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NCHRP Web-Only Document 390 Response Planning, Assessment, and Rapid Restoration of Service of Bridges in Extreme Events BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY Andre R. Barbosa Carly Diehl (Loving) Michael J. Olsen Oregon State University Corvallis, OR Marc J. V eletzos Casey Saitow Shannon Sweeney Merrimack College North Andover, MA Z hi Qiang Chen Chengye Li University of Missouri Kansas City, MO Gene V . Roe Robert Winans MPN Components Hampton, NH Kaz Tabrizi Abeer Al-Shammari Advanced Infrastructure Design Hamilton, NJ Conduct of Research Report for NCHRP Project 14-45 Submitted February 2023 © 2024 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. NATIONAL COOPERATIV E HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniquesâthe National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agreement No. 693JJ31950003. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, APTA, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, or NHTSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or specifications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.
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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 390 Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Amir Hanna, Senior Program Officer Emily Griswold, Program Coordinator Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer J. Weeks, Publishing Projects Manager NCHRP PROJECT 14-45 PANEL Field of MaintenanceâArea of Maintenance of Way and Structures Matthew M. Farrar, Idaho Transportation Department (retired), Boise, ID (Chair) Prince Baah, Indiana Department of Transportation, West Lafayette, IN Jieun Hur, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Jugesh Kapur, HNTB Corporation, Bellevue, WA Nicholas W. Murray, Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Juneau, AK Massoud Nasrollahi, Virginia Department of Transportation, Glen Allen, VA Benjamin Q. Ramirez, Jose I Guerra, Inc., Austin, TX Richard W. Runyen, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, PA Derek Soden, FHWA Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was developed for NCHRP Project 14-45 by Oregon State University, Merrimack College, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MPN Components Inc., and Advanced Infrastructure Design. The authors of the final report, Guide, and corresponding Tool are Andre R. Barbosa (OSU), Michael J. Olsen (OSU), Carly Diehl (Loving) (OSU), Marc Veletzos (Merrimack), Zhiqiang Chen (UMKC), Chengye Li (UMKC), Gene Roe (MPN), Robert Winans (MPN), Kaz Tabrizi (AID), and Abeer Al-Shammari (AID). Shannon Sweeney and Casey Saitow (Merrimack) helped with compiling sources for the Literature Review and drafting the Case Studies.
iv C O N T E N T S SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT.......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 RESEARCH SCOPE AND APPROACH ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT .......................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND STATE-OF-PRACTICE.................................................................. 5 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 PLANNING ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2.1 Anticipated Extreme Events ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.2.2 Coordination and Communication .............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.3 Funding ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.4 Information Acquisition and Sharing .......................................................................................................... 8 2.2.5 Preventative Measures ................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.6 Implementation Preparation ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.7 Technology ................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.3 ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Inspection Coordination and Communication .......................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Implementation Preparation ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Implementation .......................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Technology ................................................................................................................................................ 18 2.4 RAPID RESTORATION ......................................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Bidding & Contracting .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.4.2 Implementation .......................................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Technology and Advanced Materials ........................................................................................................ 22 2.5 CASE STUDIES.................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3: EVALUATION OF RAPID RESTORATION PROCEDURES ................................................... 25 3.1 EVALUATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 NEEDS ................................................................................................................................................................ 42 3.2.1 Response Planning .................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 Emergency Assessment .............................................................................................................................. 43 3.2.3 Rapid Restoration...................................................................................................................................... 43 3.3 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Key Recommendations for Planning ......................................................................................................... 44 3.3.2 Key Recommendations for Assessment...................................................................................................... 46 3.3.3 Key Recommendations for Rapid Restoration ........................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT OF THE GUIDE ............................................................................................... 49 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 49 4.1.1 Primary Audience...................................................................................................................................... 50 4.2 KEY CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 50 4.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE GUIDE ........................................................................................................................... 51 4.3.1 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 51 4.3.2 Chapter 2: Pre-Event Response Planning and Preparedness ................................................................... 51 4.3.3 Chapter 3: Event Response and Mobilization ........................................................................................... 52 4.3.4 Chapter 4: Damage Assessments .............................................................................................................. 52
v 4.3.5 Chapter 5: Rapid Restoration of Service .................................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOL ................................................................................................. 56 5.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ...................................................................................................................... 56 5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL ................................................................................................................................ 56 5.3 BARRT USER AND DEVELOPER GUIDES ........................................................................................................... 57 5.4 SUMMARY OF INDIVIDUAL TOOLS ..................................................................................................................... 58 5.4.1 Interactive PowerPoint-based tools .......................................................................................................... 58 5.4.2 Emergency Event Action Plan ................................................................................................................... 58 5.4.3 Bridge Specific Action Plan ...................................................................................................................... 61 5.4.4 Case Studies Tool ...................................................................................................................................... 63 5.4.5 Status Form ............................................................................................................................................... 64 5.4.6 Contact Form ............................................................................................................................................ 66 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED RESEARCH ..................................................................... 