Adnet F, Borron SW, Finot MA, Minadeo J, Baud FJ. Relation of body position at the time of discovery with suspected aspiration pneumonia in poisoned comatose patients. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(4):745-748. doi:10.1097/00003246-199904000-00028
Ali K, Warusevitane A, Lally F, et al. The stroke oxygen pilot study: a randomized controlled trial of the effects of routine oxygen supplementation early after acute stroke—effect on key outcomes at six months. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e59274. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059274
Amaducci A, Aldy K, Campleman SL, et al. Naloxone use in novel potent opioid and fentanyl overdoses in emergency department patients. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2331264. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31264
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Bleeding kit SAC answers. June 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbIm/R65W3xRE9QjVfwVYSQMvs8KuVZQmaKnjkQp33doNZew
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First Aid: Burn cooling. June 2022. Accessed January 26, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xQrn/UESwLjU6yFp1pnJv7g38.nmCBB2vrD5eP5uImrbUY8Y
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Cervical spine motion restriction. June 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbJz/KyDZZGU5xIRNz2Z0qIiGY4YYEybi2nbQtUOuzL1LdrI
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Exertional heat stroke. January 2023. Accessed January 26, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbex/.83kpMoeUejIPisOmLcOPQasnWYPBm7pKkeBERnfpug
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First Aid: Glucose for hypoglycemia. 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001yhzr/SCCGOji.552DjT75FBXpHAWxO4MbSsvpXuKnyRFd8rY
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Hemostatic dressings. June 2022. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001JMHF/kk5I5K48uLt2Xt4TjKJK0Dum3J5JfIQaE8GNhUui1dE
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Hemostatic dressings. June 2022. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001JMHj/G5CFJa7WqlneIb0522v259Jueyo.6nTtolKogb5wI5U
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Honey Bee Stiner Removal. January 2021. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbgF/YzN.1KAyG3ZIM7ayd.e52F28WqkJUr4ARq6Q31Yk5.g
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Improvised tourniquets for life-threatening hemorrhage. 2022. Accessed January 28, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbhD/PAe8xoVkowwEhYoibD5P3sq4hJprLxDyhUw5msc_Zxg
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Infection risk in first aid and CPR. 2021. Accessed January 26, 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000tbgc/ZhXG5ByLnLjVQdgb.9ju6sfWEk86.OeCJDb2PbbUcXA
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First Aid: Jellyfish Stings. June 2022. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xQuN/mTnauAslAliuvQS.Po13z3m9HGezAQxuoOGeGuoapiw
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Pediatric tourniquet use. 2022. Accessed January 26, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xQry/ge41wuNqQzuoyeoA0Yb6L71Y0rE24PL.VFuk2KwsETY
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Pressure dressings for hemorrhage control. June 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001yhzw/tBFW_X.2nnexRKDzMzoijlLwGNyRNnhOJ8i_ydh7VU4
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Pressure immobilization bandaging for snake bite. 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbmc/Tg1HjSG2ICyVTYU5BRgqG3YR65rhYIIfJJinpC8eUT0
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Presyncope. une 2022. Accessed January 26, 2024. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000000xbkD/1hOckLh.3Q1Iods8eDlH7DlfMNyzTDm0KL1clA_CQSw
American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. First aid: Recovery position of the seizing person. 2023. https://arc-phss.my.salesforce.com/sfc/p/#d0000000bxKz/a/3o000001yi0B/XDiHWwd6ewr9TjsKzIgTTSYEXW9Wc20SIZacsorUXTY
Anonymous A. Tactical combat casualty care (TCCC) guidelines for medical personnel. J Spec Oper Med. 2022;22(1):11-17. doi:10.55460/etzi-si9t
Armenian P, Vo KT, Barr-Walker J, Lynch, KL. Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: a comprehensive review. Neuropharmacol. 2018;134(Pt A):121-132. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016
Barennes H, Valea I, Nagot N, Van de Perre P, Pussard E. Sublingual sugar administration as an alternative to intravenous dextrose administration to correct hypoglycemia among children in the tropics. Pediatrics. 2005;116(5):e648-e653. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2218
Barnard JH. Studies of 400 hymenoptera sting deaths in the United States. J Aller Clin Immunol. 1973;52(5):259-264. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(73)90044-4
Bedri H, Ayoub H, Engelbart JM, Lilienthal M, Galet C, Skeete DA. Tourniquet application for bleeding control in a rural trauma system: outcomes and implications for prehospital providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(2):246-254. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1868635
