Planning for Future Electric Vehicle Growth at Airports (2024)

Endnotes

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¹ Alliance for Automotive Innovation. 2023. Electric Vehicle Sales Dashboard. https://www.autosinnovate.org/EVDashboard

² Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. Alternative Fueling Station Locator. https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/#/analyze?country=US&fuel=ELEC&ev_levels=all&access=public&access=private

³ The White House. February 25, 2023. “FACT SHEET: Biden-Harris Administration Announces New Standards and Major Progress for a Made-in-America National Network of Electric Vehicle Chargers.” https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-standards-and-major-progress-for-a-made-in-america-national-network-of-electric-vehicle-chargers/

⁴ National Renewable Energy Lab. 2023. “The 2030 National Charging Network: Estimating U.S. Light-Duty Demand for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure.” https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2023/building-the-2030-national-charging-network.html

⁵ Alliance for Automotive Innovation. June 26, 2023. “Get Connected: Electric Vehicle Quarterly Report 2023.” https://www.autosinnovate.org/EVDashboard

⁶ California Air Resources Board. 2023. “Advanced Clean Cars II Regulations: All New Passenger Vehicles Sold in California to be Zero Emissions by 2035.” https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/advanced-clean-cars-program/advanced-clean-cars-ii

⁷ California Air Resources Board (CARB). October 2019. “Zero-Emission Airport Shuttle Regulation Factsheet.” https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-10/asb_reg_factsheet.pdf

⁸ Le Bris, G., L.-G. Nguyen, B. Tagoe, P. Jonat, C. Y. Justin, E. Reindel, K. B. Preston, and P. J. Ansell. 2022. ACRP Research Report 236: Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/26512

⁹ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “How Do Plug-In Hybrid Electric Cars Work?” https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-plug-in-hybrid-electric-cars-work

¹⁰ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “How Do All-Electric Cars Work?” https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work

¹¹ Environmental Defense Fund, April 2023. Electric Vehicle Market Update. https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/Electric%20Vehicle%20Market%20Update%20April%202023.pdf

¹² Wood, E., B. Borlaug, M. Moniot, D.-Y. Lee, Y. Ge, F. Yang, and Z. Liu. 2023. The 2030 National Charging Network: Estimating U.S. Light-Duty Demand for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5400-85654. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/85654.pdf

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¹³ Gabriel, N. January 12, 2023. “$210 Billion of Announced Investments in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Headed for the U.S.” Atlas EV Hub.

¹⁴ Alvey, Rebekah, E&E News. October 18, 2023. “EV prices drop as inventory soars, batteries improve.” https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2023/10/18/ev-prices-drop-as-inventory-soars-batteries-improve-00120723

¹⁵ Department of Energy. n.d. All-Electric Vehicles. https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml#:~:text=EVs%20have%20a%20shorter%20driving,take%203%20to%2012%20hours.

¹⁶ For example, see Southern California Edison’s fact sheet on Rule 29: https://www.sce.com/sites/default/files/2022-07/EVRule29FactSheet.pdf

¹⁷ Developing Infrastructure to Charge Electric Vehicles" 2023. U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center. Accessed September 19, 2023. https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure.html

¹⁸ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “Alternative Fueling Station Locator.” https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/#/find/nearest

¹⁹ PlugShare. n.d. Mapping site. https://www.plugshare.com/

²⁰ SAE International. June 27, 2023. “SAE International Announces Standard for NACS Connector, Charging PKI and Infrastructure Reliability.” https://www.sae.org/news/press-room/2023/06/sae-international-announces-standard-for-nacs-connector

²¹ Le Bris, G., L.-G. Nguyen, B. Tagoe, P. Jonat, C. Y. Justin, E. Reindel, K. B. Preston, and P. J. Ansell. 2022. ACRP Research Report 236: Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/26512

²² Businesswire. November 7, 2023. “Archer Aviation and BETA Technologies Collaborate to Accelerate the Adoption of an Interoperable Charging System Across the Electric Aviation Industry.” https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20231107548198/en/Archer-Aviation-and-BETA-Technologies-Collaborate-to-Accelerate-the-Adoption-of-an-Interoperable-Charging-System-Across-the-Electric-Aviation-Industry

²³ Plugzio. “Plugzio Outlet Product Description.” https://www.plugzio.com/plugzio-integrated-in-wall-outlet

²⁴ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “Operation and Maintenance for EV Charging Infrastructure.” https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_maintenance_and_operation.html

²⁵ Freewire. “Boost Charger 150.” https://freewiretech.com/dc-boost-charger/

²⁶ Smith, Steve. March 18, 2013. “Electric GSE Buying Trends Report.” Aviation Pros. https://www.aviationpros.com/gse/gse-technology/green-alternative-energy-gse/article/10889496/electric-ground-support-equipment-buying-trends-report

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²⁷ Massport. n.d. Sustainability & Resiliency Report 2020 and 2021. massport.com/media/bo4gmdk0/2020-2021-sustainability-and-resiliency-report-web.pdf

