Zagreanu R. Et Al., New Data On The Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum (AMP 38, 2016) PDF
Zagreanu R. Et Al., New Data On The Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum (AMP 38, 2016) PDF
ACTA
MVSEI POROLISSENSIS
XXXVIII
ZALĂU
2016
EDITOR ȘEF: Dr. Corina BEJINARIU
COLEGIUL DE REDACȚIE
COLEGIUL EDITORIAL
Responsabilitatea pentru conţinutul ştiinţific al articolelor, pentru formulări şi calitatea rezumatelor în limbă
străină revine în întregime autorilor.
NEOLITIC
SIMBOLURI LEGATE DE VÂNĂTOARE DE LA FALEZELE SOMEȘULUI � ����������������������������������� 9
GHEORGHE L A Z AROVICI, R ADU POP
Symbols related to hunting on the banks of the River Someș
EPOCA METALELOR
CONTRIBUȚII LA CUNOAȘTEREA METALURGIEI PREISTORICE A BRONZULUI DIN
NORD-VESTUL ROMÂNIEI. TIPARUL DE LA ȘIMLEU SILVANIEI (JUDEȚUL SĂLA J),
PUNCTUL „OBSERVATOR” ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 121
BEJINARIU IOAN
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF PREHISTORIC BRONZE
METALLURGY IN NORTH-WEST ROMANIA. THE MOULD FROM
ȘIMLEU SILVANIEI (SĂLA J COUNTY), “OBSERVATOR” SITE
EPOCA ROMA NĂ
DESPRE EXPEDITIO BURICA ȘI PREZENȚA DETAȘAMENTELOR LEGIUNII III ITALICA
ÎN DACIA ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 281
SORIN NE METI
About the expeditio Burica and the Presence of
Detachments of the III Italica Legion in Dacia
MIGRAȚII, EV MEDIU
CONSIDERAȚII PRIVIND TOPOARELE DIN SECOLELE VII-VIII DESCOPERITE PE
TERITORIUL TRANSILVANIEI�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������359
CĂLIN COSMA
BETRACHTUNGEN ZU DEN ÄXTEN DES VII. – VIII. JH VOM GEBIET SIEBENBÜRGENS
VESTIGII DIN EPOCA AVARĂ DESCOPERITE LA NUȘFALĂU „CORLATE” (JUD. SĂLA J)���� 391
DAN BĂCUEȚ- CRIȘAN
AVAR AGE VESTIGES DISCOVERED AT NUȘFALĂU “CORLATE” (SĂLA J COUNTY)
MONUMENTE UITATE (I)BISERICILE MEDIEVALE DISPĂRUTE DIN JUDEȚUL SĂLA J ���� 409
DAN CULIC
FORGOTTEN MONUMENTS (I). LOST MEDIEVAL CHURCHES IN SĂLA J COUNTY
RESTAURARE – CONSERVARE
RESTAURAREA A DOUĂ PIESE DE CERAMICĂ DESCOPERITE LA ŞIMLEU SILVANIEI,
JUDEȚUL SĂLA J – STUDIU DE CAZ –����������������������������������������������������������������������������������461
ANA MARI A ELEKES
Restoration of t wo ceramic pots found at Şimleu Silvaniei, Săla j County
Rezumat: Studiul de față prezintă cinci artefacte prove- Abstract: The present study presents five artifacts com-
nind din anticul Porolissum. Primul artefact (nr. 5) este ing from ancient Porolissum. The first artifact (no. 5) is
singurul deja cunoscut în literatura de specialitate. Datele the only one known so far to the scientific community. The
oferite în paginile ce urmează demonstrează faptul că frag- authors demonstrate that the fragment of the feminine
mentul de statuie feminină prezintă o redare iconografică statue presents an iconographic depiction of Nemesis-
a zeiței Nemesis-Fortuna, iar statuia era foarte probabil Fortuna. This statue was most likely the central cult piece
piesa centrală de cult din cadrul sanctuarului dedicat zeiței in the sanctuary dedicated to Nemesis attached to the
Nemesis atașat amfiteatrului de la Porolissum. Celelalte amphitheater of Porolissum. The other artifacts are the
piese sunt un cap al unei statui de calcar cu reprezentarea head of a limestone statue of Hercules (no. 6), a fragment
lui Hercule (nr. 6), un fragment dintr-un alto-relief repre- of a high-relief panel representing Liber Pater (no. 7), a
zentând pe Liber Pater (nr. 7), o statuetă de bronz cu reda- bronze statuette depicting Victoria (no. 8) from the sanc-
rea Victoriei (nr. 8), provenind din sanctuarul dedicat lui tuary of Iupiter Dolichenus, and an inlaid applique on the
Iupiter Dolichenus și in final, o aplică decorativă cu repre- blade of a weapon with a representation of Mars (no. 9),
zentarea lui Marte pe lama unei arme (nr. 9), descoperită also discovered in the amphitheater of Porolissum.