Beekley AC, Sebesta JA, Blackbourne LH, Herbert GG, Kauvar DS, Baer DG. Prehospital tourniquet use in Operation Iraqi Freedom: effect on hemorrhage control and outcomes. J Trauma. 2008;64(2 Suppl):S28-S37; discussion S37. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318160937e
Bendahou M, Khiami F, Saïdi K, et al. Compression stockings in ankle sprain: a multicenter randomized study. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(9):1005-1010. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.05.054
Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, et al. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 148(24):e187-e280. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001179
Bilgic S, Durusu M, Aliyev B, et al. Comparison of two main treatment modalities for acute ankle sprain. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(6):1496-1499. doi:10.12669/pjms.316.8210
Bock SA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to foods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(1):191-193. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.112031
Borra V, Berry DC, Zideman D, Singletary E, De Buck E. Compression wrapping for acute closed extremity joint injuries: a systematic review. J Athl Train. 2020;55(8):789-800. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0093.20
Boyce SH, Quigley MA, Campbell S. Management of ankle sprains: a randomised controlled trial of the treatment of inversion injuries using an elastic support bandage or an aircast ankle brace. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(2):91-96. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.009233
Boyer EW. Management of opioid analgesic overdose. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(2):146-155. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1202561
Brignole M, Croci F, Menozzi C, et al. Isometric arm counter-pressure maneuvers to abort impending vasovagal syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(11):2053-2059. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02683-9
Browne LR, Ahmad FA, Schwartz H, et al. Prehospital factors associated with cervical spine injury in pediatric blunt trauma patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2021;28(5):553-561. doi:10.1111/acem.14176
Campbell RL, Bashore CJ, Lee S, Bellamkonda VR, Li JT, Hagan JB. Predictors of repeat epinephrine administration for emergency department patients with anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(4):576-584. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.04.009
Capps JA, Sharma V, Arkwright PD. Prevalence, outcome and pre-hospital management of anaphylaxis by first aiders and paramedical ambulance staff in Manchester, UK. Resuscitation. 2010;81(6):653-657. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.01.021
Castro-Marin F, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Vossbrink A, Bobrow BJ. Prehospital protocols reducing long spinal board use are not associated with a change in incidence of spinal cord injury. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;24(3):401-410. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1645923
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traumatic brain injury and concussion. 2023. http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/
Charlton NP, Goolsby CA, Zideman DA, Maconochie IK, Morley PT, Singletary EM. Appropriate tourniquet types in the pediatric population: a systematic review. Cureus. 2021;13(4):e14474. doi:10.7759/cureus.14474
Charlton NP, Swain JM, Brozek JL, et al. Control of severe, life-threatening external bleeding in the out-of-hospital setting: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;25(2):235-267. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1743801
Charlton NP, Solberg R, Rizer K, Singletary EM, Woods WA. Pressure methods for primary hemorrhage control: a randomized crossover trial. Int J First Aid Educ. 2019;2(1):e19-e27. doi:10.25894/ijfae.2.1.3
Charlton NP, Solberg R, Rizer K, Singletary EM, Woods WA. The use of a “CPR posture” for hemorrhage control. Int J First Aid Educ. 2019;2(1):31-36. doi:10.25894/ijfae.2.1.4
Chenkin J, Gladstone DJ, Verbeek PR, et al. Predictive value of the Ontario prehospital stroke screening tool for the identification of patients with acute stroke. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13(2):153-159. doi:10.1080/10903120802706146
Chung T, Gaudet L, Vandenberghe C, et al. Pre-hospital management of anaphylaxis in one Canadian Urban Centre. Resuscitation. 2014;85(8):1077-1082. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.04.004
Chlup R, Zapletalova J, Peterson K, et al. Impact of buccal glucose spray, liquid sugars and dextrose tablets on the evolution of plasma glucose concentration in healthy persons. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2009;153(3):205-209. doi:10.5507/bp.2009.034
Clarke DA, Medow MS, Taneja I, Ocon AJ, Stewart JM. Initial orthostatic hypotension in the young is attenuated by static handgrip. J Pediatr. 2010;156(6):1019-1022.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.035
Clemency BM, Natalzia P, Innes J, et al. A change from a spinal immobilization to a spinal motion restriction protocol was not associated with an increase in disabling spinal cord injuries. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2021;36(6):708-712. doi:10.1017/s1049023x21001187
