Integrating Traffic Incident Management and Connected, Automated Technology Communities: A Guide for Communicating and Connecting (2024)

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2024 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1104 Integrating Trafc Incident Management and Connected, Automated Technology Communities A GUIDE FOR COMMUNICATING AND CONNECTING Patrick Son Gannett Fleming Inc. Washington, DC Carrie S. Long Ashwini Karanth Laurie Matkowski Gannett Fleming Inc. Philadelphia, PA Todd Szymkowski Gannett Fleming Inc. Madison, WI Robert Brydia Margaret Fowler Beverly Storey Texas A&M Transportation Institute College Station, TX Pat Noyes Pat Noyes & Associates Boulder, CO Subscriber Categories Highways • Operations and Trafc Management • Security and Emergencies Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ofcials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agree- ment No. 693JJ31950003. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1104 Project 20-102(16) ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-70955-2 Library of Congress Control Number 2024932854 © 2024 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trade- marks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, APTA, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, or NHTSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or spec- ifications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names or logos appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major program divisions of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to mobilize expertise, experience, and knowledge to anticipate and solve complex transportation-related challenges. e Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,500 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1104 Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Zuxuan Deng, Senior Program Officer Anthony P. Avery, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications NCHRP PROJECT 20-102(16) PANEL Field of Special Projects Joseph Sagal, Maryland Department of Transportation, Baltimore, MD (deceased) (Chair) Xuegang Ban, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Angela Roper Barnett, A Barnett Enterprises, Chandler, AZ Ashley Buechter, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, MO Kevin Davis, California Highway Patrol, Sacramento, CA Jason Josey, Georgia Department of Transportation, Atlanta, GA Robert Patrick, Waymo, Mountain View, CA Eileen M. G. Singleton, Baltimore Metropolitan Council, Baltimore, MD Jack Sullivan, Emergency Responder Safety Institute, Chesterfield, VA Marquis Young, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Milwaukee, WI James Austrich, FHWA Liaison

NCHRP Research Report 1104: Integrating Traffic Incident Management and Connected, Automated Technology Communities: A Guide for Communicating and Connecting prepares emergency responders for the deployment of connected, automated vehicle (CAV) technol- ogies. The Guide includes a summary of information about CAV technologies and their impact on incidents and incident response that will be useful to a broad range of emergency responders. Based on effective practices (e.g., strategies, processes, procedures, and standards) that address the needs of emergency responders, the Guide provides recommendations for ongoing structures to incorporate emergency responder perspectives into the development of CAV technologies. The material in this report will be of immediate interest to public agency staff and private partners dealing with emergency response, traffic incident manage- ment, transportation systems management and operations, and CAV technologies. The roles of emergency responders and their processes are just beginning to adapt to CAV technologies. Even before reaching the implementation of fully automated vehicles, these technologies will affect incident response, and questions abound. What will happen when a crash occurs? Will responders need to respond differently? Will the severity of crashes increase when technology fails? Could it fail catastrophically? Will new players be involved in incident response? How will liability or responsibility be assigned? Are there new or changing risks to responders? Will these new technologies provide more data to the responders so that the response activities will change? For example, will the responders have information related to the crash severity, such as airbag deployment, number of occupants, or fuel spills, so they can be better prepared before arriving at the scene? While incidents vary widely and the specific characteristics will dictate what responses are needed, this project was principally concerned with primary emergency responders, including law enforcement, fire departments, emergency medical services, safety service patrols, towing and recovery specialists, and hazardous materials responders. Under NCHRP Project 20-102(16), “Impacts of Connected, Automated Vehicle Tech- nologies on Traffic Incident Management Response,” the Gannett Fleming team was asked to develop a guide to prepare emergency responders for the deployment of CAV technolo- gies at local, regional, state, and national levels. This research includes a synthesis of effective practices and procedures currently being used by emergency response organizations to deal with CAV technologies and interviews with representatives of the CAV technology industry and emergency responders to determine how emergency response perspectives are being considered in the development, deployment, and operation of these technologies. The Guide is accompanied by NCHRP Web-Only Document 395: Impacts of Connected, Automated Vehicle Technologies on Traffic Incident Management Response. Presentation F O R E W O R D By Zuxuan Deng Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

materials, an Implementation Plan that identifies opportunities for dissemination and moving research into practice, and a White Paper on approaches that could remedy issues that arise from the interactions between emergency responders and CAV technologies are supple- mental to NCHRP Web-Only Document 395. Both the documents and the supplemental materials are available on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org) by searching for NCHRP Research Report 1104: Integrating Traffic Incident Management and Connected, Automated Technology Communities: A Guide for Communicating and Connecting.

Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at nap.nationalacademies.org) retains the color versions. 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Project Purpose 2 Project Background 8 Chapter 2 Ties That Bind Us 8 A Conversation Between Communities 9 Ties That Bind These Communities 9 Bridging These Communities 10 Impacts and Roles of CAV Technology in TIM Scenarios 17 Chapter 3 Networks, Organizations, and Relationships 17 Introduction 17 Major Stakeholder Categories 18 Leading Organizations, Stakeholders, and Industry Networks 23 Chapter 4 Effective Communication Products 24 Communication Products 34 Chapter 5 Implementation Principles and Perspectives 34 Guiding Principles 36 Communication Products and Approach 37 Implementation Actions 39 Chapter 6 Resources 39 Staying Current with CAV and TIM 41 References 42 Glossary of Key Terms C O N T E N T S