Rock Forming Minerals
Rock Forming Minerals
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Deret
Bowen
menggambarkan
secara umum urutan kristalisasi
suatu
mineral
sesuai
dengan
penurunan suhu [bagian kiri] dan
perbedaan
kandungan
magma
[bagian kanan], dengan asumsi
dasar
bahwa
semua
magma
berasal dari magma induk yang
bersifat basa.
Bagan serial ini kemudian dibagi
menjadi dua cabang; kontinyu dan
diskontinyu.
Contoh
struktur
Zooning pada
Plagioklas
MINERAL UTAMA
Berdasarkan warna mineral, dapat
dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu:
1.Mineral Felsik ( mineral-mineral berwarna
terang )
Kelompok Plagioklas ( Anortit, bitownit,
Labradorit, Andesin, oligoklas, Albit)
kelompok Alkali Feldspar (ortoklas, Mikrolin,
Anortoklas, Sanidin)
Kelompok Feldspatoid (Leusit, Nefelin, Sodalit)
Kuarsa
Muskovit
Adalah
mineral-mineral
yang
terbentuk oleh kristalisasi magma,
terdapat dalam jumlah yang sedikit
(kurang dari 5%). kehadirannya
tidak menentukan nama batuan.
Contoh dari mineral tambahan ini
antara laian : ZIRKON, MAGNESIT,
HEMATIT, PYRIT, RUTIL APATIT,
GARNET,SPHEN.
PENGELOMPOKKAN
MINERAL
A. BERDASARKAN FUNGSINYA
Mineral pembentuk batuan (rock forming minerals),
yaitu kelompok mineral yang keterdapatannya dalam
jumlah banyak pada batuan dapat menentukan nama
batuan terutama batuan beku. Di antara mineral
pembentuk batuan itu adalah Kwarsa, Feldspar,
Plagioklas,
felspatoid
(foida),
Olivine,
Biotot,
Hornblenda dll.
Feldspar merupakan mineral silica yang paling banyak
terdapat dalam batuan (lebih dari 50 %). Dalam
batuan beku mineral ini merupakan bagian terbesar
yaitu sekitar 60 %, 30% terdapat dalam batuan
malihan, sisanya dalam batuan endapan seperti batu
pasir (arkose dan graywacke) dan konglomerat.
BERDASARKAN SUSUNAN/KOMPOSISI
Mineral silica, yaitu mineral yang mengandung
gugusan silica (mengadung unsur Si dan O)
atau alumosilika (Si, O dan Al) seperti sebagian
mineral pembentuk batuan. contohnya adalah
Ortoklas, Plagioklas, Hornblenda, Biotit dls.
Mineral
Oksida,
yaitu
mineral
yang
mengadung gugusan oksigen, seperti Kwarsa,
Kasiterit, Magnetite, Hematite, Khromit dls.
Magnetite
sulfide,
yaitu
mineral
yang
mengandung gugusan sulfur, seperti Pirit,
Khalkopirit, Sfalerit dls.
BERDASARKAN PEMBENTUKKANNYA
Menurut genesanya mineral dapat di
kelompokkan menjadi mineral primer
dan mineral sekunder.
Mineral primer, yaitu mineral yang
terbentuk pada awal pembentukkan
magma atau pembentukkan batuan.
Mineral primer ini biasanya menyusun
batuan
beku.
Contoh
Feldspar,
Plagioklas, Biotit, Kwarsa, Galena, Pirit,
Khalkopirit, dls
Orthoclase is a member of
the feldspar group (like
plagioclase) and is a
framework silicate.
Orthoclase, also known as
alkali feldspar or K-feldspar,
is one end-member of a
solid solution between
orthoclase and albite.
Orthoclase is found in
silica-rich igneous rocks
such as granite, and in high
grade metamorphic rocks.
Muscovite is a
member of the mica
group of silicate
minerals (sheet
silicates) in which the
base of all of the SiO4
tetrahedra lie in one
plane and three corners
of the base are shared
with the neighbouring
tetrahedra. This creates
a strongly layered sheetlike structure, hence the
term sheet silicate (the
sheets are weakly bound
together by layers of
potassium ions).
Muscovite, biotite and
chlorite are all common
mica group minerals.
Cryptocrystalline varieties are used as semiprecious stones and for ornamental purposes.
These varieties are divided more by character
than by colour. Chalcedony, or agate, is divided
into innumerable types that have been named
for locally common varieties. Some of the more
beautiful types have retained their names while
other names have faded into obscurity. Some of
the more common are chrysoprase (a pure
green agate), sard (a yellow to brown agate),
sardonyx (banded sard), onyx (black and white
agate), carnelian (a yellow to orange agate),
flint (a colourful and microscopically fibrous
form), jasper (a colourful impure agate) and
bloodstone (a green with red speckled agate).
QUARTZ
ROSE QUARTZ
Hornblende is a member
of the amphibole group of
more complex silicates, in
which the tetrahedra are
linked to form a
continuous chain twice
the width of the pyroxene
chains. For this reason
they are often referred to
as double chain silicates.
Like the pyroxenes, they
can be subdivided into
those with orthorhombic
symmetry
(orthoamphiboles) and
those with monoclinic
symmetry
(clinoamphiboles).
Hornblende is the most
common of the
clinoamphiboles.
Biotite is a member of
the mica group of
silicates (sheet
silicates), like chlorite
and muscovite. It
occurs in more
geological
environments than
any of the other
micas. It is a common
rock forming mineral,
being present in at
least some
percentage in many
igneous rocks (e.g.
granite and rhyolite),
and metamorphic
rocks (e.g. schist,
gneiss).
Garnet is a more
complex orthosilicate
(than olivine, for
example) in which the
SiO4 tetrahedra are still
independent.
Garnets have the
general chemical
formula A3B2Si3O12,
where A is a divalent
cation (Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
Mn2+) and B is a
trivalent cation (Fe3+,
Al3+, Cr3+). The endmembers pyrope,
almandine, and
spessartine form one
solid solution series,
while the end-members
grossular, andradite and
uvarovite form another.
GARNET IN SCHIST
GARNET