Committee on Combat Tactical Casualty Care. Tactical field care: hemorrhage. Guidelines from the Tactical Field Care Phase of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). 2018. https://www.deployedmedicine.com/market/11/content/32
Connors NJ, Nelson LS. The evolution of recommended naloxone dosing for opioid overdose by Medical Specialty. J Med Toxicol. 2016;12(3):276-281. doi:10.1007/s13181-016-0559-3
Cornelissen MP, Brandwijk A, Schoonmade L, Giannakopoulos G, van Oostendorp S, Geeraedts L Jr. The safety and efficacy of improvised tourniquets in life-threatening hemorrhage: a systematic review. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020;46(3):531-538. doi:10.1007/s00068-019-01202-5
Croci F, Brignole M, Menozzi C, et al. Efficacy and feasibility of isometric arm counter-pressure manoeuvres to abort impending vasovagal syncope during real life. Europace. 2004;6(4):287-291. doi:10.1016/j.eupc.2004.03.008
Currie BJ, Canale E, Isbister GK. Effectiveness of pressure-immobilization first aid for snakebite requires further study. Emerg Med Australas. 2008;20(3):267-270. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01093.x
De Brier N, Borra V, Singletary EM, Zideman DA, De Buck E. Storage of an avulsed tooth prior to replantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dent Traumatol. 2020;36(5):453-476. doi:10.1111/edt.12564
De Buck E, Borra V, Carlson JN, Zideman DA, Singletary EM, Djärv T. First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypoglycaemia. Emergencias. 2021;33(2):135-136.
DeClerck MP, Bailey Y, Craig D, et al. Efficacy of topical treatments for chrysaora chinensis species: a human model in comparison with an in vitro model. Wilderness Environ Med. 2016;27(1):25-38. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2015.10.008
Djärv T, Douma M, Palmieri T, et al. Duration of cooling with water for thermal burns as a first aid intervention: a systematic review. Burns. 2022;48(2):251-262. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2021.10.007
Djarv T, Swain JM, Chang WT, Zideman DA, Singletary E. Early or first aid administration versus late or in-hospital administration of aspirin for non-traumatic adult chest pain: a systematic review. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e6862. doi:10.7759/cureus.6862
Douma MJ, Aves T, Allan KS, et al. First aid cooling techniques for heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2020;148, 173-190. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.01.007
Douma MJ, Handley AJ, MacKenzie E, et al. The recovery position for maintenance of adequate ventilation and the prevention of cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resusc Plus. 2022;10:100236. doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100236
Dowling J, Isbister, GK, Kirkpatrick CM, Naidoo D, Graudins A. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal naloxone in human volunteers. Ther Drug Monit. 2008;30(4):490-496. doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181816214
Doyle TK, Headlam JL, Wilcox CL, MacLoughlin E, Yanagihara AA. Evaluation of cyanea capillata sting management protocols using ex vivo and in vitro envenomation models. Toxins (Basel). 2017;9(7)215. doi:10.3390/toxins9070215
Dylla L, Adler DH, Abar B et al. Prehospital supplemental oxygen for acute stroke: a retrospective analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(11):2324-2328. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.11.002
El-Sherif N, Lowndes B, Franz W, Hallbeck MS, Belau S, Sztajnkrycer MD. Sweating the little things: tourniquet application efficacy in two models of pediatric limb circumference. Mil Med. 2019;184(1 Suppl):361-366. doi:10.1093/milmed/usy283
Ellis J, Morrow MM, Belau A, et al. The efficacy of novel commercial tourniquet designs for extremity hemorrhage control: implications for spontaneous responder every day carry. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020;35(3):276-280. doi:10.1017/s1049023x2000045x
Erbas IM, Abaci A, Anik A, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of simple carbohydrates on hypoglycemic episodes in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomized study in a diabetes camp. Pediatr Diabetes. 2020;21(7):1249-1255. doi:10.1111/pedi.13077
Fischer PE, Perina DG, Delbridge TR, al. Spinal motion restriction in the trauma patient–a joint position statement. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(6):659-661. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1481476
Freire-Tellado M, Navarro-Patón R, Pavón-Prieto MDP, et al. Does lying in the recovery position increase the likelihood of not delivering cardiopulmonary resuscitation? Resuscitation. 2017;115: 173-177. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.03.008
Glick C, Furer M, Glassberg C, Sharon R, Ankory M. Comparison of two tourniquets on a mid-thigh model: the Israeli silicone stretch and wrap tourniquet vs. the combat application tourniquet. Mil Med. 2018;183(1 Suppl):157-161. doi:10.1093/milmed/usx169
Guo JY, Liu Y, Ma YL, Pi HY, Wang, JR. Evaluation of emergency tourniquets for prehospital use in China. Chin J Traumatol. 2011;14(3):151-155.
