A
Achieve, Inc., 8, 18, 19, 331, 335, 344
Advanced Placement (AP) or honors courses, 10, 13, 16, 299, 334, 335
Alpha particles, 112
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 16, 17, 18, 23, 83, 98, 141, 301, 303, 331
American Association of Physics Teachers, 342, 344
American Astronomical Society Astronomy Education Board, 344
American Chemical Society, 342, 344
American Geological Institute, 344
American Geophysical Union, 344
American Indians, 281, 289-290
American Institute of Physics, 342, 344
American Physical Society, 342, 344
American Society of Plant Biologists, 344
America’s Lab Report, 23, 242
Anaerobic life, 148, 154, 222, 223
Anthropology, 13, 14, 287
Argumentation and analysis, 3, 16, 42
allowing time for, 11
asking questions and, 55, 56, 74
assessment of ability in, 262
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 89
communicating information and, 74-75, 77, 278
and constructing explanations, 68, 73, 251
culturally based storytelling and, 29, 285-286, 287
in engineering, 48, 52, 72
goals, 48, 55, 72-73, 278
and learning, 250, 251, 255
learning progressions, 34, 56, 73-74, 89, 220, 222, 223, 228, 229, 238, 239
norms, 252
pattern recognition and, 71
peer review, 78
purpose and importance, 27, 44, 46, 49, 52, 71-72, 79, 89, 248, 300
in science, 27, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 71, 78, 89
Asking questions and defining problems
and arguing from evidence, 55, 56, 74
about cause-and-effect mechanisms, 50, 89
and communicating information, 54, 75, 76
goals, 55
grade band endpoints, 205
pattern recognition and, 55, 84, 85, 86, 236
science vs. engineering, 50, 54-55, 205
Assessment, 260-265
and accountability, 323-324
in argumentation and analysis, 262
in communicating information, 262
computer-based, 262-263
contexts for, 262-264
defined, 260
designing, 263-264
equity and diversity issues, 289-290
formative, 261
framework impact on, 323-324
implementation challenges, 260-265
individual student’s understanding, 315
paper-and-pencil format, 262
for program evaluation, 261
purposes, 261-262
research and development agenda, 314-315, 317-319, 323-324
standards and accountability and, 323-324
student engagement, 314
summative, 261
Association for Computing Machinery, 344
Association for Science Teacher Education, 344
Atlas of Science Literacy, 13, 303
Atoms and atomic theory of matter, 34, 57, 64, 79, 86, 87-88, 89, 92, 94, 96, 97-98, 100, 101, 103, 106-107, 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 134, 135-136, 140, 143, 153-154, 173, 225, 227, 229, 230, 233, 236-237, 238, 239-240, 303
B
Behavioral and social sciences, 13-14, 334, 335-336
Benchmarks for Science Literacy, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, 89, 103, 141, 301
Beta particles, 112
Big Bang, 67, 112, 173, 174
Binding energy in molecules, 109, 110, 111, 112, 239-240
Biodiversity, 139, 141, 155, 161, 165, 166-167, 195, 196
Biogeology, 189-190
Biological evolution
adaptation, 141, 164-166
biodiversity and humans, 139, 161, 166-167
biogeology and, 189-190
common ancestry and diversity, 162-163
grade band endpoints, 162-163, 164, 165-167
natural selection, 141, 143, 161, 162, 163-164, 165, 166
reproductive isolation, 165
scale of, 100
scientific evidence of, 161, 162-163
speciation, 154, 155, 161, 165, 166, 167
Biological systems, 107, 140, 143, 144-145, 147, 148
Biotechnology Institute, 344
C
Carbon cycle, 110, 153, 154, 180, 189-190, 198, 223
Carbon dioxide, 57, 64, 92, 95, 100, 110, 129, 130, 147, 148, 186, 187, 188, 223
Carnegie Corporation, 19
Carrying capacities, 151, 152, 154
Cause-and-effect mechanisms (see also Forces and motion)
argumentation from evidence, 89
asking questions about, 50, 89
constructing explanations, 67, 69-70, 86
definition of concept, 84-85
in earth science, 167, 169-170, 179-180, 181, 184, 185, 187, 190, 192
in ecosystems, 86, 89, 93, 167
energy-related, 125-126, 237
and engineering design, 88, 98-99, 169-170
feedback loops, 98-99, 169-170, 181, 190
goals of instruction, 69, 88
human impacts on Earth, 167, 187, 192
learning progression, 88-89, 223
in life sciences, 140, 145, 157-158, 160, 161, 167
modeling, 79, 86, 88, 93, 221, 229
pattern recognition, 86, 88-89
physical laws and, 87-88
in physical sciences, 100, 103, 107, 112, 113, 114, 115-116, 125-126, 127, 132, 223, 229, 237
scale, proportion, or quantity and, 88, 111, 113
in space science, 175, 176
stability and change, 98, 100
in systems, 87, 88, 89, 93, 103, 169-170, 180, 181, 182-183, 188, 192, 195, 223, 229
Cells, biological, 89, 94, 130, 134, 136, 140, 143-147, 148, 149, 158, 159, 221, 223, 303
Charge to committee, 1, 15, 16
Chemical energy, 111, 122, 123, 148, 223
Chemical reactions, 110
Chemosynthesis, 147
Chromosomes, 144, 146-147, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161
Classification skills, 43, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87, 108, 167, 220, 222, 224, 231
Climate (see Weather and climate)
Climate Literacy Network, 344
College Board, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, 96, 141, 218, 230, 303
Common Core State Standards, 19, 75, 297, 306, 339
Communicating information, 42, 49, 278
arguments from evidence, 74-75, 77, 278
asking questions and, 54, 75, 76
assessment of skills in, 262
data analysis and interpretation and, 63
in engineering, 53, 54, 57, 75, 77, 206, 207, 208
goals, 75-76
graphical and pictorial representations, 51, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 74, 76, 77, 93, 206
importance of skills in, 43, 208, 250
learning progressions, 76-77
mathematics and, 64, 74, 206