68 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................................... 69 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. 74 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................................... 76 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE......................................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX B: QUESTIONNAIRE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 98 B.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 98 B.2. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................................... 99 B.2.1 Agency Information .................................................................................................................................. 99 B.2.2 Emergency Preparedness ......................................................................................................................... 99 B.2.3 Emergency Assessment ........................................................................................................................... 102 B.2.4 Repairs .................................................................................................................................................... 105 B.2.5 Case Studies ............................................................................................................................................ 111 B.2.6 Policy and Procurement ......................................................................................................................... 113 B.2.7 Communications ..................................................................................................................................... 115 B.2.8 Overall Agency Self-Assessment ............................................................................................................. 117 B.3. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 118 B.3.1 Emergency Preparedness ....................................................................................................................... 119 B.3.2 Emergency Assessment ........................................................................................................................... 119 B.3.3 Repairs .................................................................................................................................................... 119 B.3.4 Case Studies ............................................................................................................................................ 119 B.3.5 Policy and Procurement ......................................................................................................................... 119 B.3.6 Communications ..................................................................................................................................... 119 B.3.7 General Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 120 APPENDIX C: CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................................ 121 C.1 DENALI 2002 [EARTHQUAKE] ......................................................................................................................... 121 C.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 121 C.1.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 122 C.1.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 122 C.1.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 122 C.1.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 123 C.1.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 123 C.2 JAPAN 2011 [EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI] .................................................................................................... 124 C.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 124 C.2.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 125 C.2.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 125
vi C.2.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 127 C.2.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 128 C.2.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 128 C.3 NISQUALLY 2001 [EARTHQUAKE] ................................................................................................................... 130 C.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 130 C.3.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 131 C.3.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 132 C.3.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 132 C.3.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 133 C.3.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 134 C.4 NORTHRIDGE 1994 [EARTHQUAKE] ................................................................................................................ 136 C.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 136 C.4.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 136 C.4.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 137 C.4.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 137 C.4.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 138 C.4.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 138 C.5 HIGHWAY 54 OVER SANDERS CREEK BRIDGE 2018 [FLOOD] .......................................................................... 141 C.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 141 C.5.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 141 C.5.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 141 C.5.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 142 C.5.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 143 C.5.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 143 C.6 MICHIGAN 2020 [FLOOD] ................................................................................................................................ 144 C.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 144 C.6.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 145 C.6.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 145 C.6.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 145 C.6.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 145 C.6.6 Innovations ............................................................................................................................................. 146 C.7 I-69 SOUTHBOUND BRIDGE 2017 [HURRICANE] .............................................................................................. 147 C.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 147 C.7.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 148 C.7.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 148 C.7.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 148 C.7.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 150 C.7.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 150 C.8 KATRINA 2005 [HURRICANE] .......................................................................................................................... 151 C.8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 151 C.8.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 152 C.8.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 152 C.8.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 152 C.8.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 153 C.8.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 154 C.9 I-95 CHESTER CREEK BRIDGE 1998 [FIRE] ..................................................................................................... 155 C.9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 155 C.9.2 Emergency Planning .............................................................................................................................. 156 C.9.3 Assessment .............................................................................................................................................. 156 C.9.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................... 156 C.9.5 Challenges .............................................................................................................................................. 157 C.9.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned .......................................................................................................... 158 C.10 I-29NB PERRY CREEK CONDUIT 2019 [FIRE] ............................................................................................... 159
