Volcanology Part Extra
Volcanology Part Extra
(Schmincke, 2004)
Di mana gunungapi bisa
terbentuk??
Apakah gunungapi bisa terbentuk di sembarang
tempat?
Apakah gunung api terbentuk di tempat tertentu?
Tempat seperti apakah itu?
Apakah di daratan?
Bisakah terbentuk di laut?
Penyebaran gunungapi di dunia
Magma
Lelehan batuan silikat panas yang terbentuk di alam,
bersifat mobil, dapat mengandung material padat dan
gas. Zat padat terdiri dari sisa batuan asal yang tidak
ikut meleleh atau senolit (xenolith), sisa kristal yang
tidak ikut meleleh atau senokris (xenocryst) dan
kristal-kristal yang terbentuk oleh pembekuan magma
(Jackson, 1982)
(Schmincke, 2004)
Perbandingan jumlah erupsi
gunung api dan jumlah
(volume) magma yang
dikeluarkan per tahun dari
berbagai lokasi pembentukan
magma (Schmincke, 2004)
Figure 4.20
Pelelehan Sebagian (Partial Melting)
Magma umumnya terbentuk oleh pelelehan sebagian dari
batuan asal, atau dikenal sebagai peristiwa partial melting
A (Mafic) 1200°C
B (Int) 1000°C
C (Felsic) 800°C
Temperature = 500°C
Partial Melting
Melting
Mineral Temp
A (Mafic) 1200°C
Intermediate Magma
B (Int) 1000°C
(All Minerals Melt)
C (Felsic) 800°C
Temperature = 1400°C
Partial Melting
Melting
Mineral Temp
A (Mafic) 1200°C
B (Int) 1000°C
C (Felsic) 800°C
A (Mafic) 1200°C
B (Int) 1000°C
C (Felsic) 800°C
Ultramafic mantle
Magma
Chamber
Intrusive
(Plutonic)
Proses Kristalisasi Magma
Magma yang naik mendekati permukaan bumi biasanya
mengalami berbagai ubahan kimia dan mineralogi melalui proses-
proses yang disebut diferensiasi, yang menghasilkan bermacam-
macam batuan beku dengan komposisi kimia yang berbeda-beda
Komposisi asal magma disebut sebagai magma induk atau
‘Parental Magma’ atau ‘Primitive Magma’
Diferensiasi (Differentiation): proses-proses yang menghasilkan
magma turunan (derivative magmas) yang berbeda komposisi kimia
dan mineralogi dari Primitive Parental Magma
Secara umum diferensiasi dianggap terjadi dalam reservoir
magma di dalam kerak (kedalaman < 10km), di mana magma dalam
kondisi stagnan, mendingin secara perlahan dan mengkristal
Proses diferensiasi yang paling penting adalah: Kristalisasi
Fraksinasi (fractional crystallization). Proses lainnya antara lain
asimilasi dan magma mixing.
Kristalisasi
Fraksinasi
(fractional
crystallization)
Bowen’s reaction series
2. Asimilasi
Perubahan komposisi magma,sebagai akibat
adanya reaksi antara magma dengan batuan
dinding yang berkomposisi berbeda.
Figure 4.25
Intrusive and Extrusive
Fine
Grained
Coarse
Grained
Batuan Beku (Igneous Rocks)
Igneous
ExtrusiveEnvironments
Igneous Rock.
Produced when lava erupts onto the surface.
The lava freezes on exposure to air or water.
Crystal grains lack time for growth and are mostly
invisible.
Intrusive Igneous Rock.
Produced by the crystallization of magma while still
underground.
The magma freezes because of the gradual loss of
heat to the country rock.
Crystal grains have time to grow and are mostly
visible.