with models and computer simulations, 34, 45-46, 56, 57, 58, 63, 66, 77, 90, 92, 198, 206, 207, 208, 210, 252
oral, 75, 76, 77, 93
and pattern recognition, 65, 66, 86, 133, 183
in science, 53, 54, 57, 74-75, 77
statistical analysis, 14, 15, 51, 61, 63, 65, 66
tables, 61, 62, 63, 76, 77
teacher proficiency, 256-259
technology and, 75
venues for, 75
written, 74-75, 76, 77
Communication systems and devices, 136, 137, 202, 210, 214, 263, 342
Computer-Based Assessment of Science (CBAS), 263
Computer science, 10, 14-15, 299, 334, 336
Computer Science Teachers Association, 344
Computer simulations, 45-46, 56, 57, 58, 66, 92, 198, 210
Concepts of evidence (see Procedural knowledge)
Conservation of matter and energy, 84, 86, 94-96, 106, 108, 109, 110-111, 112, 120-121, 123, 124-126, 128, 148, 153, 154, 175, 222, 223, 226, 228, 230, 233-234, 236, 238
Constructing explanations
and argument from evidence, 68, 73, 251
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 67, 69-70, 86
data analysis and interpretation, 68
goals, 69
hypothesis formulation and testing, 43, 44, 45, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 76, 78, 79, 84, 87, 139
learning progressions, 69-70
modeling theories, 67, 68, 70, 79
Content knowledge, practices integrated with, 11, 78
Context for improving science education, 1, 7
Convection, 123, 124, 126, 179, 181, 182, 237
Core ideas (see Disciplinary core ideas)
Council of Chief State School Officers, 19
Council of Elementary Science International, 344
Council of State Science Supervisors, 18, 331, 344
Course structure, 12
Crosscutting concepts, 3 (see also Cause-and-effect mechanisms; Energy; Matter and energy; Patterns and pattern recognition; Scale, proportion, or quantity; Stability and change; Structure and function; Systems and system models)
importance, 83
interconnections with core disciplinary ideas, 30, 101
public feedback on, 341
research base, 30, 84
Cultural issues, 28 (see also Equity in education)
ecosystem knowledge, 307
storytelling and arguments from evidence, 29, 285-286, 287
Curriculum and instructional materials
framework impact on, 2, 321
implementation of framework, 246-249
important aspects, 247-249
integrating dimensions into, 2, 219, 230-240, 247, 338-339
research and development agenda, 316-317
standards and, 2, 321
D
Data analysis and interpretation
communicating findings, 63
constructing explanations, 68
engineering design, 51, 53, 62
goals, 62-63
learning progressions, 63
mathematical representation, 65-66, 91
organizing data, 61, 62
pattern recognition and, 51, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 94, 131, 197
science, 61
tools, 62
Databases and data sets, 62, 66
Designing solutions, 49 (see also Engineering design)
Development of framework (see also Public feedback on report; Vision for K-12 science and engineering education)
approach, 15-18
Atlas of Science Literacy and, 13, 303
Benchmarks for Science Literacy and, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, 89, 103, 141, 301
charge to committee, 15, 16
design teams, 17
NRC reports and, 23
NSES and, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, 91-92, 103, 141, 242, 301, 332, 340
rationale for, 1, 8-10
research base, 2
Science College Board Standards for College Success and, 13, 17, 23, 30, 141, 218, 230, 303
Science Framework for the 2009 NAEP and, 13, 16, 17, 23, 303
Disciplinary core ideas (see also Earth and space sciences; Engineering and technology; Life sciences; Physical sciences
criteria for, 31
crosscutting concepts, 31
development, 17, 31
domains, 31
grade band endpoints, 33-34
information resources, 348-354
learning progressions, 26, 33-34
public feedback on, 341-343
rationale for delimiting, 11, 25, 30-31, 32-33
structure, 31-32
and understanding of science, 25
Disease transmission, prevention, and treatment, 9, 43, 47, 67, 87, 151, 152, 202
DNA, 85, 87, 144, 145, 148, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 223
Dynamic equilibrium, 98, 99-100
E
Earth and human activity
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 167, 187, 192
global climate change, 187, 196-198
grade band endpoints, 192, 193-194, 195-196, 198
human impacts on earth systems, 156-157, 167, 194-196
natural hazards, 170, 172, 191, 192-194
natural resource use, 161, 170, 191-192, 195, 196, 197, 212, 213
patterns in, 191-192, 193, 195
Earth and space sciences (see also Earth and human activity; Earth systems; Space sciences)
chemical reactions, 110
Earth-centric approach, 170
information resources, 170, 172, 352-353
and life sciences, 169
patterns in, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 182-183, 186, 187, 188, 191-192, 193, 195, 197 188, 189,
and physical sciences, 169
public feedback on, 342-343
relevance to human society, 172-173
scale in, 100, 169, 170, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 186, 190, 238
Earth systems (see also Weather and climate)
atmosphere, 54, 57, 64, 95, 100, 103, 110, 148, 153, 154, 169, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189-190, 191, 192, 194, 197-198, 223
biogeology, 189-190
biosphere, 139, 150, 153, 154, 169, 179, 180, 181, 191, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197-198
carbon cycle, 110, 153, 154, 180, 189-190, 198, 223
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 179-180, 181, 185, 187, 190
geosphere, 139, 153, 154, 169, 179, 180, 181, 189
grade band endpoints, 180-182, 183, 184-186, 188-189, 190
hydrosphere, 169, 179, 181, 189, 190
interconnections and feedbacks, 169-170, 181
materials and systems, 179-182
matter and energy flows, 169, 179-180, 182
