Paul Horowitz Winfield Hill

Hill
Horowitz
L’arte dell’elettronica
Analisi e progettazione di circuiti
Edizione italiana a cura di Alberto Borghese e Federico Pedersini

L’arte dell’elettronica
Gli autori
Paul Horowitz è professore di Fisica alla Harvard University, Massachusetts.
Winfield Hill è direttore del Dipartimento di Ingegneria elettronica presso il Rowland Institute of Science
della Harvard University, Massachusetts.

L’opera
L’arte dell’elettronica è il risultato di oltre trent’anni di lavoro e ricerca compiuti da due pionieri in questo
campo. Per la prima volta tradotta in italiano, quest’opera di riferimento per studenti e professionisti affronta
la progettazione dei circuiti con «forti dosi di realtà», come amano dire gli autori.
Poiché gli oscilloscopi digitali hanno reso facile catturare, annotare e combinare le forme d’onda misurate,
Horowitz e Hill hanno incluso 90 schermate di oscilloscopio per illustrare il comportamento dei circuiti
proprio mentre stanno funzionando. Hanno riportato anche una considerevole quantità di dati misurati
molto utili, come rumore e caratteristiche di guadagno dei transistor, caratteristiche degli interruttori
analogici, caratteristiche di ingresso e uscita degli operazionali e prezzi approssimativi: il tipo di dati
che sono spesso omessi o sepolti nei datasheet, ma che servono – e non si ha il tempo di misurare –
quando si progettano i circuiti. Hanno incluso inoltre i dati di oltre 1900 componenti attivi, corredati
delle caratteristiche essenziali, sia dichiarate sia misurate, che permettono di scegliere con cognizione
di causa i componenti di un circuito.
Insieme ai concetti indispensabili su cui è fondata la progettazione, L’arte dell’elettronica offre una
trattazione dettagliata delle famiglie logiche e di come interfacciare i loro segnali logici con il mondo
reale, pone l’enfasi sui dispositivi e sui circuiti per la conversione A/D e D/A e illustra integrati specifici per
periferiche, utilizzati nei microcontrollori. Tra i molti argomenti di rilievo sono trattati: audio e video digitale
(compresa la TV via cavo e via satellite); linee di trasmissione; simulazione di circuiti in SPICE; amplificatori
a transimpedenza; MOSFET a svuotamento; MOSFET protetti; driver per il lato alto dell’alimentazione;
proprietà dei cristalli di quarzo e oscillatori; esplorazione completa dei JFET; regolatori di tensione;
optoelettronica; registri logici di potenza; convertitori delta-sigma; conversione multi-rampa
di precisione; tecnologie delle memorie; bus seriali; progetti esemplificativi «dei Maestri».

Il sito web
All’indirizzo online.universita.zanichelli.it/horowitz sono disponibili le appendici in lingua inglese.

Paul Horowitz Winfield Hill

L’arte dell’elettronica
HOROWITZ*ARTE DELL’ELETTRONICA Analisi e progettazione di circuiti
ISBN 978-88-08-52114-9
Edizione italiana a cura di Alberto Borghese e Federico Pedersini

9 788808 521149
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (60M)
Con sito web
Paul Horowitz Winfield Hill
L’arte dell’elettronica
Analisi e progettazione di circuiti
Edizione italiana a cura di Alberto Borghese e Federico Pedersini

Con sito web

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Figura 1.2 Una selezione di tipi comuni di resistore. Fila superiore, da sinistra a destra (resistori di potenza ceramici ad avvolgimento a filo): 20 W

FONDAMENTI
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3RQHQGR UHVLVWRUL LQ SDUDOOHOR VL RWWLHQH VHPSUH XQ UHVLVWRUH GL YD