vii C.10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 159 C.10.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 160 C.10.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 160 C.10.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 161 C.10.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 162 C.10.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 162 C.11 GLENN HIGHWAY AND EAGLE RIVER OVERPASS 2018 [COLLISION] ............................................................ 163 C.11.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 163 C.11.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 164 C.11.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 164 C.11.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 164 C.11.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 166 C.11.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 166 C.12 INTERSTATE 555 HIGHWAY 1B OVERPASS 2017 [COLLISION] ...................................................................... 167 C.12.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 167 C.12.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 168 C.12.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 168 C.12.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 168 C.12.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 169 C.12.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 169 C.13 ARKANSAS RIVER BRIDGE COLLAPSE 2002 [COLLISION] ............................................................................. 171 C.13.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 171 C.13.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 172 C.13.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 172 C.13.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 172 C.13.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 173 C.13.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 174 C.14 MATHEWS BRIDGE 2013 [COLLISION] .......................................................................................................... 175 C.14.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 175 C.14.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 176 C.14.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 176 C.14.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 177 C.14.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 178 C.14.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 179 C.15 SAN JACINTO RIVER I-10 2019 [COLLISION] ................................................................................................. 180 C.15.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 180 C.15.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 181 C.15.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 181 C.15.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 181 C.15.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 182 C.15.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 182 C.16 SCOTTSBURG BRIDGE 2017 [COLLISION] ...................................................................................................... 183 C.16.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 183 C.16.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 184 C.16.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 184 C.16.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 185 C.16.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 185 C.16.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 186 C.17 SKAGIT RIVER BRIDGE 2013 [COLLISION] .................................................................................................... 187 C.17.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 187 C.17.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 188 C.17.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 188 C.17.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 188
viii C.17.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 189 C.17.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 190 C.18 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION P3 2012 [PROCUREMENT] .......................................... 191 C.18.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 191 C.18.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 191 C.18.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 192 C.18.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 192 C.18.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 193 C.18.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 193 C.19 I-35W MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRIDGE COLLAPSE 2007 [MAN-MADE] ................................................................ 194 C.19.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 194 C.19.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 195 C.19.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 195 C.19.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 196 C.19.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 197 C.19.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 197 C.20 RAPID REPAIR OF SAVA RIVER BRIDGE AT BRCKO 1996 [MAN-MADE] ........................................................ 199 C.20.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 199 C.20.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 199 C.20.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 200 C.20.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 200 C.20.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 201 C.20.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 202 C.21 WEST SEATTLE BRIDGE 2020 [IMMEDIATE ACTION INSPECTION] ................................................................. 203 C.21.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 203 C.21.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 204 C.21.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 204 C.21.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 205 C.21.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 206 C.21.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 206 C.22 FRANKLIN AVE 2015 [OTHER] ...................................................................................................................... 208 C.22.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 208 C.22.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 208 C.22.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 209 C.22.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 209 C.22.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 209 C.22.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 210 C.23 I-84 BRIDGES 2013 [OTHER] ......................................................................................................................... 211 C.23.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 211 C.23.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 211 C.23.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 212 C.23.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 212 C.23.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 214 C.23.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 214 C.24 KEG CREEK BRIDGE REPLACEMENT 2011 [OTHER] ...................................................................................... 216 C.24.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 216 C.24.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 217 C.24.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 217 C.24.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 217 C.24.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 219 C.24.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 219 C.25 SALT LAKE CITY OLYMPICS ABC 2002 [OTHER] ......................................................................................... 221 C.25.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 221
ix C.25.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 221 C.25.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 222 C.25.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 222 C.25.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 223 C.25.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 224 C.26 STATE ROUTE 30 & BESSEMER AVE 2015 [OTHER] ...................................................................................... 225 C.26.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 225 C.26.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 225 C.26.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 225 C.26.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 226 C.26.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 227 C.26.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 227 C.27 WASHINGTON ABC I-5/US 12 AT GRAND MOUND 2011 [OTHER] ................................................................ 228 C.27.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 228 C.27.2 Emergency Planning ............................................................................................................................ 229 C.27.3 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 229 C.27.4 Rapid Restoration ................................................................................................................................. 229 C.27.5 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................ 229 C.27.6 Innovations and Lessons Learned ........................................................................................................ 230 C.28 REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................................... 231 NCHRP Web-Only Document 390 contains the Conduct of Research Report for NCHRP Project 14-45 and accompanies NCHRP Research Report 1098: Guide for Response Planning, Assessment, and Rapid Restoration of Service of Bridges in Extreme Events. Readers can read or purchase NCHRP Research Report 1098 on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org).