Bentuk dan Struktur Batuan Beku
Intrusive (Plutonic) • Extrusive (Volcanic)
Magma cools slowly at depth – Magma cools quickly at surface
Characteristic rock texture – Characteristic rock textures
Characteristic structures – Characteristic structures
35
Bentuk-Bentuk Batuan Beku
Intrusive
Batholith
Stock
Lopolith
Laccolith
Volcanic
neck
Sill
Dike
Extrusive
Lava flow or
plateau
Volcano
(many types)
Crater
Caldera
Fissure
36
Schematic block diagram of some intrusive bodies.
Jenis Kontak Batuan Beku dengan Batuan Sekitarnya
Contacts (boundary
between two rock bodies)
can be:
Concordant
Does not cross cut country
rock (surrounding rock)
structure, bedding, or
metamorphic fabric
Ex: laccolith, sill
Discordant
Cross cuts country rock
structure
Ex: dike, batholith, stock
38
Bentuk dan Struktur Batuan Beku Intrusif
Categorized by depth of emplacement
Epizonal Mesozonal Catazonal
41
Intrusive Igneous Structures:
Intermediate Scale
Concordant intrusives
Sill: tabular shape
Laccolith: mushroom-shaped
Roof pendant (remaining country
rock)
Discordant intrusives
Dike: tabular shape
Volcanic neck: cylindrical
42
Intrusive Igneous Structures:
Small Scale
Apophyses:
Irregular dikes extending from
pluton
Veins:
Tabular body filling a fracture
(filled with 1-2 minerals)
Xenoliths:
Unrelated material in an
igneous body
Autoliths:
Genetically related inclusions
(related igneous material)
43
Extrusive Igneous Structures
Volcano:
Anywhere material reaches earth’s surface
44
Extrusive Igneous Structures: Scale
Large scale structures
Lava plateau (LIP; flood basalt)
Ignimbrite (ash flow tuff;
pyroclastic sheet)
Intermediate scale structures
Shield volcano
Composite volcano
(stratovolcano)
Caldera, crater
Lava flow or dome
Small scale structures
Tephra (pyroclastic material)
Lava flow features
Cinder cone
45
STRUKTUR BATUAN BEKU
(Mikro, Skala Singkapan)
Definisi :
Istilah yang dipakai untuk menjelaskan hubungan
antar kumpulan mineral / material penyusun batuan
Macam-macam struktur :
• Perlapisan bersusun (intrusi melapis)
• Skoriaan
• Vesikuler
• Amigdaloidal
• Kekar tiang dan lembaran
• Lava bantal
Vesikuler
Fine-grained Coarse-grained
KLASIFIKASI DAN PENAMAAN
BATUAN BEKU
• Tekstur
• Struktur
• Komposisi mineralogi
• Komposisi kimia
Textural classification of
igneous rocks
1. Phaneritic: crystals visible with naked eye
Plutonic or intrusive rocks
2. Aphanitic: crystal too small for naked eye
Volcanic or extrusive rocks
3. Porphyritic: two different, dominant grain sizes
Large crystals = phenocrysts; small crystals = groundmass
4. Fragmental: composed of disagregated igneous
material
Pyroclastic rocks
Textural classification of
igneous rocks
Masa dasar
(Groundmass)
Fenokris
(Phenocrysts)
Glassy
Vesicular
Pyroclastic/Fragmental
Made of rock fragments
rather than crystals
KLASIFIKASI BATUAN BEKU
• Batuan mafik
- Mineral mafik melimpah ( 40 – 70 %)
• Batuan ultramafik
- Mineral mafik sangat melimpah (> 90 %)
Mineral penyusun batuan beku
Mineral Properties
• Mineral mafik
- Warna gelap, hijau, coklat, hitam, berat jenis tinggi
( > 3,80)
- Piroksen, amfibol, olivin, biotit
KOMPOSISI MINERALOGI
• Batuan pluton
• Batuan hipabisal
• Batuan gunungapi
BATUAN PLUTON
Ini berarti bahwa kita harus memutuskan klasifikasi mana yang sesuai untuk
dipakai dalam penamaan suatu batuan yang diteliti.