Ham HW, Schoonhoven LL, Schuurmans MM, Leenen LL. Pressure ulcer development in trauma patients with suspected spinal injury; the influence of risk factors present in the emergency department. Int Emerg Nurs. 2017;30, 13-19. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2016.05.005
Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke. 2003;34(1):71-76. doi:10.1161/01.str.0000044170.46643.5e
Harcke HT, Lawrence LL, Gripp EW, Kecskemethy HH, Kruse RW, Murphy SG. Adult tourniquet for use in school-age emergencies. Pediatrics. 2019;143(6):e20183447. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3447
Hatamabadi HR, Asayesh Zarchi F, Kariman H, Arhami Dolatabadi A, Tabatabaey A, Amini A. Celox-coated gauze for the treatment of civilian penetrating trauma: a randomized clinical trial. Trauma Mon. 2015;20(1):e23862. doi:10.5812/traumamon.23862
Gaines AD. Self-injectable epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2007;120(1):238; author reply: 239-240. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0736
Gauer R, Meyers BK. Heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(8):482-489.
Giglio RE, Li G, DiMaggio CJ. Effectiveness of bystander naloxone administration and overdose education programs: a meta-analysis. Inj Epidemiol. 2015;2(1):10. doi:10.1186/s40621-015-0041-8
Golden DB, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, Hamilton RG, Lichtenstein LM. Outcomes of allergy to insect stings in children, with and without venom immunotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(7):668-674. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022952
Goolsby C, Rojas L, Moore K, et al. Layperson ability and willingness to use hemostatic dressings: a randomized, controlled trial. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(6):795-801. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1593566
Goolsby C, Strauss-Riggs K, Rozenfeld M, et al. Equipping public spaces to facilitate rapid point-of-injury hemorrhage control after mass casualty. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(2):236-241. doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304773
Grady JD, Burnett JW. Irukandji-like syndrome in South Florida divers. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42(6):763-766. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(03)00513-4
Greenberger PA, Rotskoff BD, Lifschultz B. Fatal anaphylaxis: postmortem findings and associated comorbid diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98(3):252-257. doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60714-4
Gunning RR, Garber AJ. Bioactivity of instant glucose. Failure of absorption through oral mucosa. JAMA. 1978;240(15):1611-1612.
Iguchi Y, Kimura K, Watanabe M, Shibazaki K, Aoki, J. Utility of the Kurashiki prehospital stroke scale for hyperacute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;31(1):51-56. doi:10.1159/000320854
Jensen JL, Ohshimo S, Cassan P, et al. Immediate interventions for presyncope of vasovagal or orthostatic origin: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;24(1):64-76. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1605431
Jones CM, Han B, Baldwin GT, Einstein EB, Compton WM. Use of medication for opioid use disorder among adults with past-year opioid use disorder in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(8):e2327488. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.27488
Julliand S, Desmarest M, Gonzalez L, et al. (2016). Recovery position significantly associated with a reduced admission rate of children with loss of consciousness. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101(6):521-526. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308857
Kane I, Ong A, Radcliff KE, Austin LS, Maltenfort M, Tjoumakaris F. Epidemiology of aquatic and recreational water sport injuries: a case-control analysis. Orthopedics. 2015;38(9):e813-818. doi:10.3928/01477447-20150902-60
Kelly JR, Levy MJ, Reyes J, Anders J. Effectiveness of the combat application tourniquet for arterial occlusion in young children. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2020;88(5):644-647. doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000002594
Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE. Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis–a statement of the world allergy organization. World Allergy Organ J. 2008;1(7 Suppl):S18-S26. doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e31817c9338
Kim JT, Fonarow GC, Smith EE, et al. (2017). Treatment with tissue plasmogen activator in the golden hour and the shape of the 4.5-hour time-benefit curve in the national United States get with The guidelines-stroke population. Circulation. 2017;135(2):128-139. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.023336
Kim KH, Cho JG, Lee KO, et al. Usefulness of physical maneuvers for prevention of vasovagal syncope. Circ J. 2005;69(9):1084-1088. doi:10.1253/circj.69.1084
Kimchi N, Clarke A, Moisan J, et al. Anaphylaxis cases presenting to primary care paramedics in Quebec. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2015;3(4):406-410. doi:10.1002/iid3.78
Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, et al. Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375(9723):1347-1354. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60064-5
Klein RC, Party E, Gershey EL. (1990). Virus penetration of examination gloves. Biotechniques. 1990;9(2):196-199.