x L I S T O F F I G U R E S Figure 2-1. Threats of Emergency Events Across the USA ..................................................... 6 Figure 2-2. Technology Used by State DOTs ........................................................................ 9 Figure 2-3. Technologies Used for Emergency Inspections by State DOTs. N=42 DOTs. ........ 13 Figure 2-4. 11 Point Inspection Procedure (Olsen et al. 2016) ............................................... 17 Figure 2-5. Assessment Stages and Subsequent Primary Level of Coding (Olsen et al. 2016) ... 18 Figure 3-1. Assessment Stages and Subsequent Primary Level of Coding (Olsen et al. 2016). Note FR = Fast Reconnaissance, PDA = Preliminary Damage Assessment, DDA = Detailed Damage Assessment, and EI = Extended Investigation. ....................................................... 46 Figure 4-1. NCHRP 14-45 Part 2: Guide for Bridge Planning, Assessments, and Rapid Restoration Components and Alignment with the National Disaster Recovery Framework (Homeland Security 2016). ............................................................................................... 49 Figure 4-2. Elements of Pre-Event Planning and Preparation ................................................ 51 Figure 4-3. Response and Mobilization Elements ................................................................ 52 Figure 4-4. Key Components of the Damage Assessment Process ......................................... 53 Figure 4-5. Logistics and Coordination of Damage Assessments (Modified from Olsen et al. 2016) .............................................................................................................................. 53 Figure 4-6. Emergency Assessment Process (Modified from Olsen et al. 2016). ..................... 54 Figure 4-7. Key Components of the Rapid Restoration Process ............................................. 54 Figure 5-1. BARRT Main Homepage ................................................................................. 58 Figure 5-2. EEAP User Workflow ..................................................................................... 59 Figure 5-3. EEAP Input for Magnitude 6.8 Earthquake ........................................................ 59 Figure 5-4. Hypothetical example of EEAP Output for Magnitude 6.8 Earthquake Page 1 ....... 60 Figure 5-5. Hypothetical example of EEAP Output for Magnitude 6.8 Earthquake Page 2 ....... 61 Figure 5-6. BSAP User Workflow ..................................................................................... 62 Figure 5-7. BSAP Example Inputs ..................................................................................... 62 Figure 5-8. BSAP Example Generated Output (Page 1)........................................................ 62 Figure 5-9. BSAP Example Generated Output (page 2) ........................................................ 63 Figure 5-10. CST User Workflow ...................................................................................... 64 Figure 5-11. Status Form Workflow ................................................................................... 64 Figure 5-12. Example Status Form â Page 1 ....................................................................... 65 Figure 5-13. Example Status Form â Page 2 ....................................................................... 66 Figure 5-14. Example Status Form â Page 3 ....................................................................... 66 Figure 5-15. Contact Form â General ................................................................................. 67 Figure B-1. Total DOT Respondents .................................................................................. 98 Figure B-2. Respondent Job Title (left) and Division (right). N=45 DOTs ............................. 99 Figure B-3. Bar Chart on Current DOT Procedures for Emergency Event Procedures. N=43 DOTs. .......................................................................................................................... 100 Figure B-4. Assessment Training Frequency for Emergency Events by State DOTs. N=43 DOTs. .................................................................................................................................... 101 Figure B-5. Types of Emergency Events Trained for by State DOTs. N=28 DOTs. ............... 102 Figure B-6. Likelihood on Technologies Used for Emergency Inspections by State DOTs. N=42 DOTs. .......................................................................................................................... 103
xi Figure B-7. Implementation of NCHRP Research Report 833 Procedures by State DOTs. N=43 DOTs. .......................................................................................................................... 105 Figure B-8. Rating of Factors that Impact Routine Repair Methods. N=42 DOTs. ................ 107 Figure B-9. Rating of Factors that Impact Rapid Restoration Methods. N=42 DOTs. ............ 108 Figure B-10. Frequency of Likelihood of Using Listed Rapid Restoration Techniques/Procedures. N=25 DOTs. .............................................................................. 109 Figure B-11. Long-Lead Item Strategies. N=39 DOTs. ...................................................... 111 Figure B-12. Assessment Techniques Used in Selected Case Studies. N=22 DOTs. .............. 112 Figure B-13. Suggested Case Study of Emergency Event Type. N=28 DOTs. ...................... 112 Figure B-14. Duration for Structure Restoration of Suggested Case Studies. N=13 DOTs for Partial and N=21 DOTs for Full Capacity. ........................................................................ 113 Figure B-15. Technology Used by State DOTs for (A) Crowdsourcing. N=38 DOTs and (B) Communicating Closures or Delays. N=42 DOTs. ............................................................. 116 Figure B-16. State DOT Self-Assessment on Emergency Event Preparedness. N=43 DOTs ... 118 Figure C-1. Shifting of the Tok Cutoff Bridge (McCarthy 2003) ......................................... 