patterns in, 182-183, 185
plate tectonics and large-scale interactions, 97, 177, 178-179, 180, 181, 182-183
scale of interactions, 181
stability and change in, 180
water and surface processes, 179, 180, 181, 184-186
Earthquakes, 132, 172, 178, 182-183, 192, 193, 194
Economic sciences, 10, 13-14, 62, 128, 130, 191, 192, 193, 197, 202, 205, 212, 213, 299, 306
Ecosystems
carrying capacities, 151, 152, 154
cause-and effect mechanisms, 86, 89, 93, 167
cultural knowledge of, 307
data representation, 86
defined, 150
dynamics, functioning, and resilience, 100, 140, 141, 154-156
grade band endpoints, 151-152, 153-154, 155-157
human (anthropogenic) impacts on, 141, 155, 156-157, 166, 167, 184, 195
interdependent relationships in, 86, 140, 143, 150-152
introduced species, 152, 155, 167
matter and energy flows, 140, 147, 148, 150, 152-154, 189, 223
modeling/models, 93, 101, 153-154
patterns in, 86, 101, 152, 155
services, 166, 167
social interactions and group behavior, 140, 156-157
stability, 100, 152
structure and function, 150
Einstein, Albert, 64
Einstein Fellows, 344
Electric power generation, 128, 130
Electrical energy, 123, 125, 128
Electromagnetic force, 88, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117-118, 121, 123, 126, 127, 239
Electromagnetic radiation, 64, 112, 121, 122, 130, 133-136, 149, 188
Energy (see also Forces and motion)
binding energy in molecules, 109, 110, 111, 112, 239-240
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 125-126, 237
chemical energy, 111, 122, 123, 148, 223
in chemical processes and everyday life, 128-130
conservation of, 110, 120-121, 123, 124-126, 128, 148, 153, 154, 175, 223, 238
crosscutting concepts, 84
definitions of, 120-124
electric and magnetic fields, 64, 109, 121, 122, 133, 135, 239
electrical energy, 123, 125, 128
and forces, 126-127
grade band endpoints, 122-124, 125-126, 127, 129-130
kinetic (motion) energy, 110, 111, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126
mechanical energy, 122-123
modeling and mathematical expressions, 123-124, 126
patterns, 121
photosynthesis, 104, 128, 129, 130, 146, 147, 148, 153, 154, 158, 180, 187, 189, 223
“producing” or “using” in everyday life, 128-130
scale of manifestations and, 121, 122, 123-124, 127, 238
in systems, 120-121, 123, 124-126, 128
terminology, 96, 122
thermal energy, 121, 122, 123, 125, 130, 136, 180, 181 (see also Heat)
transfer between objects or systems, 93, 110, 120, 121-122, 124-126
stored (potential) energy, 96, 121-122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 221
Energy efficiency, 128-129, 130
Engineering and technology
defined, in K-12 context, 11-12, 202
distinguishing science from, 50-53, 62
goals, 55, 68-69
public feedback on, 336-338, 343
rationale for inclusion, 2
standards, 204
Engineering in K-12 Education, 23
Engineering design
argumentation and analysis, 48, 52, 72
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 87, 88, 98-99, 169-170
communicating information, 53, 54, 57, 75, 77, 206, 207, 208
creative process, 46-47, 49, 52, 68-69, 70-71, 206-208
data analysis and interpretation, 51, 53, 62, 207
defining and delimiting problems, 50, 54-56, 204-206
grade band endpoints, 205-206, 207-208, 209-210
investigations, 50, 59-61
learning progressions, 56, 70-71, 93
mathematics and computational thinking, 51, 65
matter and energy flows and, 95
models and simulations, 45-46, 50, 51, 57-58, 62, 65, 77, 93, 94, 206-207, 208, 210, 212
optimizing solutions, 208-210
and pattern recognition, 51, 70, 86
practices, 45-47, 49, 52, 58, 65, 68-69, 70-71
scale in, 89, 90-91, 206
systems and system models, 12, 30, 46, 50, 57, 86, 88, 94, 98-99, 128-129, 130, 133, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 214
Engineering-technology-science links, 32, 203
grade band endpoints, 211-212, 213-214
influences on society and natural world, 212-214
interdependence, 210-212
Epistemic knowledge and practices, 78, 79, 250
Equity in education, 28-29 (see also Cultural issues)
in assessments, 289-290
capacity to learn, 279-280
cultural context for learning, 283-284
culturally valued knowledge and practices, 287
definition of equity, 278
discourse practices of youth and, 285-286
equalizing opportunities, 280-282
inclusive instruction, 283-287
prior interest and identity and, 286-287
public feedback on, 340
in standards representing diversity, 288
sources of inequity, 279
Estimation, 91, 206
Evaporation and condensation, 98, 104, 108, 184, 185, 233, 234, 235, 236
Evolution (see Biological evolution)
Extinction of species, 154, 155, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 177, 178, 189, 190, 191, 194, 196
F
Feedback mechanisms in systems, 98-99, 101, 119, 120, 145, 169-170, 181, 190
Food webs, 147, 151-152, 153, 154
Forces and motion
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 113, 114, 115-116, 127
Coulomb’s law, 117, 118
electromagnetism, 88, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117-118, 121, 123, 126, 127, 239
energy transfers, 116, 120, 127
friction, 115, 116, 117, 122, 125, 128-129, 130
grade band endpoints, 115-116, 127
gravity/gravitational forces, 64, 88, 92, 100, 113, 116, 117-118, 121-122, 123, 126, 127, 169, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181-182, 184, 185
measurement, 114, 115
models, 93, 116, 117, 118, 127
momentum, 115, 116
Newton’s laws, 114, 115, 116, 118, 175
patterns in, 115, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 130, 173, 174, 175, 178, 181, 185
scale and, 114, 116-117, 118, 175
strong nuclear force, 88, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 240
