STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR THE FLORIDA CITRUS INDUSTRY
Addressing Citrus Greening Disease
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the Florida Department of Citrus Contract No. 07-27. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number (ISBN)-13: 978-0-309-15207-5
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Cover: Photo credits: Asian citrus psyllid by David Hall; lopsided fruit; huanglongbing symptoms on leaves of a branch, and on citrus trees by Mike Irey.
Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Suggested Citation: National Research Council. 2010. Strategic Planning for the Florida Citrus Industry: Addressing Citrus Greening Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
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COMMITTEE ON THE STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR THE FLORIDA CITRUS INDUSTRY: CITRUS GREENING DISEASE (HUANGLONGBING)
GEORGE BRUENING, Chair,
University of California, Davis (Emeritus)
JOSEPH-MARIE BOVE,
Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, La Brède, France (Emeritus)
PAUL CITRON,
Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota (Retired)
PHILIP W. MILLER,
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri
LOWELL R. NAULT,
The Ohio State University, Wooster (Emeritus)
MARYLOU L. POLEK,
California Citrus Research Board, Visalia
HOWARD-YANA SHAPIRO,
Mars Inc., McLean, Virginia
ANTHONY M. SHELTON,
Cornell University, Geneva, New York
LAVERN W. "PETE" TIMMER,
University of Florida, Lake Alfred (Emeritus)
JAMES H. TUMLINSON, III,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
RAYMOND K. YOKOMI,
USDA Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, California
Project Staff
CAMILLA Y. ABLES, Study Director
KAMWETI MUTU, Research Associate
KAREN L. IMHOF, Administrative Assistant
ERIN MULCAHY, Senior Program Assistant
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
NORMAN R. SCOTT, Chair,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
PEGGY F. BARLETT,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
ROGER N. BEACHY,
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri
HAROLD L. BERGMANN,
University of Wyoming, Laramie
RICHARD A. DIXON,
Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma
DANIEL M. DOOLEY,
University of California, Oakland
JOAN H. EISEMANN,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh
GARY F. HARTNELL,
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri
GENE HUGOSON,
Minnesota Department of Agriculture, St. Paul
KIRK C. KLASING,
University of California, Davis
VICTOR L. LECHTENBERG,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
PHILIP E. NELSON,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
ROBERT PAARLBERG,
Wellesley College, Watertown, Massachusetts
KEITH PITTS,
Marrone Bio Innovations, Davis, California
CHARLES W. RICE,
Kansas State University, Manhattan
HAL SALWASSER,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
PEDRO A. SANCHEZ,
The Earth Institute, Columbia University, Palisades, New York
ROGER A. SEDJO,
Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
KATHLEEN SEGERSON,
University of Connecticut, Storrs
MERCEDES VAZQUEZ-AÑON,
Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, Missouri
Project Staff
ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director
KAREN L. IMHOF, Administrative Assistant
AUSTIN J. LEWIS, Senior Program Officer
EVONNE P.Y. TANG, Senior Program Officer
PEGGY TSAI, Program Officer
CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Associate Program Officer
KARA N. LANEY, Associate Program Officer
RUTH S. ARIETI, Research Associate
JANET M. MULLIGAN, Research Associate
KAMWETI MUTU, Research Associate
ERIN P. MULCAHY, Senior Program Assistant
Acknowledgments
The authoring committee is grateful to the staff at the National Research Council, particularly Dr. Camilla Y. Ables and Robin A. Schoen, for assembling information from many diverse sources, preparing tables, figures and appendixes, supervising the report preparation process, handling numerous communications, checking documents and facts, and providing their advice on many issues. We had the benefit of input from a Liaison Committee, the members of which appear in Appendix C, as well as written and verbal presentations from many experts, who are listed in Appendix D. The committee drew on numerous sources in addition to conventional publications, including websites, newsletters, and personal communications. We have attempted to identify these sources in Appendix I but regret that we may have failed to identify each and every source.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Harold W. Browning, University of Florida, Lake Alfred (Retired)
Steven A. Slack, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster
Joseph G. Morse, University of California, Riverside
Michael S. Irey, United States Sugar Corporation, Clewiston, Florida
T. Erik Mirkov, Texas A&M University, Weslaco
Mikeal L. Roose, University of California, Riverside
Stephen M. Garnsey, Fallbrook, California
Gail C. Wisler, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
Steven J. Castle, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Maricopa, Arizona
Saskia Hogenhout, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Elaine A Backus, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Appointed by the National Research Council she was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were
Contents
Tables, Figures, and Boxes
TABLES
Table 2-1 |
Impact of 2004-2005 Hurricanes on Florida Citrus Crop Yield (Number of Boxes), |
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Table 2-2 |
Bacterial Agents Associated with Huanglongbing, |
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Table 2-3 |
Geographical Distribution of Huanglongbing-associated Liberibacters and their Insect Vectors, |
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Table 2-4 |
Government, University and Non-Government Agencies with Responsibilities Related to Citrus Production and Marketing, |
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Table 3-1 |
Major Citrus Species that have been Genetically Transformed to Produce Citrus Plants with Genes of Agronomic Interest, |
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Table 4-1 |
Recommended Changes in Organizations Connected to Citrus Production, |