122 Figure C-2. Utatsu Bridge Flooded (Kawashima & Matsuzaki, 2012) .................................. 124 Figure C-3. Earthquake Damage Observed Yuriage Bridge Damage (Japan Bridge Engineering Center 2011) ................................................................................................................. 125 Figure C-4. Fuji Bridge Damage (Kawashima & Matsuzaki, 2012) ..................................... 126 Figure C-5. Koizumi Bridge Damage (Istrati et al. 2017, photo by E.V. Monzon) ................. 127 Figure C-6. Elastomeric Bridge No Damage (Kawashima & Matsuzaki 2012) ..................... 128 Figure C-7. Typical Tsunami Damage (Kawashima & Matsuzaki 2012) .............................. 128 Figure C-8. Alaskan Way Viaduct (Washington State Department of Transportation 2020) ... 130 Figure C-9. Cracks from Continued Column Settling (Lindblom 2014) ............................... 132 Figure C-10. Tunnel Construction (Washington State Department of Transportation 2020) ... 132 Figure C-11. Temporary Supports After Nisqually Earthquake (Photo by Erik Stuhaug, Courtesy Seattle Municipal Archives (113883)) .............................................................................. 133 Figure C-12. Removal of Alaskan Way Viaduct (Washington State Department of Transportation 2018) ............................................................................................................................ 133 Figure C-13. Before and After of Alaskan Way Viaduct Removal (Washington State Department of Transportation 2019) .................................................................................................. 134 Figure C-14. ShakeMaps with Spectral Acceleration of 0.3s (Ranf et al. 2007) ..................... 135 Figure C-15. Collapsed Elevated Freeway Caused by Northridge Earthquake (Buckle 1994, Photos courtesy of NCREER/MCEER Reports with support from the Federal Government via NSF) ............................................................................................................................ 136 Figure C-16. Typical Column Spalling Damage (Marsh & Stringer 2013)............................ 137 Figure C-17. Severe Concrete Loss of Column and Reinforcement Buckling (Buckle 1994, Photos courtesy of NCREER/MCEER Reports with support from the Federal Government via NSF) ............................................................................................................................ 138 Figure C-18. Debris Damaged Columns (Courtesy of Heavy Bridge Maintenance, ARDOT) 141 Figure C-19. Permanent Restoration (Courtesy of Heavy Bridge Maintenance, ARDOT) (A) Preparation for Jacking (B) Jacking System in Place (C) Launching of Bailey Bridge (D) Bailey Bridge Installed Across the Structure ............................................................................... 142 Figure C-20. Innovations (Courtesy of Heavy Bridge Maintenance, ARDOT) (A) Installation of Casters (B) Replacing the Bent ........................................................................................ 143
xii Figure C-21. Repairs to US-10 Bridge Approaches (Michigan Department of Transportation 2020) ............................................................................................................................ 145 Figure C-22. San Jacinto River Flooding Over I-69 (Kirk 2018) ......................................... 147 Figure C-23. Scour Damage at Bent (Images courtesy of Padgett et al. 2018) ....................... 147 Figure C-24. Damage Observed (Images courtesy of Padgett et al. (2018)) (A) Scour Along Column Bents (B) Debris Build-Up (C) Debris Trapped at Deck Level (D) Erosion Along Bank .................................................................................................................................... 149 Figure C-25. Crane Working from Barge (Google Maps 2018) ........................................... 150 Figure C-26. Construction of New Spans (Tobia 2018) ...................................................... 150 Figure C-27. Adjacent Structures (Texas Department of Transportation 2018) ..................... 150 Figure C-28. Aerial View of Damaged and Missing Spans (Alipour 2016) ........................... 151 Figure C-29. Map of Twin I-10 Bridges Region (Chen et al. 2007 with funding from USGS) 151 Figure C-30. Highway 11 Bridge Girder Opening (Chen et al. 2007 with funding from USGS) .................................................................................................................................... 152 Figure C-31. Girders Fallen off Bent (Alipour 2016) ......................................................... 153 Figure C-32. Girder Design Creating Trapped Air (Chen et al. 2007 with funding from USGS) .................................................................................................................................... 154 Figure C-33. Placement of New Girders (Bai and Kim 2007) ............................................. 155 Figure C-34. Curing of New Deck (Bai, Burkett and Nash 2006) ........................................ 157 Figure C-35. Timeline of Project (Bai, Burkett, and Nash 2006) ......................................... 157 Figure C-36. Fire Damage to I-29NB Perry Creek Conduit Bridge (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, HDR 2019) ....................................................................... 159 Figure C-37. CAD Drawing Showing Damaged Beams of the Bridge (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, HDR 2019) ............................................................... 160 Figure C-38. Fire Damage (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, HDR 2019) (A) Stay-in-Place Construction Forms and Cross Bracing (B) Spalled Concrete .......... 160 Figure C-39. Permanent Structure (A) Plan View of Damaged Bridge Portions (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, HDR 2019) (B) Replacement of Bridge (Hytrek 2020) ................................................................................................................ 