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Figura 1.5 Resistori in parallelo.
Esercizio 1.1. Hai un resistore da 5k e uno da 10k. Qual è la loro re-
sistenza (a) in serie e (b) in parallelo?
O¶HOHWWURQLFD Ê DUULYDWR LO PRPHQWR GL LQL]LDUH D HVHUFLWDUH O¶LQ
Esercizio 1.2. Se si pone un resistore da 1 ohm a cavallo di una bat- WXL]LRQHHLPSDUDUHVFRUFLDWRLH (FFRXQSDLRGLEXRQL WUXFFKL
teria d’auto da 12 volt, quanta potenza dissiperà?
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Esercizio 1.5. Mostra che non è possibile superare il valore di po-
SRQHQWL FL VRQR HFFH]LRQL RYYLDPHQWH ,QROWUH VYLOXSSHUHWH SL tenza di 1/4 W per un resistore di valore maggiore di 1k, indipen-
YHORFHPHQWH O¶LQWXLWR VXL FLUFXLWL VH YL DELWXHUHWH D IDUH L FDOFROL dentemente da come lo si collega, in un circuito alimentato da una
D PHQWH LQ PRGR DSSURVVLPDWR SLXWWRVWR FKH JXDUGDUH L QXPH batteria da 15 V.
UL VHQ]D VLJQL¿FDWR FKH DSSDLRQR VXO GLVSOD\ GL XQD FDOFRODWULFH
6LDPR IRUWHPHQWH FRQYLQWL FKH O¶DI¿GDUVL D IRUPXOH HG HTXD]LRQL Esercizio 1.6. Esercizio facoltativo: la città di New York necessita di
¿Q GDOO¶LQL]LR GHO YRVWUR VWXGLR GHL FLUFXLWL HOHWWURQLFL VLD XQ RWWL circa 1010 W di potenza elettrica a 115 V12 (ciò è plausibile: 10 milioni
PRPRGRSHULPSHGLUYLGLFDSLUHFKHFRVDVXFFHGHYHUDPHQWH di persone che necessitano in media di 1 kW ciascuno). Un pesante
1HO WHQWDWLYR GL VYLOXSSDUH XQ¶LQWXL]LRQH VXO FRQFHWWR GL UHVL
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liamo che cosa succederebbe se provassimo a fornire la potenza at-
traverso un cavo da 1 piede di diametro fatto di rame puro. La sua
resistenza è 0,05 μΩ (5 × 10–8 ohm) per piede. Calcola (a) la poten- VHJQDOH LQ
za persa per piede per le “perdite I2R” (b) la lunghezza del cavo con
© 978.88.08.52114.9

la quale si perderebbero tutti i 1010 W e (c) quanto caldo diventerà il VHJQDOH RXW
cavo, conoscendo i parametri fisici relativi (σ = 6 × 10–12 W/K4 cm2).
Se hai fatto i calcoli correttamente, il risultato dovrebbe sembrare
ridicolo. Qual è la soluzione di questo paradosso? UHJRODELOH

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O¶LQJUHVVRDSSOLFDWRSHUO¶DPSOL¿FDWRUH DXGLRGL FXL VRSUD +q tro. In alcuni circuiti moderni troverete invece una lunga catena di resi-
VHPSOLFHPHQWH XQD FRVWDQWH + =  $UULYHUHPR EHQ SUHVWR D stori in serie di ugual valore, con una rete di interruttori elettronici che
SDUODUH GL DPSOL¿FDWRUL QHO SURVVLPR FDSLWROR ,Q RJQL FDVR FRQ L permette di selezionare una qualunque delle giunzioni come uscita; ciò
VROL UHVLVWRUL SRVVLDPR JLj YHGHUH XQ IUDPPHQWR GL FLUFXLWR PRO sembra molto più complesso, ma ha il vantaggio di permettere di rego-
WR LPSRUWDQWH LO SDUWLWRUH GL WHQVLRQH FKH VL SRWUHEEH FKLDPDUH lare il rapporto di tensione elettricamente (anziché meccanicamente).
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di corrente
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Figura 1.6 Partitore di tensione. Una tensione applicata Vin produce QDOL LQGLSHQGHQWHPHQWH GDOOD UHVLVWHQ]D GHO FDULFR &Lz VLJQL¿FD
una (più piccola) tensione in uscita Vout. SHU HVHPSLR FKH GHYH IRUQLUH XQD FRUUHQWH , = 95 TXDQGR XQD
 55
Esercizi aggiuntivi
Esercizio 1.37. Trova il circuito equivalente di Norton (un generato- il puntale (piuttosto che verso l’oscilloscopio). La rete risultante deve
re di corrente in parallelo con un resistore) per il partitore di tensio- avere 20 dB (rapporto delle tensioni ×10) di attenuazione a tutte le

© 978.88.08.52114.9
ne in Figura 1.134. Dimostra che l’equivalente di Norton produce la frequenze, compresa la continua. Il motivo per utilizzare una sonda
stessa tensione d’uscita del circuito effettivo quando viene caricato ×10 è l’aumento dell’impedenza di carico vista dal circuito esamina-
da un resistore da 5k. to, il che riduce gli effetti del carico. Che impedenza d’ingresso (R in
parallelo con C) presenta la sonda ×10 al circuito esaminato quando
Esercizio 1.38. Trova l’equivalente di Thévenin per il circuito in Figu- viene utilizzata con l’oscilloscopio?
ra 1.135. È lo stesso dell’equivalente di Thévenin per l’Esercizio 1.37?

Esercizio 1.39. Progetta un “filtro rumble” per audio. Deve lasciar

passare frequenze maggiori di 20 Hz (fissa il punto a –3 dB a 10 Hz).
Assumi un’impedenza del generatore nulla (generatore di tensione ide-
ale) e un’impedenza del carico di 10k (minima; questo è importante
per poter scegliere R e C in modo che il carico non influenzi signifi-
cativamente il funzionamento del filtro).