²⁸ San Francisco International Airport. n.d. Zero-Emission Vehicle Readiness Roadmap & Intermodal Electrification Strategic Plan: 2020 Executive Summary Report. flysfo.com/sites/default/files/ZEVR_Summary.pdf

²⁹ Winneshiek Energy District. n.d. “Electrification.” Microsoft PowerPoint - 08.PHL Benefits of Equipment Electrification_102417 cleancopy.pptx (dvrpc.org)

³⁰ Brink, L., et al. (McKinsey & Company). May 31, 2023. “Short haul flying redefined: The promise of regional air mobility.” https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/aerospace-and-defense/our-insights/short-haul-flying-redefined-the-promise-of-regional-air-mobility

³¹ Mallela, J., P. Wheeler, G. Le Bris, and L.-G. Nguyen. 2023. ACRP Research Report 243: Urban Air Mobility: An Airport Perspective. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/26899

³² Federal Aviation Administration. 2023. Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Implementation Plan. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/AAM-I28-Implementation-Plan.pdf

³³ Le Bris, G., L.-G. Nguyen, B. Tagoe, P. Jonat, C. Y. Justin, E. Reindel, K. B. Preston, and P. J. Ansell. 2022. ACRP Research Report 236: Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/26512

³⁴ Le Bris, G., L.-G. Nguyen, B. Tagoe, P. Jonat, C. Y. Justin, E. Reindel, K. B. Preston, and P. J. Ansell. 2022. ACRP Research Report 236: Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/26512

³⁵ Federal Aviation Administration. September 21, 2022. “Engineering Brief 105 Vertiport Design.” Memorandum. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/eb-105-vertiports.pdf

³⁶ Banchik, L., R. Riedel, and B. Kloss (McKinsey & Company). May 26, 2021. “Right in Your Backyard: Regional Airports are an Accessible and Underused Resource for Future Air Mobility.” https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/aerospace-and-defense/our-insights/future-air-mobility-blog/right-in-your-backyard-regional-airports-are-an-accessible-and-underused-resource-for-future-air-mobility

³⁷ WXY Architecture + Urban Design. November 2012. Siting and Design Guidelines for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment. https://www.transportationandclimate.org/sites/default/files/EV_Siting_and_Design_Guidelines.pdf

³⁸ SAC County News. August 7, 2018. “County Enters Agreement for EV Charging at SMF.” https://www.saccounty.gov/news/latest-news/Pages/County-Enters-Agreement-for-EV-Charging-at-SMF.aspx

³⁹ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “Charging Infrastructure Operation and Maintenance.” https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_maintenance_and_operation.html

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⁴⁰ Pacific Gas and Electric. 2019. Take Charge: A Guidebook to Fleet Electrification and Infrastructure. CLB-0819-1448. https://www.pge.com/pge_global/common/pdfs/solar-and-vehicles/your-options/clean-vehicles/charging-stations/ev-fleet-program/PGE_EV-Fleet-Guidebook.pdf

⁴¹ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “Charging Infrastructure Operation and Maintenance.” https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_maintenance_and_operation.html

⁴² Electrify America. n.d. “Pricing and Plans for EV Charging.” https://www.electrifyamerica.com/pricing/

⁴³ Electrify America. n.d. “Pricing and Plans for EV Charging.” https://www.electrifyamerica.com/pricing/

⁴⁴ McFarlane, Diane, and Matt Prorok. July 31, 2019. Analysis: How Demand Charges Impact Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Infrastructure. Great Plains Institute. https://betterenergy.org/blog/demand-charges-and-dcfc/#:~:text=At%2050%20kW%2C%20demand%20charges,81%20percent%20of%20total%20costs

⁴⁵ Gnann, T., T.S. Stephens, Z. Lin, P. Plötz, C. Liu, and J. Brokate. October 2018. “What Drives the Market for Plug-In Electric Vehicles? A Review of International PEV Market Diffusion Models.” Renewable and Sustainability Energy Reviews (93): 158–164. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118301497

⁴⁶ P.A. Geroski. Models of technology diffusion. Res. Pol., 29 (2000), pp. 603-625, 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00092-X.

⁴⁷ Early deployments of fleet EVs in California suggest ratios of approximately 1 port per EV, although the there are exceptions. https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energy-division/documents/sb-350-te/sb-350-standard-review-programs-annual-transportation-electrification-evaluation-2021.pdf

⁴⁸ California Public Utilities Commission. June 30, 2022. Standard Review Projects and AB 1082/1083 Pilots. https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energy-division/documents/sb-350-te/sb-350-standard-review-programs-annual-transportation-electrification-evaluation-2021.pdf

⁴⁹ California Air Resources Board. January 2023. “Zero-Emission Airport Shuttle Regulation Factsheet.” https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/ASB%20Reg%20Factsheet%20in%20Word_01-12-23.pdf

⁵⁰ California Public Utilities Commission. n.d. “Clean Miles Standard.” https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/regulatory-services/licensing/transportation-licensing-and-analysis-branch/clean-miles-standard

