Gokce Mete

Low-carbon hydrogen has been a major buzzword over the last couple of years. We have heard of different colours, carbon intensity and multiple end uses and applications of hydrogen and its derivatives, such as methanol and ammonia.

In this article, South Pole's Low-carbon Hydrogen & Industry Transition expert, Gokce Mete and Associate Director and Principal Consultant for Climate Strategies, Matt Sprague, discuss how companies can integrate low-carbon hydrogen into their net zero… Meer weergeven

Low-carbon hydrogen has been a major buzzword over the last couple of years. We have heard of different colours, carbon intensity and multiple end uses and applications of hydrogen and its derivatives, such as methanol and ammonia.

In this article, South Pole's Low-carbon Hydrogen & Industry Transition expert, Gokce Mete and Associate Director and Principal Consultant for Climate Strategies, Matt Sprague, discuss how companies can integrate low-carbon hydrogen into their net zero journeys and some of the challenges they may face. Minder weergeven

• International finance institutions (IFIs) have limited exposure to the steel sector and tend to be at early stages of development in their green industrial strategies.
• Historically, the funding of steel projects has not aligned strongly with IFIs’ priorities and IFI financing has not met the corporate needs of the steel sector.
• However, IFIs can play a key role in helping to set in motion the transition to green steel in developing regions, in helping to de-risk first movers and… Meer weergeven

• International finance institutions (IFIs) have limited exposure to the steel sector and tend to be at early stages of development in their green industrial strategies.
• Historically, the funding of steel projects has not aligned strongly with IFIs’ priorities and IFI financing has not met the corporate needs of the steel sector.
• However, IFIs can play a key role in helping to set in motion the transition to green steel in developing regions, in helping to de-risk first movers and helping governments to set ambitions, pathways, policy frameworks, and standards.
• IFIs can also support governments in development of hydrogen, procurement, and circular economy strategies and in development of utility scale renewables.
• The ways forward will likely vary significantly between different IFIs, depending on scale of capital available, the level of development on green industry in their member countries, the type of steel sector development suited to specific countries/regions and on the IFI’s specific business/financing models. Minder weergeven

Reducing and phasing out oil and gas production is a global imperative, yet Inefficient subsidies, lack of international cooperation, jobs and geopolitical factors have all combined to create barriers and resistance to change. This report examines the state of transition in Denmark, Norway and the UK.

How can the steel and cement industry reach net-zero by 2050?
The Industrial Deep Decarbonization Initiative by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is driving industrial climate action by creating a market for low-carbon technologies. In this article originally published by UNIDO, SEI Research Fellow Gökçe Mete and co-authors Rana Ghoneim and Anthony Hobley say it will require demand management, technological advancements and major shifts in production methods.

Several analyses show that steelmaking can be almost fully decarbonised by 2050 by retrofitting blast furnaces and adding carbon capture and storage (CCS), scaling up hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI), boosting steel recycling, and slowing demand growth through more efficient steel use.
Major investments in steelmaking capacity are coming. To avoid locking in high levels of emissions, or else creating stranded assets, rapid action is needed to initiate the sector’s transition right… Meer weergeven

Several analyses show that steelmaking can be almost fully decarbonised by 2050 by retrofitting blast furnaces and adding carbon capture and storage (CCS), scaling up hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI), boosting steel recycling, and slowing demand growth through more efficient steel use.
Major investments in steelmaking capacity are coming. To avoid locking in high levels of emissions, or else creating stranded assets, rapid action is needed to initiate the sector’s transition right away and prevent new blast furnaces from being added – and existing ones from being relined – by about 2025.
Policy-makers have key roles to play in enabling the sector’s transition, by ensuring ample supplies of clean electricity as well as green hydrogen; creating lead markets for green steel; supporting research and innovation; and using climate policies, standards and regulation to steer the sector.
International cooperation is essential to ensure that the sector as a whole moves in the right direction, and laggards do not undercut frontrunners’ efforts. It can also help the sector make the most of different countries’ strengths, such as abundant renewable energy, to accelerate decarbonisation. Minder weergeven