Untuk mencapai tujuan ini secara konsisten, maka dirumuskan suatu bentuk
klasifikasi yang bersusun (hierarchy of classification) yang harus disetujui
bersama
Berikut adalah urutan alur yang diusulkan yang diharapkan dapat diterima
oleh mayoritas ahli geologi
Urutan Pemakaian Klasifikasi Batuan Beku Yang
Direkomendasikan
Has the rock pyroclastic features? Use pyroclastic rock
YES =>
[NO] classification
Carbonates > 50 %?
YES => Use carbonatite classification
[NO]
Is it charnockitic?
YES => Use charnockite classification
[NO]
Is it plutonic? YES => M < 90 %? YES => Use plutonic QAPF
[NO] [NO] => Use ultramafic classification
Mode possible? YES =>
Is it volcanic? YES => Use volcanic QAPF
[NO]
Is it high-Mg? YES =>
Use high-Mg classification
[NO]
If you get to this point, either the rock is not Use TAS. If it falls in fields F or
_____=>____
igneous or you have made a serious U1, use norm ne v. norm
<= [NO]
mistake. ab classification *
http://www.geol.lsu.edu
1. Klasifikasi Batuan Piroklastik
(a) Based on type of material. After Pettijohn (1975) Sedimentary Rocks, Harper & Row, and
Schmid (1981) Geology, 9, 40-43. (b) Based on the size of the material. After Fisher (1966)
Earth Sci. Rev., 1, 287-298.
Q
Quartz-rich
2.A. Klasifikasi Batuan Beku Fanerit Granitoid
(Foid)olites
Batuan Ultramafik
(c)
ro
Tro
bb
cto Olivine
Ga
lite
Olivine Dunite
gabbro 90
Peridotites
Websterite
10
Clinopyroxenite
Orthopyroxene Clinopyroxene
Q
Rhyolite Dacite
Syarat:
1. Batuan harus mengandung 20 20
Phonolite Tephrite
A classification and nomenclature of volcanic
rocks. After IUGS.
60 60
(Foid)ites
F
• Secara umum, penamaan batuan vulkanik non-piroklastik adalah berdasarkan
komposisi mineral penyusunnya, dengan menggunakan klasifikasi QAPF yang
disusun oleh Streckeisen (1967).
• Namun, jika prosentasi modal mineral yang disyaratkan untuk klasifikasi
tersebut tidak dipenuhi, maka klasifikasi tersebut tidak bisa digunakan.
Kandungan mineral sering tidak bisa ditentukan secara prosentase modal
karena kehadiran mineral berukuran halus atau karena kehadiran material
gelasan.
• Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut , maka IUGS Subcommission on the
Systematics of Igneous Rocks membuat rekomendasi untuk membuat
berdasarkan diagram Total Alkali – Silika atau dikenal sebagai diagram TAS (Le
Bass dkk., 1986).
• Klasifikasi ini dipakai jika 1) analisa kimia yang valid diperoleh, 2) analisis
modal mineral tidak diperoleh dan 3) tidak berlaku untuk batuan vulkanik
piroklastik.
3.B. Klasifikasi TAS (Total Alkali Silica) untuk Batuan Vulkanik
A chemical classification of volcanics based on total alkalis vs. silica. After Le Bas et al. (1986) J.
Petrol., 27, 745-750. Oxford University Press.
COMPOSITION (Minerals Present)
Ultramafic Mafic Intermediate Intermediate Felsic
grained*
Glassy OBSIDIAN
Granite
Aplite
Intrusive Rock
Syenite : coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock of the Monzonite : intrusive rock with approximately
same general composition as granite but lack in quartz. equal amounts of plagioclase and alkali
Feldspar is dominated by orthoclase feldspar, with less than 5% quartz by weight.
Granodiorite
Granodiorite : intrusive igneous rock similar to
granite, but containing more plagioclase than
orthoclase-type feldspar. It usually contains abundant
biotite mica and hornblende, giving it a darker
appearance than true granite.