and structure and function, 117
in systems and system models, 88, 94, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 127, 176
weak nuclear force, 88, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118
Fossil fuels, 50, 110, 128, 180, 183, 189, 190, 191, 197, 198
Fossils and fossil record, 161, 162-163, 169, 177, 178, 183
Friction, 115, 116, 117, 122, 125, 128-129, 130
G
Gamma radiation, 112, 134, 136
Genes, 88, 139, 140, 143, 145, 144, 147, 157, 158-159, 160, 161, 164, 166
Geography, 14, 186, 188
Global climate change, 155, 171, 187, 196-198
Grade band endpoints, 17 (see specific crosscutting issues and disciplines)
Graphical and pictorial representations, 51, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 74, 76, 77, 91, 93, 206
Gravity/gravitational forces, 64, 88, 92, 100, 113, 116, 117-118, 121-122, 123, 126, 127, 169, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181-182, 184, 185
H
Hands-On Science Partnership, 344
Heat, 123, 125
Heat transfer, 128
conduction, 119, 123, 124, 126, 206, 235, 237
convection, 123, 124, 126, 179, 181, 182, 237
models, 124
radiation, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 174, 180, 186, 188
Helium, 55, 112, 113, 173
Heredity
artificial selection, 164
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 145, 157-158, 160, 161
chromosomes, 144, 146-147, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161
DNA, 85, 87, 144, 145, 148, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 223
genes, 88, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 157, 158-159, 160, 161, 164, 166
grade band endpoints, 158-159, 160-161
inheritance of traits, 158-159
mutations, 140, 143, 157-158, 159, 160, 161, 165
variation of traits, 160-161
Human (anthropogenic) impacts, 141, 155, 156-157, 166, 167, 184, 195
Hydrogen, 110, 111, 112, 113, 128, 148, 173, 223
Hypothesis formulation and testing (science), 43, 44, 45, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 76, 78, 79, 84, 87, 139
I
deal gas law, 57
Implementation of framework
assessing individual student’s understanding, 315
assessing student engagement, 314
assessment, 260-265
coherence in the system and, 2, 244-245
complexity of science education system and, 243-245
core questions about, 312-315
curriculum and instructional materials, 246-249
key components of science education, 242-245
learning and instruction, 250-255
norms and practices, 314
organizational barriers, 324
preconceptions of students and, 313
progression of student understanding, 313
public feedback on, 340
research and development agenda, 312-320
teacher development, 255-260
Information acquisition and evaluation (see Reading science texts)
Instruction (see also Curriculum and instructional materials)
building on prior interest and knowledge, 25, 26, 28, 59, 60-61, 83-84, 286-287, 302, 338
inclusive, 283-287
strands of proficiency and, 253-255
on systems and system models, 94
Integrating dimensions
in curriculum and instruction, 2, 219, 230-240, 247, 338-339
grades K-2 endpoint and progression, 231-233
grades 3-5 endpoint and progression, 233-236
grades 6-8 endpoint and progression, 236-238
grades 9-12 endpoint and progression, 239-240
life sciences example, 220-223
performance expectations, 218-230
physical sciences example, 224-229, 230-240
public feedback on, 338-339
in standards development, 2, 218
International Technology and Engineering Education Association, 344
Investigations
controls, 59, 61
correlations, 61
engineering design projects, 50, 59-61
goals, 59-60
hypothesis or model testing, 59, 61
kinds of, 61
learning progressions, 60-61
measurements and instrumentation, 59-60, 61
planning and implementation, 59-61
K
Kinetic (motion) energy, 110, 111, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126
L
Language (see Terminology and language of science)
Learning
argumentation and, 250, 251, 255
instruction approaches and, 250-255
strands of proficiency, 251-255
Learning progressions
argumentation and analysis, 34, 56, 73-74, 89, 220, 222, 223, 228, 229, 238, 239
asking questions and defining problems, 56
boundary statements, 34
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 88-89, 223
constructing explanations, 69-70
data analysis and interpretation, 63
designing solutions, 70-71
for disciplinary core ideas, 33-34
engineering design, 56, 70-71, 93
evaluation and communication of information, 76-77
framework vision, 10-11
grade band endpoints, 33-34
investigation planning and implementation, 60-61
mathematics and computational thinking, 66-67
model development and use, 58-59
pattern recognition, 60, 66, 70, 86-87, 88, 101, 233
for practices, 34, 56, 58-59
prior conceptions and, 25, 26
public feedback on, 343-344
research and development agenda, 315-316
scale, proportion, or quantity, 36, 90-91, 233, 238, 239
systems and system models, 93-94, 230, 233, 235
and understanding of science, 26
Learning Science in Informal Environments, 23, 252, 298
Life sciences
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 140, 145, 157-158, 160, 161, 167
chemical reactions, 110, 111, 148
core ideas, 140-141 (see also Biological evolution; Ecosystems; Heredity; Organisms, living)
information resources for framework, 141, 349-351
patterns in, 139, 152, 155
public feedback on, 342
scale, proportion, or quantity in, 100, 139, 140, 143, 144
Light, 70, 89-90, 104, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 122, 123, 125, 128, 130, 131, 133-135, 136, 137, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 174, 189, 222, 223 (see also Electromagnetic radiation; Photons; Waves)