Kloster R, Engelskjøn T. (1999). Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): a clinical perspective and a search for risk factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67(4):439-444. doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.4.439
Kong EL, Nappe TM. Irukandji Syndrome. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL):StatPearls Publishing. 2023. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
Korniewicz DM, Garzon L, Seltzer J, Feinleib M. Failure rates in nonlatex surgical gloves. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32(5):268-273. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2003.12.005
Kotilainen HR, Brinker JP, Avato JL, Gantz NM. Latex and vinyl examination gloves. Quality control procedures and implications for health care workers. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(12):2749-2753. doi:10.1001/archinte.149.12.2749
Kragh JF, Jr, Newton NJ, Tan AR, Aden JK, 3rd, Dubick MA. New and established models of limb tourniquet compared in simulated first aid. J Spec Oper Med. 2018;18(2):36-41. doi:10.55460/4wvw-ae0t
Kue RC, Temin ES, Weiner SG, et al. Tourniquet use in a civilian emergency medical services setting: a descriptive analysis of the Boston EMS experience. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19(3):399-404. doi:10.3109/10903127.2014.995842
Lakstein D, Blumenfeld A, Sokolov T, et al. Tourniquets for hemorrhage control on the battlefield: a 4-year accumulated experience. J Trauma. 2003;54(5 Suppl):S221-S225. doi:10.1097/01.Ta.0000047227.33395.49
Krediet CT, Go-Schön IK, van Lieshout JJ, Wieling W. Optimizing squatting as a physical maneuver to prevent vasovagal syncope. Clin Auton Res. 2008;18(4):179-186. doi:10.1007/s10286-008-0481-0
Krediet CT, van Dijk N, Linzer M, van Lieshout JJ, Wieling W. Management of vasovagal syncope: controlling or aborting faints by leg crossing and muscle tensing. Circulation. 2002;106(13):1684-1689. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000030939.12646.8f
Krieter P, Chiang N, Gyaw S, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties and human use characteristics of an FDA-approved intranasal naloxone product for the treatment of opioid overdose. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(10):1243-1253. doi:10.1002/jcph.759
Lee JA, Singletary E, Charlton N. Methods of honey bee stinger removal: a systematic review of the literature. Cureus. 2020;12(5):e8078. doi:10.7759/cureus.8078
Liu W, Tang F, Fang LQ, et al. Risk factors for SARS infection among hospital healthcare workers in Beijing: a case control study. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(1 Suppl):52-59. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02255.x
Lyles WE 3rd, Kragh JF Jr, Aden JK 3rd, Dubick MA. Testing tourniquet use in a manikin model: two improvised techniques. J Spec Oper Med. 2015;15(4):21-26. doi:10.55460/ej4j-ss7l
Manivannan V, Hyde RJ, Hankins DG, et al. Epinephrine use and outcomes in anaphylaxis patients transported by emergency medical services. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(9):1097-1102. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.05.014
Mansor Z, Ismail NH, Rosnah I, Hashim JH. Thirst as the threshold symptom to prevent worsening heat-related illness. Med J Malaysia. 2019;74(1):1-7.
