Health-Focused
Public–Private Partnerships
in the Urban Context
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Joe Alper, Liza Hamilton, and Claire Moerder, Rapporteurs
Forum on Public–Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety
Board on Global Health
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
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This activity was supported by AB InBev Foundation; Becton, Dickinson and Company; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Catholic Health Association of the United States; ExxonMobil; Global Health Innovative Technology Fund; Intel Corporation; Johnson & Johnson; Medtronic; Merck & Co., Inc.; Novartis Foundation; PATH; PepsiCo, Inc.; Procter & Gamble Company; Safaricom; United Nations Foundation; University of Notre Dame; UPS Foundation; U.S. Agency for International Development; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and U.S. Department of State. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-67707-3
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-67707-6
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/25790
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Health-focused public–private partnerships in the urban context: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25790.
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PLANNING COMMITTEE ON HEALTH-FOCUSED PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN THE URBAN CONTEXT1
ANN AERTS (Co-Chair), Head, Novartis Foundation
JO IVEY BOUFFORD (Co-Chair), Immediate Past President, The New York Academy of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Global Health, School of Global Public Health, New York University
CHRISTIAN ACEMAH, Executive Director, Uganda National Academy of Sciences
SIMON BLAND, Director, New York Liaison Office, UNAIDS
ALLISON GOLDBERG, Executive Director, AB InBev Foundation
CLARION JOHNSON, Independent Consultant, ExxonMobil
REBECCA MARTIN, Director, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
WILLIAM B. ROUSE, Professor, School of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology
SHAWN STANDRIDGE, Corporate Medical Director, Procter & Gamble Company
DAVID VLAHOV, Associate Dean for Research and Professor, School of Nursing, Yale University
Forum on Public–Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety Staff
LIZA HAMILTON, Program Officer
KATHERINE PEREZ, Research Associate
CLAIRE MOERDER, Research Assistant
JULIE PAVLIN, Senior Director, Board on Global Health
Consultant
JOE ALPER, Writer
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
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FORUM ON PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR GLOBAL HEALTH AND SAFETY1
JO IVEY BOUFFORD (Co-Chair), Immediate Past President, The New York Academy of Medicine; Clinical Professor of Global Health, School of Global Public Health, New York University
CLARION JOHNSON (Co-Chair), Private Consultant, ExxonMobil
ANN AERTS, Head, Novartis Foundation
SIR GEORGE ALLEYNE, Director Emeritus, Pan American Health Organization; Chancellor Emeritus, The University of the West Indies
NATASHA BILIMORIA, Director, U.S. Strategy, Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance
SIMON BLAND, Chief Executive Officer, Global Institute for Disease Elimination
CARA BRADLEY, Chief Corporate-Engagement Officer, PATH
STEPHEN CHEGE, Director, Corporate Affairs, Safaricom
ROBERT CLAY, Vice President, Save the Children
BRENDA D. COLATRELLA, Associate Vice President, Corporate Responsibility, Merck & Co., Inc.; President, Merck Foundation
BRUCE COMPTON, Senior Director of International Outreach, Catholic Health Association of the United States
KATE DODSON, Vice President for Global Health Strategy, United Nations Foundation
RENUKA GADDE, Vice President, Global Health, Becton, Dickinson and Company
ROGER GLASS, Director, Fogarty International Center
ALLISON GOLDBERG, Executive Director, AB InBev Foundation
JESSICA HERZSTEIN, Preventive Medicine Specialist
JAMES JONES, Executive Director, ExxonMobil Foundation
SEEMA KUMAR, Vice President, Innovation, Global Health, and Science Policy Communication, Johnson & Johnson
REBECCA MARTIN, Director, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
EDUARDO MARTINEZ, President, UPS Foundation; Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer, UPS
JOHN MONAHAN, Senior Fellow, McCourt School of Public Policy, and Senior Advisor to the President, Georgetown University
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
GABRIELLA MORRIS, Senior Vice President of Strategic Partnerships, U.S. Fund for UNICEF
ANDRIN OSWALD, Director, Life Sciences Partnerships, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation REGINA RABINOVICH, ExxonMobil Malaria Scholar in Residence, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University
SCOTT C. RATZAN, Senior Scholar, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York
SHAWN STANDRIDGE, Corporate Medical Director, Procter & Gamble Company
KATHERINE TAYLOR, Associate Director and Director, Global Health Training, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame
TADATAKA “TACHI” YAMADA, Venture Partner, Frazier Healthcare Partners
Health and Medicine Division Project Staff
LIZA HAMILTON, Program Officer
KATHERINE PEREZ, Research Associate
CLAIRE MOERDER, Research Assistant
JULIE PAVLIN, Senior Director, Board on Global Health
Reviewers
This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by HUGH TILSON, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.
