to form pseudomorphs, taking
the form of the replaced mineral. Thus,
a specimen of what appears to be
milky quartz would actually be talc,
having a soapy feel and being able to
be scratched with a fingernail.

 Chemical composition - Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

Hardness - 1
Specific gravity - 2.7-2.9
Transparency - Crystals translucent, masses
opaque
Colour - Green, grey and white to almost
silver
Streak - White
Lustre - Pearly, greasy
Cleavage/fracture - Perfect in one direction /
uneven
Crystal habit/mode of occurrence - Tabular
(thin flakes, never large crystals) / granular,
cryptocrystalline