Markenson D, Ferguson JD, Chameides L, et al. Part 13: First aid: 2010 American Heart Association and American Red Cross International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2010;122(16 Suppl 2):S582-605. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.971168
McDonald R, Lorch U, Woodward J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of concentrated naloxone nasal spray for opioid overdose reversal: phase I healthy volunteer study. Addiction. 2018;113(3):484-493. doi:10.1111/add.14033
McGee RG, Webster AC, Lewis SR, Welsford M. Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings. Cochrane Database Syst Naimer SA, Tanami M, Malichi A, Moryosef, D. Control of traumatic wound bleeding by compression with a compact elastic adhesive dressing. Mil Med. 2006;171(7):644-647. doi:10.7205/milmed.171.7.644
McNickle AG, Fraser DR, Chestovich PJ, Kuhls DA, Fildes JJ. Effect of prehospital tourniquets on resuscitation in extremity arterial trauma. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2019;4(1):e000267. doi:10.1136/tsaco-2018-000267
Meyran D, Cassan P, Avau B, Singletary E, Zideman DA. Stroke recognition for first aid providers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11386. doi:10.7759/cureus.11386
National Science Foundation. Jellyfish gone wild. Accessed January 16, 2024. https://www.nsf.gov/
Norris RL, Pfalzgraf RR, Laing G. Death following coral snake bite in the United States–first documented case (with ELISA confirmation of envenomation) in over 40 years. Toxicon. 2009;53(6):693-697. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.032
O’Brien W, Crimmins D, Donaldson W, et al. FASTER (Face, Arm, Speech, Time, Emergency Response): experience of Central Coast Stroke Services implementation of a pre-hospital notification system for expedient management of acute stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19(2):241-245. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2011.06.009
Olasveengen TM, Mancini ME, Perkins GD, et al. Adult Basic Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(16 Suppl 1):S41-S91. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000892
Padma MV, Bhasin A, Bhatia R, et al. Normobaric oxygen therapy in acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study in Indian patients. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2010;13(4):284-288. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.74203
Part 10: First Aid. Circulation. 2005;112(22 Suppl):III-115–III-125. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166480
Pe T, Mya S, Myint AA, Aung NN, Kyu KA, Oo T. Field trial of efficacy of local compression immobilization first-aid technique in Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii siamensis) bite patients. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000;31(2):346-348.
Pease S, Bouadma L, Kermarrec N, Schortgen F, Régnier B, Wolff M. Early organ dysfunction course, cooling time and outcome in classic heatstroke. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(8):1454-1458. doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1500-x
Ping J, Onizuka N. Epidemiology of jellyfish stings presented to an American urban emergency department. Hawaii Med J. 2011;70(10):217-219.
Pumphrey RS, Gowland MH. Further fatal allergic reactions to food in the United Kingdom, 1999-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(4):1018-1019. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.021
Pumphrey RS. Fatal anaphylaxis in the UK, 1992-2001. Novartis Found Symp. 2004;257:116-128; discussion: 128-132, 157-160, 276-185.
Ran L, Che, X, Wang Y, Wu W, Zhang L, Tan X. Risk factors of healthcare workers With coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study in a designated hospital of Wuhan in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2218-2221. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa287
Roffe C, Ali K, Warusevitane A, et al. The SOS pilot study: a RCT of routine oxygen supplementation early after acute stroke–effect on recovery of neurological function at one week. PloS One. 2011;6(5):e19113. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019113
Roffe C, Nevatte T, Sim J, Bishop J, Ives N, Ferdinand P, Gray R, Stroke Oxygen Study Investigators and the Stroke Oxygen Study Collaborative Group Effect of routine low-dose oxygen supplementation on death and disability in adults with acute stroke: the stroke oxygen study Randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(12):1125-1135. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11463
Rønning OM, Guldvog B. (1999). Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 1999,30(10):2033-2037. doi:10.1161/01.str.30.10.2033
Rosanio S, Schwarz ER, Ware DL, Vitarelli A. Syncope in adults: systematic review and proposal of a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. Inter J Cardiol. 2013;162(3):149-157. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.021
Ross EM, Mapp JG, Redman TT, Brown DJ, Kharod CU, Wampler DA. The tourniquet gap: a pilot study of the intuitive placement of three tourniquet types by laypersons. J Emerg Med. 2018;54(3):307-314. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.09.011
Rucinkski TJ, Hooker DN, Prentice WE, Shields EW, Cote-Murray DJ. The effects of intermittent compression on edema in postacute ankle sprains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1991;14(2):65-69. doi:10.2519/jospt.1991.14.2.65
Ryan SA, Dunne RB. Pharmacokinetic properties of intranasal and injectable formulations of naloxone for community use: a systematic review. Pain Manag. 2018;8(3):231-245. doi:10.2217/pmt-2017-0060