Literacy, science (see Communicating information; Reading science texts; Terminology and language of science)
M
Magnets and magnetic fields, 116, 117-118, 121, 123, 127, 181, 182 (see also Electromagnetic radiation)
Mass, 64, 90, 96, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, 121, 123, 126, 174, 180, 227, 233, 234, 236
Massachusetts Department of Education, 344
Mathematical representations, 56, 57, 65-66, 86, 91
Mathematics and computational thinking, 49
applications, 64-65
communicating information through, 64, 74, 206
data analysis and evaluation, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66
engineering, 51, 65
goals, 65-66
learning progression, 66-67
modeling, 51, 65, 66-67, 90, 94, 114, 116, 118
and pattern recognition, 51, 64, 65, 66, 86, 94
scale and, 91
scientific investigation, 51, 64-65
statistics and statistical analysis, 14, 15, 51, 61, 63, 65, 66, 91
systems and system models, 51, 57, 64-65, 67, 94, 126
tools, 64-65
Mathematization, 16
Matter and energy (see also Energy)
atoms and atomic theory, 34, 57, 64, 79, 86, 87-88, 89, 92, 94, 96, 97-98, 100, 101, 103, 106-107, 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 134, 135-136, 140, 143, 153-154, 173, 225, 227, 229, 230, 233, 236-237, 238, 239-240, 303
chemical reactions, 106, 109-111, 148
collision theory, 110
conservation of, 84, 86, 94-96, 106, 108, 109, 110-111, 112, 120-121, 123, 124-126, 128, 148, 153, 154, 175, 222, 223, 226, 228, 230, 233-234, 236, 238
crosscutting concepts, 84, 93, 94-96
cyclic, 96, 110
ecosystem transfers of, 140, 147, 148, 150, 152-154, 189, 223
electrical attractions and repulsions, 107
engineering design and, 95
grade band endpoints, 108-109, 110-111, 113, 147-148, 230-240
incorrect beliefs and misconceptions, 96
learning progression, 95-96, 230-240
models, 58, 95, 97-98, 106, 108, 109, 110, 153
molecules, 58, 86, 92, 94, 96-98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 139, 140, 144, 145, 147, 148, 153, 154, 158, 161, 223, 225, 227, 236-237, 238, 239-240, 303
nuclear processes, 88, 96, 106, 111-113, 116, 117, 118, 128, 130, 134, 136, 173, 240
pattern recognition, 86-87, 106, 109, 223, 227, 228, 230
performance expectations example, 224-229
periodic table of elements, 106, 109, 227, 239
stability and change, 109
state changes, 70, 107, 108, 109, 110, 226, 227, 231, 232, 235-236, 237, 238
structure and properties, 106-109, 224-240
in systems and system models, 84, 92, 93, 94-95, 96, 106, 110, 119, 120-122, 123, 124-126, 128-129, 147, 148, 150, 152-154, 169, 179, 223, 239
terminology, 96
water cycle, 95
Maxwell’s equations, 64
Measurement and units, 90-91, 205, 231
Measurement error, 63
Mechanical energy, 122-123
Milky Way galaxy, 174
Minnesota Department of Education, 344
Mitosis, 145, 146
Model-It, 59
Modeling/models (see also Systems and system models) assumptions and approximations in, 93, 94
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 79, 86, 88, 93, 221, 229
communicating information, 34, 45-46, 56, 57, 58, 63, 66, 77, 90, 92, 94, 198, 206, 207, 208, 210, 252
computer simulations, 45-46, 56, 57, 58, 66, 92, 198, 210
conceptual, 56-57
constructing explanations, 67, 68, 70, 79
ecosystems, 93, 101, 153-154
energy, 123-124, 126
engineering applications, 45-46, 50, 51, 57-58, 62, 65, 77, 93, 94, 206-207
evaluation and refinement, 57, 59, 62
forces and motion, 93, 116, 117, 118, 127
goals, 58
heat transfer, 124
learning progressions, 58-59, 93-94
limitations, 56, 58
mathematics and, 51, 65, 66-67, 90, 94, 114, 118
matter and energy flows, 58, 95, 97-98, 106, 108, 109, 110, 153
mental, 56, 100
organisms, 93
purposes of, 94
reflecting on applications of, 78
reliability and precision, 93
scale and, 90, 100, 101, 122, 123-124, 127, 206
science applications, 57, 67
space science, 176
specifications, 93
theories, 67, 68, 70, 79
tools, 59
Molecules, 58, 86, 92, 94, 96-98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 118, 119, 139, 140, 144, 145, 147, 148, 153, 154, 158, 161, 120, 121, 223, 225, 227, 236-237, 238, 239-240, 303
Momentum, 115, 116
Motion and stability (see also Forces and motion) grade band endpoints, 115-116, 117-118, 119-120
interaction types, 116-118
stability/instability in physical systems, 118-120
Mutations, 140, 143, 157-158, 159, 160, 161, 165
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Science Education and Public Outreach, 344
Science Mission Directorate Education Community, 345
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 141, 262, 263 (see also Science Framework for the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress)
Technological Literacy Assessment, 263
National Association of Biology Teachers, 345
National Association of Geoscience Teachers, 345
National Association of Research in Science Teaching, 345
National Council for the Social Studies, 13-14
National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies, 13
National Earth Science Teachers Association, 345
National Governors Association, 19
National Middle Level Science Teachers Association, 345
National Research Council (NRC), 14, 23, 96, 242, 298, 312
National Science Education Leaders Association, 345
National Science Education Standards, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, 91-92, 103, 141, 242, 301, 332, 340
National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), 18, 23, 30, 331, 345
Natural hazards, 170, 172, 191, 192-194
Natural resources, 161, 170, 171, 191-192, 195, 196, 197, 212, 213
consumption, 195, 196
Natural selection, 141, 143, 161, 162, 163-164, 165, 166
NetLogo, 59