Capitolo 1
Esercizio 1.40. Progetta un “filtro scratch” per segnali audio (–3 dB
a 10 kHz). Usa le stesse impedenze di generatore e di carico dell’E-
sercizio 1.39.
Figura 1.136 Risposta del filtro ad alta enfasi.
Esercizio 1.41. Come costruiresti un filtro con R e C per fornire la ri-
sposta mostrata in Figura 1.136?

Esercizio 1.42. Progetta un filtro passa-banda RC (come in Figura

1.137); f1 e f2 sono i punti a 3 dB. Scegli le impedenze in modo che
il primo stadio non sia influenzato dal carico del secondo stadio.

Esercizio 1.43. Disegna l’uscita del circuito mostrato in Figura 1.138.

FONDAMENTI
Esercizio 1.44. Progetta una “sonda ×10” da oscilloscopio da usare
con un oscilloscopio la cui impedenza d’ingresso è 1 MΩ in parallelo
con 20 pF, trovando che cosa vada inserito nel manico della sonda in Figura 1.137 Risposta del filtro passa-banda.
Figura 1.139. Supponi che il cavo della sonda aggiunga ulteriori 100 pF
e che i componenti della sonda siano posti all’estremità del cavo verso

9FD UPV

9FD
EDWWHULD GD 9

Figura 1.138 Circuito per l’Esercizio 1.43.

Figura 1.134 Esempio di circuito equivalente di Norton.

DPSOLILFDWRUH
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FDYR

LQJUHVVR RVFLOORVFRSLR

Figura 1.135 Esempio di circuito equivalente di Thévenin. Figura 1.139 Sonda ×10 di oscilloscopio.
 56
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Paul Horowitz Winfield Hill

Hill
Horowitz
L’arte dell’elettronica
Analisi e progettazione di circuiti
Edizione italiana a cura di Alberto Borghese e Federico Pedersini

L’arte dell’elettronica
Gli autori
Paul Horowitz è professore di Fisica alla Harvard University, Massachusetts.
Winfield Hill è direttore del Dipartimento di Ingegneria elettronica presso il Rowland Institute of Science
della Harvard University, Massachusetts.

L’opera
L’arte dell’elettronica è il risultato di oltre trent’anni di lavoro e ricerca compiuti da due pionieri in questo
campo. Per la prima volta tradotta in italiano, quest’opera di riferimento per studenti e professionisti affronta
la progettazione dei circuiti con «forti dosi di realtà», come amano dire gli autori.
Poiché gli oscilloscopi digitali hanno reso facile catturare, annotare e combinare le forme d’onda misurate,
Horowitz e Hill hanno incluso 90 schermate di oscilloscopio per illustrare il comportamento dei circuiti
proprio mentre stanno funzionando. Hanno riportato anche una considerevole quantità di dati misurati
molto utili, come rumore e caratteristiche di guadagno dei transistor, caratteristiche degli interruttori
analogici, caratteristiche di ingresso e uscita degli operazionali e prezzi approssimativi: il tipo di dati
che sono spesso omessi o sepolti nei datasheet, ma che servono – e non si ha il tempo di misurare –
quando si progettano i circuiti. Hanno incluso inoltre i dati di oltre 1900 componenti attivi, corredati
delle caratteristiche essenziali, sia dichiarate sia misurate, che permettono di scegliere con cognizione
di causa i componenti di un circuito.
Insieme ai concetti indispensabili su cui è fondata la progettazione, L’arte dell’elettronica offre una
trattazione dettagliata delle famiglie logiche e di come interfacciare i loro segnali logici con il mondo
reale, pone l’enfasi sui dispositivi e sui circuiti per la conversione A/D e D/A e illustra integrati specifici per
periferiche, utilizzati nei microcontrollori. Tra i molti argomenti di rilievo sono trattati: audio e video digitale
(compresa la TV via cavo e via satellite); linee di trasmissione; simulazione di circuiti in SPICE; amplificatori
a transimpedenza; MOSFET a svuotamento; MOSFET protetti; driver per il lato alto dell’alimentazione;
proprietà dei cristalli di quarzo e oscillatori; esplorazione completa dei JFET; regolatori di tensione;
optoelettronica; registri logici di potenza; convertitori delta-sigma; conversione multi-rampa
di precisione; tecnologie delle memorie; bus seriali; progetti esemplificativi «dei Maestri».

Il sito web
All’indirizzo online.universita.zanichelli.it/horowitz sono disponibili le appendici in lingua inglese.

Paul Horowitz Winfield Hill

L’arte dell’elettronica
HOROWITZ*ARTE DELL’ELETTRONICA Analisi e progettazione di circuiti
ISBN 978-88-08-52114-9
Edizione italiana a cura di Alberto Borghese e Federico Pedersini

9 788808 521149
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (60M)
Con sito web