de asemenea în amfiteatrul porolissens.
Keywords: Materiality of Roman religion; Nemesis-
Cuvinte-cheie: Materialitatea religiei romane; Fortuna; Hercules; Liber Pater; Victoria; Mars.
Nemesis-Fortuna; Hercule; Liber Pater; Victoria; Marte.
inhabitation layers, it is difficult to assert whether the statue was initially found in the abovementioned
area or not4. The number of finds depicting Liber Pater at Porolissum is quite small, and we present a stray
find, a fragment of a high-relief panel carved in marble5. Two bronze depictions are also analyzed: a statu‑
ette depicting Victoria adds to the number of finds which were part of the inventory of the sanctuary of
Iupiter Dolichenus, built during Gordian III’s reign and destroyed in the middle of the 3rd century6; and,
a rare, bronze inlaid decoration on a blade of a weapon, rendering Mars7, which triggered our attention
after a bronze sheet was restored.
These newly analyzed pieces of evidence regarding the materiality of religion at Porolissum offer
a unique and fresh insight on the topic. It is our hope that a continuation of research will follow as new
discoveries and new interpretations on previous finds are made, slowly revealing a new image of the
religious system of Porolissum8.
CATALOGUE
4
Cat. no. 6.
5
Cat. no. 7.
6
Cat. no. 8.
7
Cat. no. 9.
8
It is without doubt that Porolissum needs a monographic approach in regard of its Roman religious aspects, both from
an exhaustive and fresh methodological point of view (e.g. Lived Ancient Religion Project standpoint; see a rather compact
but important applicable model in Rüpke 2016). The series of papers on the Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum–as
mentioned- will therefore be part of “the means” of reaching the final “scope”, namely a monograph of the Roman religion in
Porolissum. For a short commentary of all epigraphic votive monuments in stone from Porolissum see Gudea 2007, p. 7–29
and Zăgreanu 2016, forthcoming, for a typological classification of all votive altars and statue bases from this settlement.
9
For this rare dress fashion on Fortuna see F. Rausa s.v. Fortuna in LIMC 125–141, p. 127–128, no. 18a and p. 91 (photo)
for a Hellenized version from Rome; and also p. 130, no. 64a, and p. 96 (photo), also originating in Rome. However one
may notice that although there are analogies of this dress worn by Fortuna, in the case of Porolissum the body position of
Fortuna differs, being similar to other analogies wearing a different type of dress.
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NEW DATA ON THE ROMAN ART AND SCULPTURE FROM POROLISSUM (II)
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backside from the left shoulder, under the right armpit, and rests on the front of the left forearm, cover‑
ing the thighs of the goddess. The right arm is broken. The breasts are less prominent, with the nipples
intentionally cut off at some point, giving the impression that the dress once revealed a naked body
visible through the transparent dress. The goddess wears a necklace, composed of rhomboid pearls (Pl.
II. 1 b). On both arms one can distinguish two bracelets around the biceps, a rare depiction for divini‑
ties. Árpád Buday mentions an old discovery of a fragmentary sculptural monument from Porolissum,
now lost, of a woman wearing bracelets around the wrists10.