Neurobiology, 13, 143
New Hampshire Department of Education, 345
Newton’s laws, 114, 115, 116, 118, 175
Nitrogen cycle, 180
North American Association for Environmental Education, 345
Nuclear processes, 87-88, 96, 106, 111-113, 116, 117, 118, 128, 130, 134, 136, 173, 240
fission, 111, 112, 113, 128
fusion, 111, 112, 113, 130, 173
radioactive decay, 87-88, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 125, 178, 182, 183, 186
O
Ocean science, 334, 336
Orders of magnitude, 90
Organisms, living
grade band endpoints, 144-145, 146-148, 149-150
growth and development, 140, 145-147
information processing, 149-150
matter and energy flows in, 130, 147-148, 220-223
models and representations, 93
performance expectations example, 220-223
structure and function, 96, 139, 140, 143-145, 147
system pespective, 92, 99, 107, 140, 143, 144-145, 147, 148
P
Parsimony, 48
Patterns and pattern recognition, 3
analyzing and interpreting data, 51, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 94, 131, 197
argumentation from evidence of, 71
and asking questions, 55, 84, 85, 86, 236
and cause-and-effect relationships, 86, 88-89
in classification, 85, 86-87, 222
cyclical, 98, 119, 176
definition of concept, 84
in earth and space sciences, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 182-183, 186, 187, 188, 191-192, 193, 195, 197
energy, 121
in engineering design, 51, 70, 86
in forces and motion, 115, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 130, 173, 174, 175, 178, 181, 185
of interactions, 115, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 130, 152
learning progressions, 60, 66, 70, 86-87, 88, 101, 233
in life sciences, 139, 152, 155
mathematics and computational thinking and, 51, 64, 65, 66, 86, 94
matter structure and properties, 106, 109, 223, 227, 228, 230
natural resource use, 191-192
in physical sciences, 106, 109, 115, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 130, 131, 132-133, 223, 227, 228, 230, 239
representation of data and, 65, 66, 86, 133, 183
scale and, 86-87
in science, 47-48, 51, 78, 84-85, 86
and stability/instability, 98, 99, 101, 118, 120
systems and system models, 182-183, 188, 195, 229
Peer review, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78
Periodic table, 106, 109, 227, 239
Photoelectric effect, 122
Photons, 112, 122, 135
Photosynthesis, 104, 128, 129, 130, 146, 147, 148, 153, 154, 180, 187, 189, 223
Photovoltaic materials, 133, 136
Physical scale models and prototypes, 34, 46, 58, 63, 77, 90, 206, 207, 208, 252
Physical sciences (see also Energy; Forces and motion; Matter and energy; Motion and stability; Waves)
cause-and-effect mechanisms in, 100, 103, 107, 112, 113, 114, 115-116, 125-126, 127, 132, 223, 229, 237
core ideas, 103-105
information resources for framework, 103, 349
mathematics and computational thinking, 64
patterns in, 106, 109, 115, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 130, 131, 132-133, 223, 227, 228, 230, 239
public feedback on, 342
scale, proportion, or quantity in, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 238
systems and system models, 103, 107, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118-120
Plate tectonics, 97, 177, 178-179, 180, 181, 182-183
Political science, 13, 14
Practices of science and engineering (see also Modeling/models)
argumentation and analysis, 27, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 71-74
asking questions (science) and defining problems (engineering), 49, 50, 54-56
for classrooms, 49-77
collaboration, 27, 53
communicating findings, 53, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 74-77
constructing scientific explanations, 49, 51, 67-68, 69-70
content integrated with, 11, 25, 26-28, 43, 78-79
crosscutting concepts and, 42
data organization, analysis, and interpretation, 49, 51, 61-63, 65, 66, 68
defined, 30
design development (engineering), 45-47, 49, 52, 58, 65, 68-69, 70-71
distinguishing science from engineering, 50-53, 62
evaluation-based approach, 46, 53, 74-77
goals, 55, 58, 60, 62-63, 65-66, 69, 72-73, 75-76
inquiry-based approach, 30, 41, 44-45, 63
investigation planning and implementation, 45, 49, 50, 55, 59-61
learning progressions, 26, 34, 56, 58-59, 60-61, 63, 66-67, 69-71, 73-74, 76-77
mathematics and computational thinking, 49, 51, 61, 62, 63, 64-67
public feedback on, 340-341
rationale for, 41, 42-46
references consulted for, 347-348
reflecting on, 78-79
research and development agenda, 316
“scientific method” myth, 44, 78
spheres of activity, 44-46
standards and, 10
understanding how scientists work, 43-44
Pressure
and rock formation, 180
temperature and, 96-97, 107, 109, 112, 113, 180, 227, 237
waves, 131
Principles of the framework
building on prior interests and experience, 28
capacity of children to learn, 24-25
core ideas and practices, 25-26
equity in education, 28-29
knowledge and practice, 26-28
learning progressions, 26
Prior conceptions, 25
Prisms, 135
Procedural knowledge, 78-79
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 141, 262-263
Proportionality, 90, 91, 110, 121, 123, 166
Psychology, 10, 13-14, 143, 212, 301, 334, 335, 336, 342
Public feedback on report, 18
audience, 333
connections to math and literacy, 339-340
content suggestions, 334-336
crosscutting concepts, 341
disciplinary core ideas, 341-343
diversity and equity issues, 340
earth and space sciences, 342-343
engineering and technology, 336-338, 343
implementation, 340
integration of three dimensions, 338-339
learning progressions, 343-344
life sciences, 342
organizations involved in, 344-345
overarching issues, 332-340