Tonalit
Tonalite : intrusive rock of felsic composition, phaneritic In older references tonalite is sometimes used as a synonym
texture, contains plagioclase (typically oligoclase or for quartz diorite. However the current IUGS classification
andesine) with 10% or less alkali feldspar. Quartz is present defines tonalite as having greater than 20% quartz and
as more than 20% of the rock. Amphiboles and pyroxenes quartz diorite with from 5 to 20% quartz.
are common accessory minerals.
Catatan: banyak intrusi dangkal berukuran stock Tersier di Indonesia yang dideskripsikan
sebagai tonalit. Tonalit umumnya memiliki tekstur faneroporfiritik.
Ultramafic Intrusive Rocks
Dunite : ultramafic plutonic rock, phaneritic Peridotite : coarse-grained ultramafic
texture, with composition is > 90% olivine, with igneous rock, consisting mostly of olivine
minor amounts of other minerals such as and pyroxene.
pyroxene.
Ultramafic Intrusive Rocks
Pyroxenite : ultramafic igneous rock consisting essentially Hornblendite : rare ultramafic plutonic rock consisting
of minerals of the pyroxene group, such as augite and mainly of the amphibole hornblende.
diopside, hypersthene, bronzite or enstatite.
Anorthosite : phaneritic, intrusive ultramafic igneous Carbonatites : intrusive or extrusive igneous
rock characterized by a predominance of calcium-rich rocks defined by mineralogic composition of
plagioclase feldspar (90–100%), and a minimal mafic > 50 % carbonate minerals.
component (0–10%) such as pyroxene, ilmenite,
magnetite, and olivine.
Charnockite
Charnockite is applied to any orthopyroxene (usually hypersthene)-
bearing granite
wikipedia http://planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr
Batuan Vulkanik
Andesite : is a fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock
Diabase / dolerite : a mafic, holocrystalline,
subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or composed mainly of plagioclase with other minerals such
plutonic gabbro; dominated by plagioclase and as hornblende, pyroxene and biotite. The specimen shown
pyroxene. is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Batuan Vulkanik
Obsidian : extrusive igneous rock of intermediate-acid
Rhyolite : light-colored, fine-grained, composition, forms when magma cools so rapidly that atoms
felsic extrusive igneous rock that typically are unable to arrange themselves into a crystalline structure.
contains quartz and feldspar minerals. The result is a volcanic glass with a smooth uniform texture
that breaks with a conchoidal fracture.
Batuan Vulkanik
Pumice : light-colored vesicular igneous rock, Scoria : dark-colored igneous rock with abundant
forms through very rapid solidification of acid- round cavities known as vesicles. It ranges in color
intermediate magma. The vesicular texture is a from black or dark gray to deep reddish brown.
result of gas trapped in the melt at the time of Scoria usually has a composition basalt, but can
solidification. also andesite.
Batuan Vulkanik
Basalt : dark-colored, fine-grained, mafic igneous rock Komatiite : ultramafic volcanic rock with low
composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. silicon, potassium and aluminium, and high to
It most commonly forms as an extrusive rock, such as a extremely high magnesium content.
lava flow, but can also form in small intrusive bodies,
such as an igneous dike or a thin sill.
Lamprofir
Lamprophyre : uncommon, small volume ultrapotassic
igneous rocks primarily occurring as dikes, lopoliths, laccoliths,
stocks and small intrusions. They are alkaline silica-
undersaturated, ultramafic rocks with high magnesium oxide,
>3% potassium oxide, high sodium oxide and high nickel and
chromium. Lamprophyre dyke
Feldspatoid Igneous Rocks
Nepheline-bearing rock Leucite-bearing rock
Feldspathoids are a group of tectosilicate minerals which resemble feldspars but have a
different structure and much lower silica content. They occur in rare and unusual types of
igneous rocks, both intrusive and vulcanic.