161 Figure C-40. Collison Damage to Eagle River Overpass (Levings & Murray 2019) .............. 163 Figure C-41. Established Detour Route (Levings & Murray 2019) ...................................... 163 Figure C-42. Girder Removal Cut Plan 71102 (Levings & Murray 2019) ............................. 164 Figure C-43. Temporary Shoring Required for Girder Removal (Levings & Murray 2018) .... 164 Figure C-44. Temporary Repair Clean Up 71106 (Levings & Murray 2019) ........................ 165 Figure C-45. Girder Removal 71104 (Levings & Murray 2019) .......................................... 165 Figure C-46. Permanent Repair Design (Levings & Murray 2019) ...................................... 165 Figure C-47. Commercial Vehicle Collision with Intermediate Bent (Arkansas Online 2017) 167 Figure C-48. Damage to Bent (Courtesy of Heavy Bridge Maintenance, ARDOT) ............... 167 Figure C-49. Damage to Bent (Courtesy of Heavy Bridge Maintenance, ARDOT) ............... 168 Figure C-50. Temporary Structure (Courtesy of Heavy Bridge Maintenance, ARDOT) (A) Assembly of Temporary Bent (B) Beginning Construction Stages of Temporary Bent (C) New Bent Forms (D) Temporary Bent ..................................................................................... 169 Figure C-51. Collapse of I-40 Webbers Bridge (Georgia Tech Research Corporation et al. 2012) .................................................................................................................................... 171 Figure C-52. Reconstruction of Piers (FHWA 2002) .......................................................... 173 Figure C-53. Completed Repairs (FHWA 2012) ................................................................ 173
xiii Figure C-54. Severed Tension Chord (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) ...................... 175 Figure C-55. Strain Gauge Installation and Wire Management (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) ............................................................................................................................ 176 Figure C-56. Load Testing (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) ..................................... 177 Figure C-57. Scaffolding on Mathews Bridge (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) .......... 177 Figure C-58. Hoisting up Damaged Chord Components (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) .................................................................................................................................... 177 Figure C-59. Damaged Gusset Plate (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) ........................ 178 Figure C-60. Data Monitoring (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) ................................ 178 Figure C-61. Repairs made next to Temporary Chord (Courtesy of Sanya Watts, Watts 2013) 179 Figure C-62. Severe Column Damage from Barge Impact (Clement 2019) ........................... 180 Figure C-63. Dolphin and Fender Repair (Courtesy of Highlands Star Crosby Courier Newspaper, Star Courier News 2020) .............................................................................. 181 Figure C-64. Barge Removal (McCormack 2019) ............................................................. 182 Figure C-65. Truck on Truss Member (Oregon DOT 2017) ................................................ 183 Figure C-66. Original Construction (Oregon DOT 1929) ................................................... 184 Figure C-67. Side View of Member Distortion (Dobson 2017) ........................................... 184 Figure C-68. Compression Member Buckling (Dobson 2017) ............................................. 184 Figure C-69. Floorbeam Buckling (Dobson 2017) ............................................................. 185 Figure C-70. Collapse of Skagit River Bridge (Washington State DOT 2014) ...................... 187 Figure C-71. Temporary modular bridge (Washington State DOT 2014) ............................. 188 Figure C-72. Prestressed Girders Lifting into Place (Washington State DOT 2014) ............... 189 Figure C-73. Closure Pours Connecting the Girders (Washington State DOT 2016) .............. 189 Figure C-74. Traffic Flow with Temporary Structures (Washington State DOT 2016) ........... 190 Figure C-75. A Bridge Built part of the P3 Project (Plenary Walsh Keystone Partners 2019) . 191 Figure C-76. A Bridge Built part of the P3 Project (Plenary Walsh Keystone Partners 2019) . 192 Figure C-77. A Bridge Built part of the P3 Project (Plenary Walsh Keystone Partners 2019) . 193 Figure C-78. I-35W Bridge Prior to Collapse (National Transportation Safety Board 2007) ... 194 Figure C-79. Aerial View After the Collapse (National Transportation Safety Board 2007) ... 194 Figure C-80. Aerial View a Few Hours Before the Crash (National Transportation Safety Board 2007) ............................................................................................................................ 195 Figure C-81. Bidding Timeline (Hieptas 2008) ................................................................. 196 Figure C-82. Placement of Main Span Precast Segments (Figg & Phipps 2008) .................... 197 Figure C-83. Computer Rendering of Replacement Bridge (Collins et al. 2014) ................... 197 Figure C-84. in Gauges on the Reinforcement of Replacement Bridge (Collins et al. 2014) ... 198 Figure C-85. Elevation of Save River Bridge at Brcko (with permission from ASCE, Mlakar & Ray 1997) ..................................................................................................................... 199 Figure C-86. Panel Truss System (with permission from ASCE, Mlakar & Ray 1997) .......... 200 Figure C-87. Pier Drawings (with permission from ASCE, Mlakar & Ray 1997) .................. 200 Figure C-88. Implementation Plan (with permission from ASCE, Mlakar & Ray 1997) ......... 201 Figure C-89. Bridge Demolition (Bhajandas et al. 2014) .................................................... 212 Figure C-90. Elevation of Abutment Design (Bhanjandas et al. 2014) ................................. 212 Figure C-91. Beam Installation (Bhajandas et al. 2014) ...................................................... 212 Figure C-92. UHPC Joint (Bhanjandas et al. 2014) ............................................................ 213 Figure C-93. Waterproofing Spray (Bhajandas et al. 2014) ................................................. 213 Figure C-94. Push Gripper Installation (Bhajandas et al. 2014) ........................................... 214