physical sciences, 342
purpose of document, 333
quality of writing, 333
quantity of material, 338
scientific and engineering practices, 340-341
Q
Quantities and quantitative relationships, 51, 65, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98, 106, 107, 115, 124, 126
Quantum physics, 64, 116, 122, 133, 135, 137
R
Radioactive decay, 87-88, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 125, 178, 182, 183, 186
Radiometric dating, 112, 113
Reading science texts, 53, 74, 75, 76-77, 258-259
Reasoning ability of young children, 24-25
Relativity, 64, 116
Reproduction, 140, 144, 145-146, 147, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163-164, 165-166
Research and development agenda
accountability, 323-324
assessment, 314-315, 317-319, 323-324
core questions behind, 312-315
curricular and instructional materials, 316-317, 321
educational experiences, 313-314
implementation of framework, 212-220
key areas, 315-320
learning progressions, 315-316
norms and practices, 314
organizational issues, 324
practices, scientific and engineering, 316
preconceptions of student, 313
progression of student understanding, 313
standards influence, 320-324
teacher and administrator development, 319-320, 322-323
Rhode Island Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, 345
S
Scale, proportion, or quantity
and cause-and-effect mechanisms, 88, 111, 113
definition of concept, 84, 85
in earth and space sciences, 169, 170, 173, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 186, 188, 238
in engineering, 89, 90-91, 206
and force and motion, 114, 116-117, 118, 175
learning progression, 36, 90-91, 233, 238, 239
in life sciences, 100, 139, 140, 143, 144
and mathematics and computational thinking, 91
measurement and units, 90-91, 205, 231
and modeling, 90, 100, 101, 122, 123-124, 127, 206
orders of magnitude, 90
and pattern recognition, 85, 86-87, 186
in physical sciences, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 238
proportionality, 90, 91, 110, 121, 123, 166
quantities and quantitative relationships, 51, 65, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98, 106, 107, 115, 124, 126
in scientific studies, 89
spatial, 170, 179, 180
and stability changes, 99, 100, 101, 114, 119
and structure and properties, 86, 96-97, 103, 107, 109, 110, 117, 143, 238, 239
in systems and system models, 92, 182-183, 186, 188, 230, 303
temporal, 89-90, 99, 100, 112, 139, 169, 178, 180, 182, 186, 188
Science (see also specific disciplines and practices)
defined, in K-12 context, 11
goals, 55, 69
nature of, 334, 336
Science Anchors project, 23, 30
Science College Board Standards for College Success, 13, 17, 23, 30, 141
Science education system
coherence, 244-245
complexity, 243-245
Science Framework for the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 13, 16, 17, 23, 303
Skills (see Practices)
Social interactions and group behavior, 140, 156-157
Sociology, 13, 14, 212
Solar cells/energy, 50, 130, 134, 143, 211
Solar system, 117, 118, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175-176, 177, 179, 180, 263
Sound, 104, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136-137, 231
Space sciences (see also Earth and space sciences)
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 175, 176
Earth’s place in universe, 170, 173-174
grade band endpoints, 174, 176, 177-179
gravity/gravitational forces, 64, 88, 92, 100, 113, 116, 117-118, 121-122, 123, 126, 127, 169, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181-182, 184, 185
Kepler’s laws, 175
models/modeling, 176
nuclear processes, 112, 113, 173
planetary history of Earth, 100, 170, 176-178, 181-182
rotation and tilt of Earth, 175-176
scale in, 100, 173, 175, 178
seasonal variations, 175-176
solar system, 117, 118, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175-176, 177, 179, 180, 263
systems and system models, 118
universe and stars, 67, 112, 113, 173-174
Speciation, 154, 155, 161, 165, 166, 167
Speed of light, 114, 115, 116, 134, 135, 136, 137
Spreadsheets, 59, 62, 63, 66
Stability and change
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 98, 100
dynamic equilibrium, 99-100
in ecosystems, 100, 152
feedback loops, 98-99, 101
homeostasis, 119, 143
patterns in, 98, 99, 101, 118, 120
progression, 100-101
scale and, 99, 100, 101, 114, 119
in systems, 84, 98-99, 100, 101, 113, 114, 118-120, 125, 126, 150, 152, 154-155, 169, 180, 239
Standards (see also National Science Education Standards)
alignment with other K-12 subjects, 306-307
and assessment and accountability, 2, 218, 323-324
boundary statements, 301-302
and curriculum and instructional materials, 2, 218, 321
development, 2, 8, 19-20
equity and diversity in, 280, 307-308
and fragmentation of education, 10
grade band progressions, 304-305
grade-by-grade progressions, 305
learning goals, 298-299
learning progressions, 302-304
performance expectations, 218, 301
recommendations, 298-308
research and development agenda, 320-324
research basis, 303-304
resources, time, and teacher expertise, 305-306
scientific and engineering practices, 300-301
scientific rigor and accuracy, 299-300
and teacher and administrator development, 2, 322-323
Statistics and statistical analysis, 14, 15, 51, 61, 63, 65, 66
Strands of proficiency, 250
dimensions in framework and, 254-255
and instruction approaches, 253-255
and learning, 251-253
Strong nuclear force, 88, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 240
Structure and function
definition of concept, 84, 85
in ecosystems, 150
forces and motion and, 117
learning progression, 97-98