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Table 4-2 |
Recommended Informational Initiatives, |
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Table 4-3 |
Near- and Near-to-Intermediate-Term Recommendations, |
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Table 4-4 |
Long-Term Recommendations, |
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Table 5-1 |
External Research Vehicle Characteristics, |
FIGURES
Figure 2-1 |
Worldwide orange production; percent total production, 2005–2007, |
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Figure 2-2 |
Path of hurricanes Charley (August 13, 2004), Frances (September 5, 2004), Jeanne (September 26, 2004), and Wilma (October 24, 2005), |
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Figure 2-3 |
Florida citrus production in tons and dollar value, |
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Figure 2-4 |
Acreage of existing commercial and bearing citrus groves, |
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Figure 2-5 |
Distribution of huanglongbing in Florida from October 2005 to October 2009, |
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Figure 2-6 |
Citrus production areas in Florida, |
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Figure 2-7 |
Asian citrus psyllid life cycle, |
Figure 2-8 |
Huanglongbing symptoms on citrus tree and leaves on a branch, |
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Figure 2-9 |
Huanglongbing symptoms on citrus leaves and fruit, |
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Figure 2-10 |
World distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. and their insect vectors, |
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Figure 2-11 |
Electron micrograph of Candidatus Liberibacter sp. in the phloem of infected citrus tree, |
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Figure 3-1 |
Conceptual model of agency relationships, |
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Figure 5-1 |
Decision tree for using an inducement prize rather than other types of research or development support, |
BOXES
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACP Asian citrus psyllid
ABP anti bacterial peptide
ACPS advanced citrus production system
AFRI Agriculture and Food Research Initiative
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA)
ARS Agricultural Research Service (USDA)
CAC Citrus Administrative Committee
CC (or CBC) citrus canker, citrus bacterial canker
CCTF Core Citrus Transformation Facility
CDFA California Department of Food and Agriculture
cDNA complementary DNA
CHMA Citrus Health Management Areas
CHRP Citrus Health Response Program
CiLV bacilliform virus (causal agent of Leprosis)
CLaf Candidatus Liberibacter africanus
CLam Candidatus Liberibacter americanus
CLas Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
c-PCR competitive polymerase chain reaction
CPHST Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
CRDF Citrus Research and Development Foundation
CREC Citrus Research and Education Center
CSD citrus sudden death
CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
CTV citrus tristeza virus
CVC citrus variegated chlorosis
DEP Department of Environmental Protection
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DMDS dimethyl disulfide
DMS Differential Mobility Spectrometer
DOD US Department of Defense
DOE US Department of Energy
DOL US Department of Labor
DPI Division of Plant Industry (FDACS)
dsRNA double stranded RNA
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EM electron microscopy
EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
EST expressed sequence tag
FCIRCC Florida Citrus Industry Research Coordinating Council
FCM Florida Citrus Mutual
FCP Florida Citrus Packers
FCPA Florida Citrus Processors Association
FCPMA Florida Citrus Production Managers Association
FCPRAC Florida Citrus Production Research Advisory Council
FDA US Food and Drug Administration
FDACS Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
FDOC Florida Department of Citrus/Florida Citrus Commission
FFSP Florida Foundation Seed Producers, Inc.
FGFSA Florida Gift Fruit Shippers Association
FIFRA Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
FL DEP Florida Department of Environmental Protection
FNGLA Florida Nursery, Growers and Landscape Association
GC guanine-cytosine
GWSS glassy winged sharpshooter
HIPREE Huanglongbing Information Platform for Research, Extension and Education
HLB huanglongbing
ICE US Immigration and Customs Enforcement
IFAS Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF)
ICGC International Citrus Genome Consortium
IOCV International Organization of Citrus Virologists
IP intellectual property
IPM integrated pest management
IR-4 Interregional Project Number 4
IRM insecticide resistance management programs
IRREC Indian River Research and Education Center
LFM lateral flow microarray
MA monoclonal antibodies
Mbp megabase pairs
MCDV maize chlorotic dwarf virus
MDMV maize dwarf mosaic virus
miRNA micro RNA
NAE National Academy of Engineering
NIH National Institutes of Health
n-PCR nested polymerase chain reaction
NSF National Science Foundation
NVDMC New Varieties Development and Management Corporation
OHS Open Hydrophonics System
OMRI Organic Materials Review Institute
OSHA US Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSU Ohio State University
PASS potentially actionable suspect samples
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PC-STR psyllid control and symptomatic tree removal
PFD postbloom fruit drop
PI principal investigator
PIPE Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education
PIPRA Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture
PMAP Pest Management Alternatives Program
PPQ Plant Pest and Quarantine
(+) ssRNA positive, single stranded RNA
q-PCR quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
rDNA ribosomal DNA
R&D research and development
RFP Request for Proposals
RNA ribonucleic acid
RNAi RNA interference
rRNA ribosomal RNA
RTi-PCR real-time polymerase chain reaction
SAB scientific advisory board
SAR systemic acquired resistance
SCRA Specialty Crops Regulatory Assistance
SGDL Southern Gardens Diagnostic Laboratory
SIT sterile insect technique
SNP single nucleotide polyphormism
SPS Saõ Paulo State
SWFREC Southwest Florida Research and Education Center
TEM transmission electron microscopy
TIG Technology Innovation Group, Inc.
tRNA transfer RNA