xiv Figure C-95. Slide in of Bridge (Bhajandas et al. 2014) ..................................................... 214 Figure C-96. Aerial View of Construction Site with Nearly Completed Bridges (Bhajandas et al. 2014) ............................................................................................................................ 214 Figure C-97. Sliding of Approach into Place (Bhajandas et al. 2014) ................................... 215 Figure C-98. Existing Bridge (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, Evans 2017) .................................................................................................................. 216 Figure C-99. Aerial View of Construction Site with Culverts (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, Evans 2017) ...................................................................... 218 Figure C-100. Aerial View of Fabrication Lot (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, Evans 2017) ........................................................................................... 218 Figure C-101. Pier Cap Placement (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, Evans 2017) .................................................................................................................. 218 Figure C-102. Hairpin Fitting Challenge (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, Evans 2017) ........................................................................................... 219 Figure C-103. UHPC Poured into Place (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, Evans 2017) ........................................................................................... 219 Figure C-104. Post-Tensioning over Pier Cap (Used with permission © Iowa Department of Transportation, Evans 2017) ........................................................................................... 220 Figure C-105. Installation of Precast Element (Culmo 2011) .............................................. 221 Figure C-106. Precast Slab Placement (Culmo 2011) ......................................................... 221 Figure C-107. Bridge Slide-In Installation (Culmo 2011) ................................................... 222 Figure C-108. Integral Abutment Design (Culmo 2011) ..................................................... 222 Figure C-109. Open Frame Bent Design (Culmo 2011) ...................................................... 222 Figure C-110. SMPT on I-80 Bridge Replacement (Culmo 2011) ....................................... 223 Figure C-111. Closure Pour Crack (Culmo 2011) .............................................................. 223 Figure C-112. Original Bridge (Ruzzi et al. n.d.) ............................................................... 225 Figure C-113. Lidar Scan (Ruzzi et al. n.d.) ...................................................................... 226 Figure C-114. Abutment Cap (Ruzzi et al. n.d.) ................................................................. 226 Figure C-115. Installation of Precast Elements (Ruzzi et al. n.d.) ........................................ 226 Figure C-116. LMC Placement (Ruzzi et al. n.d.) .............................................................. 227 Figure C-117. UHPC Pouring of Joint (Ruzzi et al. n.d.) .................................................... 227 Figure C-118. Building Information Model of Bridge (Ruzzi et al. n.d.) .............................. 227 Figure C-119. Plan Drawings (Courtesy of PCI Journal, Khaleghi et al. 2012) ..................... 228 Figure C-120. Integrated Footings and Bent Cap with Columns (Courtesy of PCI Journal, Khaleghi et al. 2012) ...................................................................................................... 229 Figure C-121. Setting of a Column Segment (Courtesy of PCI Journal, Khaleghi et al. 2012) 229 Figure C-122. Setting of a Pier Cap Segment (Courtesy of PCI Journal, Khaleghi et al. 2012) 230 Figure C-123. Architectural Column and Pier Cap Detailing (Courtesy of PCI Journal, Khaleghi et al. 2012) .................................................................................................................... 230 Figure C-124. Narrow Joints (Courtesy of PCI Journal, Khaleghi et al. 2012) ...................... 230
xv L I S T O F T A B L E S Table 2-1. Key Considerations for Command Centers ............................................................ 7 Table 2-2. Common Post-Event Funding Sources (Bye et al. 2013) ......................................... 7 Table 2-3. Common Extreme Event Retrofits ...................................................................... 10 Table 2-4. Possible Bridge Assessment Actions - Close, Shore, or Open (Based on Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities 2018. An update to the Field Operations Guide is planned and this table will be slightly revised) ....................................................... 12 Table 2-5. Considerations for Structure Closures or Lane Restrictions following an Over Height Collision (HDR 2014) ...................................................................................................... 12 Table 2-6. Tools Currently Used or Desired by State DOTs for Extreme Events ..................... 13 Table 2-7. Anticipated Inspection Requirements Post-Seismic Event (Reed & Wang 1993) ..... 15 Table 2-8. Considerations for Structure Prioritization (Olsen et al. 2016) ............................... 15 Table 2-9. Pre-Qualified Contracting Options (Bye et al. 2013) ............................................ 