This report focuses on “active engagement”, where investors engage with high-emitting sectors,
through companies in which they hold ownership stakes and with the actors to whom they
provide debt financing, and place expectations on them to adopt new low-emissions technologies,
practices and business models. To engage effectively, investors need to understand:
• What high-emitting companies and sectors should be doing to decarbonise production
processes or to shift business… Meer weergeven

This report focuses on “active engagement”, where investors engage with high-emitting sectors,
through companies in which they hold ownership stakes and with the actors to whom they
provide debt financing, and place expectations on them to adopt new low-emissions technologies,
practices and business models. To engage effectively, investors need to understand:
• What high-emitting companies and sectors should be doing to decarbonise production
processes or to shift business models;
• The policies and other system conditions necessary for companies to succeed with their
decarbonisation strategies; and
• When sectors and companies can adopt credible transition strategies that investors can
support, and when other strategies, such as divestment, are likely to be more impactful. Minder weergeven

In this paper, jointly produced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT), we provide an overview of the key components of green public procurement (GPP) policy design and methodologies for target setting. We aim for this study to be a “how to guide”. To do this, we provide evidence on the role GPP can play in accelerating emissions reductions from harder to abate sectors with a focus on steel, cement and… Meer weergeven

In this paper, jointly produced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT), we provide an overview of the key components of green public procurement (GPP) policy design and methodologies for target setting. We aim for this study to be a “how to guide”. To do this, we provide evidence on the role GPP can play in accelerating emissions reductions from harder to abate sectors with a focus on steel, cement and concrete, demonstrate national best practices, and explore the impact of a regional or global GPP procurement program on demand creation for low carbon products and materials.

This study provides a background to the Industrial Deep Decarbonization Initiative (IDDI). The initiative is coordinated by UNIDO and brings together a strong coalition of private sector partners and multilateral organizations, including Mission Possible Platform, LeadIT, IRENA and the World Bank. Minder weergeven

n this paper, we review some public-private partnerships and policy mixes that are receiving a lot of attention, including green public procurement, carbon contracts for difference, carbon border adjustment, industrial clusters, and climate partnerships.

We also examine how collective action among countries can send a stronger signal to businesses and investors. We provide case examples from South Korea (hereafter Korea), Denmark and Sweden and share experiences of the EU, Canada, and… Meer weergeven

n this paper, we review some public-private partnerships and policy mixes that are receiving a lot of attention, including green public procurement, carbon contracts for difference, carbon border adjustment, industrial clusters, and climate partnerships.

We also examine how collective action among countries can send a stronger signal to businesses and investors. We provide case examples from South Korea (hereafter Korea), Denmark and Sweden and share experiences of the EU, Canada, and the UK in implementing some of the key measures.

Reaching Net-Zero Industry through Public-Private Partnerships is a joint study by the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT) and the Green Technology Center Korea (GTC). Minder weergeven

Key messages
1# The market for green and circular industrial products is still in an early phase of development.
2# Governments have a range of policy measures at their disposal to support the creation of markets for green industrial products.
3# Green public procurement, carbon contracts for difference, and carbon border adjustment are three measures currently receiving a lot of attention.
4# Collective action on these measures and others can send stronger demand signals but… Meer weergeven

Key messages
1# The market for green and circular industrial products is still in an early phase of development.
2# Governments have a range of policy measures at their disposal to support the creation of markets for green industrial products.
3# Green public procurement, carbon contracts for difference, and carbon border adjustment are three measures currently receiving a lot of attention.
4# Collective action on these measures and others can send stronger demand signals but require considerable work to establish common standards.
5# Individual and collective action must be complemented by infrastructure development if the business case is to be made. Minder weergeven

This article analyses the European Commission's Hydrogen Strategy with a focus on its broader implications for EU energy law. Given the specificities of the technology itself, existing regulatory instruments are not always apt to accommodate the wide-scale introduction of hydrogen into the energy mix. Indeed, from a legal perspective, hydrogen faces a vast number of challenges, which can be clustered into three main categories, namely challenges related to (1) the creation of an internal market… Meer weergeven