Ryvlin P, Nashef L, Lhatoo SD, et al. Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units (MORTEMUS): a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(10):966-977. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70214-x
Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report–Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006; 117(2):391-397. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1303
Saver JL, Smith EE, Fonarow GC, et al. The “golden hour” and acute brain ischemia: presenting features and lytic therapy in >30,000 patients arriving within 60 minutes of stroke onset. Stroke. 2010;41(7):1431-1439. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.583815
Seyal M, Bateman LM, Li CS. Impact of periictal interventions on respiratory dysfunction, postictal EEG suppression, and postictal immobility. Epilepsia. 2013;54(2):377-382. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03691.x
Schumacher MJ, Tveten MS, Egen NB. Rate and quantity of delivery of venom from honeybee stings. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;93(5):831-835. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90373-5
Shah S, Majmudar K, Stein A, et al. Novel use of home pulse oximetry monitoring in COVID-19 patients discharged from the emergency department identifies need for hospitalization. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27(8):681-692. doi:10.1111/acem.14053
Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE. Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(4):Cd006312. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006312.pub2
Shi C, Goodall M, Dumville J, et al. The accuracy of pulse oximetry in measuring oxygen saturation by levels of skin pigmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):267. doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02452-8
Shimazaki J, Hifumi T, Shimizu K, et al. Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes of heat-related illness (Heatstroke Study 2017-2018). Acute Med Surg. 2020;7(1):e516. doi:10.1002/ams2.516
Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Self-injectable epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2007;119(3):638-646. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3689
Simons KJ, Simons FE. Epinephrine and its use in anaphylaxis: current issues. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;10(4):354-361. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833bc670
Simpson ID, Tanwar PD, Andrade C, Kochar DK, Norris RL. The Ebbinghaus retention curve: training does not increase the ability to apply pressure immobilisation in simulated snake bite–implications for snake bite first aid in the developing world. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(5):451-459. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.01.014
Singletary EM, Douma M, Kung J, Myhre C, MacKenzie E on behalf of the ILCOR First Aid Task Force. Pulse oximetry use in the first aid setting: task force synthesis of a scoping review [Internet]. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). ILCOR.org. 2022. https://costr.ilcor.org/
Singletary EM, Zideman DA, Bendall JC, et al. 2020 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(16 Suppl 1):S284-S334. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000897
Sjoding MW, Dickson RP, Iwashyna TJ, Gay SE, Valley TS. Racial bias in pulse oximetry measurement. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(25):2477-2478. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2029240
Slama G, Traynard PY, Desplanque N, et al. The search for an optimized treatment of hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates in tablets, solutin, or gel for the correction of insulin reactions. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150(3):589-593. doi:10.1001/archinte.1990.00390150083016
Smith AA, Ochoa JE, Wong S, et al. Prehospital tourniquet use in penetrating extremity trauma: decreased blood transfusions and limb complications. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;86(1):43-51. doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000002095
Soar J, Maconochie I, Wyckoff MH, et al. 2019 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2019;140(24):e826-e880. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000734
Sparke A, Voss S, Benger J. The measurement of tissue interface pressures and changes in jugular venous parameters associated with cervical immobilisation devices: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2013;21:81. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-21-81
Thom O, Roberts K, Leggat PA, Devine S, Peden AE, Franklin R. Cervical spine immobilisation is only required in drowning patients at high risk of axial loading of the spine. Emerg Med Australas. 2023;35(1):18-24. doi:10.1111/1742-6723.14036
Tiyyagura GK, Arnold L, Cone DC, Langhan M. Pediatric anaphylaxis management in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(1):46-51. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.825352
Tun P, Aye Aye M, Khin Ei H, Thi H, Tin Nu S. Local compression pads as a first-aid measure for victims of bites by Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89(3):293-295. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90547-2
Tun P, Muang Muang T, Myint Myint T, Aye Aye M, Kyaw M, Thein T. The efficacy of compression immobilization technique in retarding spread of radio-labeled Russell’s viper venom in rhesus monkeys and ‘mock venom’ NaI131 in human volunteers. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994;25(2):349-353.