and matter and energy flows, 106-109, 147, 224-240
organisms, 96, 139, 140, 143-145
scale and, 86, 96-97, 103, 107, 109, 110, 117, 143, 238, 239
in systems, 96, 97, 98
Structure of the framework (see also Disciplinary core ideas; Crosscutting concepts; Practices of science and engineering)
dimensions, 29-33
progressions across K-12, 33-34
Supernovas, 112, 113, 173, 174
Systems and system models (see also Earth systems; Ecosystems)
biological, 107, 140, 143, 144-145, 147, 148
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 87, 88, 89, 93, 103, 169-170, 180, 181, 182-183, 188, 192, 195, 223, 229
conservation of energy in, 120-121, 123, 124-126, 128
cycles, 96, 98
definition of concept, 84, 91-92
dynamic equilibrium, 98, 99-100
engineering design, 12, 30, 46, 50, 57, 86, 88, 94, 98-99, 128-129, 130, 133, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 214
feedback mechanisms, 98-99, 101, 119, 120, 145, 169-170, 181, 190
forces and interactions within, 88, 94, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120, 127, 176
instruction, 94
isolated systems, 92, 115, 235
large-scale, 99, 118, 182-183
learning progression, 93-94, 230, 233, 235
mathematics and computational thinking and, 51, 57, 64-65, 67, 94, 126
matter and energy transfers, 84, 92, 93, 94-95, 96, 106, 110, 119, 120-122, 123, 124-126, 128-129, 147, 148, 150, 152-154, 169, 179, 223, 239
models/modeling, 43, 46, 52, 57, 58, 59, 64-65, 67, 75, 89, 92-96, 100, 101, 170, 197, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 229, 230, 236
patterns, 98, 99, 152, 173, 175-176, 182-183, 188, 195, 229
in physical sciences, 103, 107, 110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118-120
potential energy, 121-122
scale effects, 84, 90, 91, 92, 100, 103, 181, 182-183, 186, 188, 230, 239, 303
in space, 118
stability and change in, 84, 98-99, 100, 101, 113, 114, 118-120, 125, 126, 150, 152, 154-155, 169, 180, 239
structure and functioning of, 96, 97, 98
subsystem interactions, 92, 93, 97, 103, 120-121, 144, 179, 195
Systems for State Science Assessment, 23, 242, 264, 298
T
Tables and tabulating data, 61, 62, 63, 76, 77
Taking Science to School, 23, 24, 242, 250, 251, 253, 254, 298
Teachers/teaching
framework impact on, 322-323
inservice development, 259-260
literacy in science and engineering, 256-259
preservice experiences, 257-259
professional development, 2, 255-260, 319-320, 322-323
research and development agenda, 319-320
research base, 257
state licensure requirements, 257
Technology (see Communications systems and devices; Engineering and technology)
Temperature
body, 145, 148, 149, 220, 223
and chemical reactions, 110-111
data sets, 62
ecosystem impacts, 99, 151, 155
and electromagnetic radiation, 134
energy transfer and, 112, 113, 121, 123, 124, 126
feedback loops, 99
mean surface, of Earth, 68, 100, 188, 189, 198
misunderstandings about, 313
and motion of particles, 120, 121, 123, 124, 229, 238
ocean, 185
and pressure, 96-97, 107, 109, 112, 113, 180, 227, 237
and stability in systems, 119
and state changes in matter, 70, 107, 108, 109, 110, 226, 227, 231, 232, 235-236, 237, 238
units and measurement, 91, 231, 313
and weather and climate, 185, 186, 188
Terminology and language of science, 67, 74, 76-77, 95-96, 100, 101, 115, 122, 123, 128, 247, 258, 285, 286
Theory
application of, 52, 79
defined, 67
modeling, 67
Thermal energy, 121, 122, 123, 125, 130, 136, 180, 181
Torricelli, Evangelista, 54
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 141
Triangle Coalition, 345
U
University of Colorado at Boulder Biology Educators Group, 345
University of Washington, Seattle, 345
V
Vermont Department of Education, 345
Vision for K-12 science and engineering education
core ideas, 2, 11
goals, 8-10
learning progressions, 10-11
limitations of framework, 11-15
practices integrated with knowledge, 11
Volume, 90, 97, 107, 108, 231, 233, 235
W
Water
abundance, 185-186
evaporation and condensation, 98, 104, 108, 184, 185, 233, 234, 235, 236
cycle, 180, 184, 185
grade band endpoints, 184-186
matter and energy transfers, 96
pattern recognition in, 185
and surface processes, 179, 184-186
Waves
amplitude, 132, 133
cause-and-effect mechanisms, 132
color reflection and absorption, 135
electromagnetic radiation, 64, 112, 121, 122, 130, 133-136, 149, 188
energy transfer/conversion, 131, 133, 136
frequency, 132
grade band endpoints, 132-133, 134-136, 137
information technologies and instrumentation, 104, 130, 131, 132-133, 136-137, 342
light, 70, 89-90, 104, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 121, 122, 123, 125, 128, 130, 131, 133-135, 136, 137, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 174, 189, 222, 223
modeling, 122, 132, 133, 135
patterns, 130, 131, 132, 132-133
photons, 112, 122, 135 (see also Light)
properties, 131-133
refraction, 132
resonance, 131, 133
seismic, 132, 181
sound, 104, 121, 122, 131
and structure and function, 131, 133
in water, 132, 184
wavelength, 125, 131-132, 134
Weak nuclear force, 88, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118
Weather and climate
Earth systems interactions and, 179, 180, 186-189
El Nino Southern Oscillation conditions, 197
feedback loops, 187
forecasting, 193
global climate change, 43, 155, 156, 166, 175, 176, 184, 187, 188, 189, 191, 196-198, 306
grade band endpoints, 188-189, 193, 198
greenhouse gases and, 186, 187, 188, 189-190, 197, 198
models/modeling, 189, 197, 198
patterns in, 186, 187, 188, 197
planetary motion and, 175, 176
volcanic eruptions and meteoric impacts and, 187
Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, 345
X
X-rays, 133, 136