19 Table 2-10. Popular Rapid Restoration Contracting Types and Provisions ............................. 20 Table 2-11. Impediments to Rapid Restoration. N=38 DOTs. ............................................... 22 Table 2-12. List of Case Studies ........................................................................................ 23 Table 3-1 List of Evaluated Procedures .............................................................................. 27 Table 3-2 Evaluation of Planning Phase Procedures ............................................................ 28 Table 3-3 Evaluation of Assessment Phase Procedures ........................................................ 33 Table 3-4 Evaluation Rapid Restoration Phase Procedures ................................................... 37 Table 4-1. Description of Response Levels and Corresponding Mobilization Levels (Adapted from Olsen et al. 2016) ..................................................................................................... 52 Table 4-2. Rapid Restoration Contract Provisions and Contract Selection Options .................. 55 Table 5-1. Tools within BARRT ........................................................................................ 57 Table B-1. Plan of Action for Scour for scour critical bridges and/or culverts. Current state. N=44 DOTs. ................................................................................................................. 101 Table B-2. State DOTs Documentation Availability for Ranking Structures Before/During/After Emergency Events. N=43 DOTs. ..................................................................................... 104 Table B-3. Encountered Impediments to Bridge Inspections. N=36 DOTs. .......................... 104 Table B-4. External Work Completed on Behalf of States DOTs for Routine Repairs. N=44 DOTs. .......................................................................................................................... 106 Table B-5. External Work Completed on Behalf of State DOTs for Rapid Restoration. N=44 DOTs. .......................................................................................................................... 106 Table B-6. Encountered Impediments to Rapid Restoration. N=38 DOTs. ........................... 110 Table B-7. Impending Factors for Rapid Restoration. N=39 DOTs. ..................................... 110 Table B-8. Ranking of Contracting Types and Methods for Routine Repairs. 1 = most likely. N=40 DOTs. ................................................................................................................. 114 Table B-9. Ranking of Contracting Types for Rapid Restoration. (1 = most likely. N=40 DOTs. .................................................................................................................................... 115 Table B-10. Tools Currently Used or Desired in Extreme Events ........................................ 116 Table C-1. Denali Earthquake. ........................................................................................ 121 Table C-2. Japan Earthquake and Tsunmai ....................................................................... 124 Table C-3. Nisqually Earthquake ..................................................................................... 130 Table C-4. Northridge Earthquake ................................................................................... 136
xvi Table C-5. Highway 54 over Sanders Creek Bridge Flood .................................................. 141 Table C-6. Michigan Floods ............................................................................................ 144 Table C-7. I-69 Southbound Bridge Hurricane Harvey ....................................................... 147 Table C-8. Hurricane Katrina .......................................................................................... 151 Table C-9. I-95 Chester Creek Bridge .............................................................................. 155 Table C-10. I-29NB Perry Creek Conduit Fire .................................................................. 159 Table C-11. Glenn Highway and Eagle River Overpass Collision ....................................... 163 Table C-12. Interstate 555 Highway 1B Overpass ............................................................. 167 Table C-13. Arkansas River Bridge Collapse .................................................................... 171 Table C-14. Mathews Bridge Collision ............................................................................ 175 Table C-15. San Jacinto River I-10 Bridge ....................................................................... 180 Table C-16. Scottsburg Bridge ........................................................................................ 183 Table C-17. Skagit River ................................................................................................ 187 Table C-18. Pennslyvania Department of Transportation P3 ............................................... 191 Table C-19. I-35W Missippi River Bridge Collapse ........................................................... 194 Table C-20. Rapid Repair of Sava River Bridge at Brcko ................................................... 199 Table C-21. West Seattle Bridge ...................................................................................... 203 Table C-22. Franklin Ave ............................................................................................... 208 Table C-23. I-84 Bridges ................................................................................................ 211 Table C-24. Keg Creek Bridge Replacement ..................................................................... 216 Table C-25. Salt Lake City Olympics ABC ...................................................................... 221 Table C-26. State Route 30 & Bessemer ........................................................................... 225 Table C-27. Washington ABC I-5/US 12 at Grand Mound ................................................. 228