⁵¹ Mead & Hunt. July 6, 2022. “Charging Infrastructure: Electrifying One Airport at a Time.” https://meadhunt.com/charging-infrastructure/

⁵² Federal Register, Docket No. FHWA-2022-0008. June 22, 2022. “National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Formula Program.” https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/06/22/2022-12704/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-formula-program

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⁵³ U.S. Access Board. July 17, 2023. Design Recommendations for Accessible Electric Vehicle Charging Stations. https://www.access-board.gov/files/usab-evse-guide.pdf

⁵⁴ U.S. Access Board. July 17, 2023. Design Recommendations for Accessible Electric Vehicle Charging: Number of Accessible Chargers. https://www.access-board.gov/tad/ev/#number-of-accessible-chargers

⁵⁵ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “Installing Electric Vehicle Charging in Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act Requirements.” https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_infrastructure_ada_compliance.html

⁵⁶ Energy5. September 30, 2023. “NEC Code for EV Charging Stations.” https://energy5.com/nec-code-for-ev-charging-stations

⁵⁷ Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. July 2021. Electric Vehicle Charging for Residential and Commercial Energy Codes: Technical Brief. https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/2021-07/TechBrief_EV_Charging_July2021.pdf

⁵⁸ Pacific Gas and Electric. EV Infrastructure Installation Guide. “Chapter 3. Code Requirements for Installing EVSE.” https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/about/environment/pge/electricvehicles/ev5pt3.pdf

⁵⁹ California Governor’s Office of Business and Economic Development. January 2023. Electric Vehicle Charging Station Permitting Guidebook: Second Edition. https://business.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GoBIZ-EVCharging-Guidebook.pdf

⁶⁰ National Fire Protection Association. November 28, 2022. “Fire Safety for Electric Vehicles and Other Modern Vehicles in Parking Structures.” https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/Blogs-Landing-Page/NFPA-Today/Blog-Posts/2022/11/28/EVs-and-Parking-Structures

⁶¹ Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “Signage for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations.” https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/electricity_charging_station_signage.html

⁶² Federal Highway Administration. 2009. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/

⁶³ National Environmental Policy Act. Accessed at https://www.epa.gov/nepa/what-national- environmental-policy-act on October 25,2023.

⁶⁴ Davis-Bacon and Related Acts. Accessed at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/government-contracts/construction on October 25, 2023.

⁶⁵ Build America Buy America Act. Accessed on October 25, 2023. https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/GC/documents/Build%20America,%20Buy%20America%20Act%20Provisions.pdf

⁶⁶ FAA Buy American Preferences. Accessed on October 25, 2023. https://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/buy_american

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⁶⁷ Federal Aviation Adminstration. “Buy American Preference Requirements.” Accessed October 25, 2023. https://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/buy_american

⁶⁸ Nationwide Waivers Issued. Accessed on October 25, 2023. https://www.faa.gov/airports/aip/buy_american/nationwide_waivers_issued

⁶⁹ Record Keeping. Accessed on October 25, 2023. https://www.faa.gov/airports/central/airport_compliance/record_keeping

⁷⁰ Federal Aviation Administration. Zero Emission Vehicle Guidance. Accessed on October 25, 2023. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/airports/environmental/zero_emissions_vehicles/Zero-Emissions-Vehicles-Tech-Guidance-v2.pdf

⁷¹ National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program. Accessed on November 10, 2023. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/nevi/

⁷² Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. “Federal and State Laws and Incentives.” https://afdc.energy.gov/laws

⁷³ Doll, S. June 30, 2023. “Electric Vehicle Tax Credits and Rebates Available in the US, Sorted by State.” Electrek. https://electrek.co/2023/06/30/ev-tax-credit-rebate-states-electric-vehicles/

⁷⁴ Doll, S. June 30, 2023. “Electric Vehicle Tax Credits and Rebates Available in the US, Sorted by State.” Electrek. https://electrek.co/2023/06/30/ev-tax-credit-rebate-states-electric-vehicles/

⁷⁵ EV Charging Summit Blog. 2023. “Top Metrics to Measure the Performance of Your EV Charging Stations.” https://evchargingsummit.com/blog/top-metrics-to-measure-the-performance-of-your-ev-charging-stations/

⁷⁶ FAA JO 6030.20G https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/JO_6030_20G.pdf

⁷⁷ Government Accountability Office. August 29, 2023. “Airport Infrastructure.” https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105203

⁷⁸ Wood, E. July 18, 2022. “How a Microgrid Saved Pittsburgh International Airport $1 Million.” Microgrid Knowledge. https://www.microgridknowledge.com/microgrid-saved-pittsburgh-international-airport-1-million

⁷⁹ EV FireSafe. 2023. Passenger EV Fire Incidents. https://www.evfiresafe.com/_files/ugd/8b9ad1_4dc7eb412c1e42d487f74c4cc7274e1e.pdf51