Guidelines for Evaluating Crashworthiness of Sign Supports and Breakaway Luminaire Poles (2024)

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PRE-PUBLICATION DRAFT—Unedited Text and Graphics References American Association State Highway and Transportation Officials, Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, Second Edition (MASH 2016), Washington, D.C., 2016. Asadollahi Pajouh, M., Marzougui, D., Bielenberg, R., Faller, R., Stolle, C., Fang, Ch., Ruskamp, R., Tahan, F. and Kan, C.D. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Implementation of MASH Sign Supports, Breakaway Poles, and Work Zone Traffic Control Devices, Interim Report No. 1 NCHRP 22-43, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and George Mason University and, March 2021. Asadollahi Pajouh, M., Marzougui, D., Bielenberg, R., Faller, R., Stolle, C., Fang, Ch., Ruskamp, R., Tahan, F. and Kan, C.D. Proposed AASHTO Guidelines for Implementation of MASH Sign Supports, Breakaway Poles, and Work Zone Traffic Control Devices, Interim Report No. 2 NCHRP 22-43, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and George Mason University and, January 2022. Bligh R.P., Menges W.L., Griffith B.L., Schroeder G.E., and Kuhn D.L., “MASH Evaluation of TXDOT Roadside Safety Features— Phase III,” Report No. RF 0-6946-R3, Texas Transportation Institute Proving Ground, College Station, Texas, May 2020. Images extracted from videos from Test 469469-07-02 with permission from the Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Bullard D.L., Bligh R.P., Menges W.L. “Appendix C: MASH08 TL-3 Testing and Evaluation of Small Sign Support Systems,” Report No. RF 476460-1-2, Texas Transportation Institute Proving Ground, College Station, Texas, July 2009. Images extracted from videos from TTI Test no. RF476460-1-2-B with permission from the Texas A&M Transportation Institute. FHWA Acceptance Letter - SS-185, July 2021 https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/2022-06/ss185.pdf Hinch, J., Yang, T.L., and Owings, R., Guidance Systems for Vehicle Testing, ENSCO, Inc., Springfield, Virginia, 1986. Images from testing performed under Project 0-6968 used with permission from the Texas A&M Transportation Institute and the Texas Department of Transportation. National Safety Council, Vehicle Damage Scale for Traffic Investigators, Second Edition, Technical Bulletin No. 1, Traffic Accident Data (TAD) Project, Chicago, Illinois, 1971. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Collision Deformation Classification – Recommended Practice J224 March 1980, Handbook Volume 4, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1985. 230 PRE-PUBLICATION DRAFT—Unedited Text and Graphics 

PRE-PUBLICATION DRAFT—Unedited Text and Graphics SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in. inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1,000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short ton (2,000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or “metric ton”) Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) 5(F-32)/9 °F Fahrenheit Celsius °C or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela per square meter cd/m2 FORCE & PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in. m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yard yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliter 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or “metric ton”) 1.103 short ton (2,000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) °C Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit °F ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela per square meter 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE & PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. 231 PRE-PUBLICATION DRAFT—Unedited Text and Graphics