Tylleskar I, Skulber, AK, Nilsen T, Skarra S, Jansook P, Dale O. Pharmacokinetics of a new, nasal formulation of naloxone. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73(5):555-562. doi:10.1007/s00228-016-2191-1
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Stop the Bleed. October 14, 2022. https://www.dhs.gov/stopthebleed
U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Pulse oximeter accuracy and limitations: FDA safety communication. 2021. Updated November 16, 2023. https://www.fda.gov/
University of California Museum of Paleontology. The cubozoan: chironex fleckeri. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/
van den Berg K, Lam J, Bruhn R, Custer B, Murphy EL. Water administration and the risk of syncope and presyncope during blood donation: a randomized clinical trial. Transfusion. 2012;52(12):2577-2584. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03631.x
Verducci C, Hussain F, Donner E, et al. SUDEP in the North American SUDEP Registry: the full spectrum of epilepsies. Neurology. 2019;93(3):e227-e236. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000007778
Vetter RS, Visscher PK. Bites and stings of medically important venomous arthropods. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(7):481-496. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00455.x
Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S. Removing bee stings. Lancet. 1996;348(9023):301-302. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01367-0
Volerman A, Brindley C, Amerson N, Pressley T, Woolverton N. A national review of state laws for stock epinephrine in schools. J Sch Health. 1992;92(2):209-222. doi:10.1111/josh.13119
Volpe DA, McMahon Tobin GA, Mellon RD, et al. Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid μ receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011;59(3):385-390. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.12.007
Wagner P, Schloesser S, Braun J, Arntz HR, Breckwoldt J. In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: is the positioning of victims by bystanders adequate for CPR? A cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e037676. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037676
Wall HK, Beagan BM, O’Neill J, Foell KM, Boddie-Willis CL. Addressing stroke signs and symptoms through public education: the Stroke Heroes Act FAST campaign. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(2):A49.
Walter E, Steel K. Management of exertional heat stroke: a practical update for primary care physicians. Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(668):153-154. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X695273
Welch M, Barratt J, Peters A, Wright C. Systematic review of prehospital haemostatic dressings. BMJ Mil Health. 2020;166(3):194-200. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001066
Welch CL, Thomson WM, Kennedy R. ACC claims for sports-related dental trauma from 1999 to 2008: a retrospective analysis. N Z Dent J. 2010;106(4):137-142.
Wellme E, Mill V, Montán C. Evaluating tourniquet use in Swedish prehospital care for civilian extremity trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021;47(6):1861-1866. doi:10.1007/s00068-020-01341-0
Wilcox CL, Headlam JL, Doyle TK, Yanagihara AA. Assessing the efficacy of first-aid measures in physalia sp. envenomation: using solution- and blood agarose-based models. Toxins (Basel). 2017;9(5):149. doi:10.3390/toxins9050149
Winstanley M, Smith JE, Wright C. Catastrophic haemorrhage in military major trauma patients: a retrospective database analysis of haemostatic agents used on the battlefield. J R Army Med Corps. 2019;165(6):405-409. doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001031
Wojner-Alexandrov AW, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D, Persse D, Grotta, JC. Houston paramedic and emergency stroke treatment and outcomes study (HoPSTO). Stroke. 2005;36(7):1512-1518. doi:10.1161/01.Str.0000170700.45340.39
Wyckoff MH, Greif R, Morley PT, et al. 2022 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2022;146(25):e483-e557. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001095
Wyckoff MH, Singletary EM, Soar J, et al. 2021 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; First Aid Task Forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group. Circulation. 2022;145(9):e645-e721. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001017
Yanagihara AA, Wilcox CL. Cubozoan sting-site seawater rinse, scraping, and ice can increase venom load: upending current first aid recommendations. Toxins (Basel). 2017;9(3):105. doi:10.3390/toxins9030105
Young EJ, Macias CR, Stephens L. Common dental injury management in athletes. Sports Health. 2015;7(3):250-255. doi:10.1177/1941738113486077