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Contents
Organization of the Proceedings
2 CITIES AND PLANETARY HEALTH: WHY URBAN ISSUES MATTER
The Role of Cities in Planetary Health
Determinants of Urban Health and Health Inequities
Opportunities and Challenges for Promoting Urban Health
3 EVIDENCE AND CHALLENGES FOR URBAN HEALTH INITIATIVES IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The Contemporary Urban Moment and Its Implications for Global Health
Effects of Urbanization and Urban Planning on Health
Designing Public Spaces for Healthier Lives
4 IDENTIFYING AND ADDRESSING HEALTH INEQUITIES IN URBAN SETTINGS
Identifying and Addressing Health Inequities in the Cities Changing Diabetes Initiative
Community Health: Improving Health for All
5 EFFECT OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON URBAN POPULATION HEALTH
The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change
Potential Transportation Solutions
The Effect of Transportation Systems on the Health of Urban Populations: Evidence from Latin America
6 HOW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAN HELP IMPROVE URBAN HEALTH
Can Smart Cities Deliver Meaningful Health Benefits?
Intelligent Technologies for Urban Disabled and Older Adults
Artificial Intelligence in Global, Urban Health
Key Points from the Day’s Discussions
7 POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE OF PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR URBAN HEALTH
Corporate Governance and Partnerships: The Cities Changing Diabetes Initiative
Leadership to Transform Global Goals into Local Action and Partnerships
Figures and Table
FIGURES
1-1 Broad determinants of health that could be addressed to make cities healthier
2-1 A conceptual framework for the urban determinants of health
2-3 Historical and projected trajectories for the urbanization of humanity
2-4 Avoidable mortalities in small areas of 15 European cities
2-5 The factors that contribute to health inequalities across urban neighborhoods
3-1 The link between policies on urban planning and human health
3-3 Bicycle usage versus distance of available cycling lanes for European cities
3-4 Population centers and green spaces in metropolitan New York
3-5 Map of the Community Parks Initiative, New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
4-1 The World Health Organization’s Health in All Policies framework
4-2 The Rule of Halves and its role in preventing, managing, and treating diabetes
5-1 The systems and drivers of the global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change
6-1 Performance versus trust of artificial intelligence
6-3 Projected annual savings from deploying self-driving cars to assist disabled and older adults
7-1 Bending the curve on diabetes
7-2 Health outcomes versus health spending per head
7-3 The proportion of people who have a family physician and of those who do not
7-4 The number of prescriptions written and dispensed for antidepressants and antianxiety drugs
TABLE
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AI |
artificial intelligence |
CBO |
community benefit organization |
DALY |
disability-adjusted life year |
EHR |
electronic health record |
NGO |
nongovernmental organization |
PPP |
public–private partnership |
SALURBAL |
Salud Urbana en America Latina/Urban Health in Latin America |
SDG |
Sustainable Development Goal |
UN |
United Nations |
UN-Habitat |
United Nations Human Settlements Programme |
USAID |
U.S. Agency for International Development |
USD |
U.S. dollars |
WHO |
World Health Organization |
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