This article analyses the European Commission's Hydrogen Strategy with a focus on its broader implications for EU energy law. Given the specificities of the technology itself, existing regulatory instruments are not always apt to accommodate the wide-scale introduction of hydrogen into the energy mix. Indeed, from a legal perspective, hydrogen faces a vast number of challenges, which can be clustered into three main categories, namely challenges related to (1) the creation of an internal market for hydrogen, (2) the creation of new lead markets for hydrogen, and (3) infrastructure for hydrogen. The aim is to answer the question to what extent the regulatory challenges are already acknowledged and covered by the Hydrogen Strategy, and to the extent they are not, how the future steps in the hydrogen-related policy making process can effectively address them. Minder weergeven

Starting with a historical overview of the evolution of the institutional architecture addressing capacity building in climate change, this contribution will provide a commentary to Article 11 of the Paris Agreement and reveal the achievements made over more than three decades since the establishment of the 1992 UNFCCC and adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. This paper will conclude with an overview of key areas that would need improvement.

This book assesses the impact of energy transitions on the future of natural gas in the EU energy mix. As we approach 2050, the requirement to sharply decrease CO₂ and other GHG emissions means that the role of gas infrastructure in the EU and beyond will change drastically. But what does such change mean? To address this question the author critically analyses the EU’s evolving natural gas market policy and law. Clearly structured throughout, the book explores the following questions: How can… Meer weergeven

This book assesses the impact of energy transitions on the future of natural gas in the EU energy mix. As we approach 2050, the requirement to sharply decrease CO₂ and other GHG emissions means that the role of gas infrastructure in the EU and beyond will change drastically. But what does such change mean? To address this question the author critically analyses the EU’s evolving natural gas market policy and law. Clearly structured throughout, the book explores the following questions: How can we maximise the potential of gas infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions? What are the lessons learned from decision making experience in the natural gas sector? Is the EU moving towards or away from a climate neutral gas sector? How will green and low carbon gas technologies be supported? And, are proposals to drive a growing share of hydrogen, biomethane, and synthetic methane to the system just an excuse to prolong fossil fuel operations?
The book explores whether the EU will continue to subsidy natural gas projects or decarbonise the gas grid before 2050, and at what cost. Recommendations are proposed for a new regulatory and policy framework for development and operation of hydrogen pipelines, injection of biomethane into the existing gas grid and for pipelines carrying CO₂.
Filling an important gap in the literature, this book aims to develop an understanding of and clarify the complex range of legislation involved within a single analytical framework. Although the focus is mainly on the future of gas in the EU, the findings and recommendations are relevant for a much wider geography. This book will be an invaluable reference to policy makers and practitioners as well as researchers and students across the social sciences interested in the future of energy.
Minder weergeven

SLO is an integral and powerful lens of framing trust between the industries and the public. This informal license is critical in acknowledging the active role of the people and communities towards offering acceptance and approval of how industries conduct their business. In recent years, there have been improvements in companies' awareness and mitigation of social and environmental impacts. There are examples of better engagement between companies, governments and civil society to ensure… Meer weergeven

SLO is an integral and powerful lens of framing trust between the industries and the public. This informal license is critical in acknowledging the active role of the people and communities towards offering acceptance and approval of how industries conduct their business. In recent years, there have been improvements in companies' awareness and mitigation of social and environmental impacts. There are examples of better engagement between companies, governments and civil society to ensure extractive activities contribute to national and local development objectives. There are ample studies covering Africa and Latin America, but little has been written on SLO in Central Asia. As SLO goes beyond the strictly legal requirements of a license, it is not always difficult to trace its implementation in practice. This paper is an attempt to trace SLO in Central Asia using the mining sector in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia as a case study. In this paper, we identify SLO principles as sustainable development, corporate social responsibility and environmental, social and governance, and use them to trace SLO practices in the mining sector of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Mongolia. Minder weergeven

