James Hayes

In research studies some collected data include Incidental Findings (IFs), i.e. findings “that
potentially affect the health of a living being – if the diagnostic means were not intended to produce
such findings”.1 They are found in up to 8% of brain MRI scans and as high as 41% in some CT scans;
this wide difference in reported IFs is thought to be due in part to the wider field of view of CT scans
which leads to better visualisation of additional organs

Bringing together conventional contrast media studies, computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide imaging including hybrid imaging using SPECT-CT and PET-CT, DXA studies and digital interventional procedures into one volume, this definitive book is the essential source of information on the use and application of these imaging modalities in radiography.

Taking a systemic anatomical approach, carefully designed to be clear and consistent throughout and… Show more

Bringing together conventional contrast media studies, computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide imaging including hybrid imaging using SPECT-CT and PET-CT, DXA studies and digital interventional procedures into one volume, this definitive book is the essential source of information on the use and application of these imaging modalities in radiography.

Taking a systemic anatomical approach, carefully designed to be clear and consistent throughout and mirroring that in the popular and established textbook Clark’s Positioning in Radiography, each chapter is highly illustrated and contains sections detailing anatomy, pathologic considerations, procedure methodology, and an evaluation of recommended imaging modalities.

Reflecting the latest clinical imaging pathways and referral guidelines including IR(ME)R 2017, the Map of Medicine and RCR iRefer (8E), Clark’s Diagnostic Imaging Procedures will quickly become established as the standard textbook for students of radiography and radiographer assistant trainees and an invaluable desk reference for practising radiologists. Show less

Colorectal cancer accounts for almost 10% of cancer incidence worldwide,1 and New Zealand is among the countries with the highest incidence rates in the world.2 Each year there are about 3,000 registrations and 1,100 deaths from colorectal cancer in New Zealand.3 Incidence and mortality rates are lower for Māori than non-Māori, but rates for Māori and non-Māori females are starting to converge.3 Colorectal cancer incidence rates vary more than 20-fold worldwide, and changes occurring among… Show more

Colorectal cancer accounts for almost 10% of cancer incidence worldwide,1 and New Zealand is among the countries with the highest incidence rates in the world.2 Each year there are about 3,000 registrations and 1,100 deaths from colorectal cancer in New Zealand.3 Incidence and mortality rates are lower for Māori than non-Māori, but rates for Māori and non-Māori females are starting to converge.3 Colorectal cancer incidence rates vary more than 20-fold worldwide, and changes occurring among populations migrating from low to high incidence areas within one or two generations suggest that lifestyle factors are important in determining risk.4 Substantial reductions in the incidence of colorectal cancer (more than 10% in the decade 2006 to 2016) have been projected for New Zealand, even in the absence of a national screening programme; however, the number of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer each year will not decline, because of the increasing size and age of the population.5 Show less

Background
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed invasive cancer in New Zealand women and modifiable lifestyle risk factors may contribute to this.

Aim
To estimate population attributable risks for modifiable lifestyle factors and breast cancer in New Zealand.

Methods
Estimates of the magnitude of the impact of modifiable lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer (relative risks and odds ratios obtained from published epidemiological studies) and the prevalence of… Show more

Background
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed invasive cancer in New Zealand women and modifiable lifestyle risk factors may contribute to this.

Aim
To estimate population attributable risks for modifiable lifestyle factors and breast cancer in New Zealand.

Methods
Estimates of the magnitude of the impact of modifiable lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer (relative risks and odds ratios obtained from published epidemiological studies) and the prevalence of exposure in New Zealand were used to calculate the population attributable risk percent (PAR%) for each risk factor. The PAR% show the relative importance of these considered risk factors and give an indication of the potential impact of reducing the prevalence of these lifestyle risk factors on the incidence of breast cancer in New Zealand.

Results
Six modifiable lifestyle factors were identified for breast cancer. These were obesity, lack of physical activity, high alcohol intake, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and delayed first birth. The PAR% for these risk factors ranged from 1% for delayed first birth to 10% for obesity (16% for Maori women and 17% for Pacific women).