In the literature it remains hotly debated whether international energy law as a distinct subjectmatter of public international law exists and what it comprises. The starting point is that energy
has long been considered to fall primarily within the domain of domestic law. That is reflected in
principles such as the permanent sovereignty over natural resources, which reserves disposition to
the territorial sovereign over their upstream energy resources. Yet the climate action… Meer weergeven

In the literature it remains hotly debated whether international energy law as a distinct subjectmatter of public international law exists and what it comprises. The starting point is that energy
has long been considered to fall primarily within the domain of domestic law. That is reflected in
principles such as the permanent sovereignty over natural resources, which reserves disposition to
the territorial sovereign over their upstream energy resources. Yet the climate action driven
transition to a low-carbon economy has cast a novel perspective on the dynamic international law
relating to energy in all its forms. At this juncture, the purpose of this paper is to advance
conceptual and semantic clarity about what international lawyers mean when they talk about
international energy law. The paper is hence analytic, rather than normative or legallyreconstructive. It proposes a distinction between a ‘thin’ and a ‘thick’ concept of international law
relating to energy. The ‘thin’, structural concept refers to the bundle of international rules that
really belong to other sectors but touch on aspects of energy. This is arguably what astute observers
have in mind when stating that an international energy law does not exist, instead there are general
principles of international law that apply to the energy sector.1 We term this ‘thin’ concept, the
‘international law on energy’. Minder weergeven

The current policy of the United Kingdom (UK) Government in relation to the oil and gas industry is to maximise economic recovery from the UK continental shelf (UKCS). Simply named, the Maximising Economic Recovery (MER) Strategy published by the Oil and Gas Authority (OGA) in 2016, pursuant to the Petroleum Act 1998 and the Infrastructure Act 2015 has the principal objective of recovering as much UK petroleum as economically possible.

One would not be amiss, however, in asking why the… Meer weergeven

The current policy of the United Kingdom (UK) Government in relation to the oil and gas industry is to maximise economic recovery from the UK continental shelf (UKCS). Simply named, the Maximising Economic Recovery (MER) Strategy published by the Oil and Gas Authority (OGA) in 2016, pursuant to the Petroleum Act 1998 and the Infrastructure Act 2015 has the principal objective of recovering as much UK petroleum as economically possible.

One would not be amiss, however, in asking why the UK would be seeking to maximise economic recovery of its petroleum in the face of the global energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable and low carbon energy. The UK is a contracting party of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015, came into force in December 2016, upon ratification by the 55th party.

The question then arises as to whether the UK's MER Strategy fits into the on-going global energy transition, and in particular, climate change goals established under the Paris Agreement and the UK Climate Change Act 2008. This paper analyses the MER Strategy in light of the global energy transition and seeks to answer this question.
Minder weergeven

The number of transparency initiatives in the energy and extractives sectors are on the rise. This paper aims to provide a navigating tool and guide to these frameworks that are important to achieve the SDGs and Paris Agreement goals. This paper provides a synopsis of relevant databases, digital knowledge hubs and depositories and a mixture of hard and soft law and self-regulation instruments. The objective is to provide a holistic understanding of the changes that are taking place in terms of… Meer weergeven

The number of transparency initiatives in the energy and extractives sectors are on the rise. This paper aims to provide a navigating tool and guide to these frameworks that are important to achieve the SDGs and Paris Agreement goals. This paper provides a synopsis of relevant databases, digital knowledge hubs and depositories and a mixture of hard and soft law and self-regulation instruments. The objective is to provide a holistic understanding of the changes that are taking place in terms of improving transparency and accountability in the field of energy and extractives law, governance, economics and policy space. It is aimed that this collection of initiatives facilitates further research into different pathways governments, companies and the civil society can take to make information more available and accessible for all stakeholders of the value chain. The focus of this paper will be predominantly global but influential regional and national actions will also be covered. This paper will present the initiatives in three subgroups, energy and extractives related instruments and cross-cutting frameworks that are relevant for both. The digital data exemplified and listed in this paper is aimed for an audience of researchers, students and lecturers and energy professionals as digital learning fosters life-long learning and continued professional development. Minder weergeven

The EU Social Market Economy and the Law
Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Challenges for the EU, 1st Edition
Edited by Delia Ferri, Fulvio Cortese

The paper looks into the existing and expected legislation needed to pursue the Energy Union vision and makes a comparative assessment of provisions that could be included within the scope of the multilateral agreement. This paper argues that there is justification for collaborative efforts to construct and implement the multilateral transit/transport agreement by the UN, EU and ECS institutions and concludes with recommendations to this end.

In October 2016, Turkey and Russia signed an intergovernmental agreement for the
construction and development of the TurkStream natural gas pipeline connecting
Russia to Turkey via the Black Sea. There is no international law governing the
offshore section of the pipeline other than the intergovernmental agreement, as
Turkey is not party to the United Nations Convection of Law of the Sea, and Russia is
not party to the Energy Charter Treaty. This paper will endeavour to provide… Meer weergeven

In October 2016, Turkey and Russia signed an intergovernmental agreement for the
construction and development of the TurkStream natural gas pipeline connecting
Russia to Turkey via the Black Sea. There is no international law governing the
offshore section of the pipeline other than the intergovernmental agreement, as
Turkey is not party to the United Nations Convection of Law of the Sea, and Russia is
not party to the Energy Charter Treaty. This paper will endeavour to provide a
synopsis of different aspects of the TurkStream pipeline project, addressing legal,
policy, fiscal and technical challenges, and concludes with some reflections on the
event that the project is realised. Minder weergeven

This Encyclopaedia provides a cutting-edge, up-to-date reference source on mineral and energy policies around the world. It offers information on GDP, population, investment scenarios and current environmental regulations in over one hundred countries from 13 geographic regions around the world. It covers topics such as geo-conservation, raw material recycling and mining technology as well as rare earth, green technology and international organizations that are actively involved in minerals and… Meer weergeven

This Encyclopaedia provides a cutting-edge, up-to-date reference source on mineral and energy policies around the world. It offers information on GDP, population, investment scenarios and current environmental regulations in over one hundred countries from 13 geographic regions around the world. It covers topics such as geo-conservation, raw material recycling and mining technology as well as rare earth, green technology and international organizations that are actively involved in minerals and energy through exploration, arbitration, marketing and investment. Topical entries are presented alphabetically with extensive cross-referencing to ensure user-friendly reading. This Encyclopaedia presents the work of more than 20 section editors and more than 100 international experts in the fields of mineral and energy policies. It is designed as a essential resource for researchers, students, libraries, industry, governments, and international organizations and presents a wealth of insights and guidance for corporate planning regarding exploration and financial investments, as well as for venture capitalist and international funding bodies. As such, it provides an indispensable point of reference for future research on mineral and energy policy.

Minder weergeven

The paper was submitted to the Energy and Climate Change Committee House of Commons, Westminster which investigates the effects of Brexit on UK Energy Policy.

The paper summarises

• Attempts to retain a post-Brexit link with the EU in energy are challenged by the unfinished and evolving nature of the Single Energy Market (SEM)

• A major aim should be to ensure that the transition does not lead to a hiatus in investment in energy projects

• UK participation in the SEM… Meer weergeven

The paper was submitted to the Energy and Climate Change Committee House of Commons, Westminster which investigates the effects of Brexit on UK Energy Policy.

The paper summarises

• Attempts to retain a post-Brexit link with the EU in energy are challenged by the unfinished and evolving nature of the Single Energy Market (SEM)

• A major aim should be to ensure that the transition does not lead to a hiatus in investment in energy projects

• UK participation in the SEM is likely to be replaced by a need for coordination mechanisms Minder weergeven

Günter Tiess, Tapan Majumder, Peter Cameron (eds)