Conclusions
The most important primary preventive strategies to reduce the risk of breast cancer in New Zealand are lifestyle changes to reduce obesity, promoting regular physical activity (which may in turn reduce the prevalence of obesity), reducing HRT use and avoiding high alcohol intake. Strategies that encourage regular physical activity and reduce obesity could also have other benefits, such as reduced risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes
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Abstract Introduction Pancreatic duct stones are found in 22 to 60% of patients with chronic
pancreatitis (CP). The stones can lead to obstruction of the outflow of pancreatic secretions
causing increased intraductal pressure. The pancreas is relatively noncompliant. Therefore
the rise in intraductal pressure can induce tissue hypertension and ischemia. This can be a
major factor causing pain in patients with CP. This hypothesis is supported by the
observation that symptoms… Show more

Abstract Introduction Pancreatic duct stones are found in 22 to 60% of patients with chronic
pancreatitis (CP). The stones can lead to obstruction of the outflow of pancreatic secretions
causing increased intraductal pressure. The pancreas is relatively noncompliant. Therefore
the rise in intraductal pressure can induce tissue hypertension and ischemia. This can be a
major factor causing pain in patients with CP. This hypothesis is supported by the
observation that symptoms may improve following pancreatic duct drainage. Show less

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the diagnostic accuracy of handheld computing devices is comparable to that of monitors that might be used in emergency teleconsultation. Subjects and Methods: One handheld device, an Apple iPad2 was studied. The diagnostic efficacy of this device was tested against that of secondary-class monitor - the reference standard (primary class being clinical workstation display) for images of slices from CT of the brain… Show more

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the diagnostic accuracy of handheld computing devices is comparable to that of monitors that might be used in emergency teleconsultation. Subjects and Methods: One handheld device, an Apple iPad2 was studied. The diagnostic efficacy of this device was tested against that of secondary-class monitor - the reference standard (primary class being clinical workstation display) for images of slices from CT of the brain. Participants read 100 brain images looking for a specific abnormality (example: fresh intracranial bleed) and rated their confidence in their decisions. Participants were timed but told that the timing was for statistical purposes only, so we could compare the time taken to read images on both monitors. Readings were by Intensive Care physician consultants. These consultants were selected as they were the ideal professional to review images of CT heads with the ability to take part in study. Results: Despite experiencing slower workflow, clinicians evaluating patients for injuries reported similar diagnostic performance regardless of whether they read images from Apple's iPad2 or a traditional LCD monitor. The results are encouraging and indicate that from a hardware perspective, the iPad2 display is suitable for preliminary emergency interpretation. Show less

Abstract: New Zealand (NZ) currently is not equipped to meet the social and health care needs of elderly people. The nation's baby boomers are 65 or older and are living longer with more complex health needs. Fundamental changes in the health care system need to take place, and greater financial resources need to be committed in order to ensure they can receive high-quality care. New Zealand is at a crossroads, a junction where the universal demand for quality medical care meets the economic… Show more

Abstract: New Zealand (NZ) currently is not equipped to meet the social and health care needs of elderly people. The nation's baby boomers are 65 or older and are living longer with more complex health needs. Fundamental changes in the health care system need to take place, and greater financial resources need to be committed in order to ensure they can receive high-quality care. New Zealand is at a crossroads, a junction where the universal demand for quality medical care meets the economic reality of containing health care costs. Whatever direction the future may take, it will probably favour solutions that balance broad public benefits with the smallest economic impact (New Zealand Health Information Service, 2010, Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2010). Show less

Abstract: Smoking has many negative effects on the health of New Zealanders. The New Zealand government, to address the health impacts and subsequent inequalities caused by tobacco consumption, has implemented various tobacco control strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines tobacco control as 'a range of supply and demand and harm reduction strategies that aim to improve health of a populace by eliminating or reducing their consumption of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco… Show more

Abstract: Smoking has many negative effects on the health of New Zealanders. The New Zealand government, to address the health impacts and subsequent inequalities caused by tobacco consumption, has implemented various tobacco control strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines tobacco control as 'a range of supply and demand and harm reduction strategies that aim to improve health of a populace by eliminating or reducing their consumption of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco smoke' (World Health Organisation, 2005). New Zealand has often been at the forefront of tobacco control in the world, 'from 1985 to 1990 New Zealand had the fastest rate of decline in consumption of tobacco products among OECD countries' (Cancer Control, 2008, p.6). This could be attributed to the implementation or types of interventions and policies employed. However more recently there has been a slowing in the rate of decline of smoking. Tobacco control has been around for decades; however it is only since the 1980s that any real importance has been attached to it. This paper will look at the impact that smoking tobacco has on New Zealand citizens, some of the interventions used by the New Zealand government and other organisations to address the impact of smoking, and will investigate the outcomes and effectiveness of these. Show less