The disproportionate and roughly made phalanges of the left hand are noticeable. The palm holds
what seems to be a cornucopia supported in the upper part by the left shoulder and fixed through a bolt, out
of which only the hole is still preserved. Overall, one notices the poor quality of the craftsman, especially
when dealing with the palms, while the preserved anatomical body parts are also clearly disproportionate.
From the artistic point of view, this sculpture was clearly created by a craftsman from a local work‑
shop. The level of skill is provincial, as can be observed, for instance, in the draped folds and exagger‑
atedly large palms, similar to a votive relief depicting Hygeia and Aesculapius from Porolissum.11 This
particular element, namely the depiction of large, excessively large palms is also depicted on some funer‑
ary aediculae walls from Porolissum12 and on a funerary monument from a civilian rural settlement from
Dragu, in Dacia Porolissensis13. This suggests the possibility that all these monuments were contempo‑
raneous and made by the same craftsman.
Some final remarks have to be made from the iconographic point of view. Based on the position
of the body, the lace tied around the waist, the horn of plenty held by the goddess in her left hand, now
partially visible in the lower part, and the way the chiton falls on the left forearm, iconographic analogies
that suggest the statue depicts the goddess Fortuna14. The goddess from Porolissum, however, is depicted
with arm-bracelets, probably a local iconographic variation of Fortuna15. This feature is present also on
the relief depicting Fortuna from Arcobara (modern day village of Ilișua) on the northern frontier to the
east of Porolissum, where, in a central area, the goddess Fortuna holds the cornucopia in her left arm and
wears a bracelet on her right forearm in a similar fashion as the statue found in Porolissum16.
The ‘goddess of luck’17 was present in the amphitheater of Porolissum, as was common in or near
amphitheaters18; for example, a torso of a statue the goddess was found in the civil amphitheater of
10
Buday 1915, p. 74–75, p. 102 fig. 15 a-b.
11
Gudea, Lucăcel 1975, p. 45–46, no. 156, fig. 156; Miclea, Florescu 1980, p. 93–94, no. 197, fig. 197; Zăgreanu 2014,
vol. II, p. 189, Por. Rv.9, Pl. LXXXIX, Por.Rv.9 (photo).
12
Zăgreanu, Petruț 2014, p. 114, no. Ae1, Pl. I/Ae1; p. 146, no. Ae8, Pl. I/Ae8.
13
Balaci-Crânguș, Matei 2008, p. 143–152 (pl. 1 photo).
14
See for example F. Rausa s.v. Fortuna in LIMC 125–141, especially p. 128, no. 42a (photo), depicted with cornucopia and a
rudder, dated also to the 2nd century AD. For this particular analogy see also Bâltâc et alii 2015, p. 97, no. 83 (photo) with
the older bibliography and date in the 2nd–3rd centuries AD. Unfortunately the provenance is unknown. One may note
that the area of the nipples is visible suggesting a transparent dress just like the case of Porolissum.
15
See Antal 2016, p. 182, no. 66 (photo)- Roman fort from Buciumi- and p. 216, no. 145 (photo)- Porolissum- for depictions
of Venus on bronze statuettes where the goddess wears necklaces and arm bracelets around the biceps similar to the statue
of Fortuna.
16
Gaiu 2003, p. 15-19; Gaiu, Zăgreanu 2011, p. 107–108, no. IV 1.1 and p. 135 pl. XVII, IV 1.1 (photo); Nemeti 2014,
p. 107, fig. 12 (photo); p. 120, no. 24. The monument was made of vulcanic tuff and was found in the baths of the civilian
settlement next to the auxiliary fort of Arcobara (Ilișua), together with a restoration inscription dedicated to Fortuna
Redux by an Aelius Celer, prefect of the Ala I Tungrorum Frontoniana, dated somewhere in the 2nd half of the 2nd century
AD (Gaiu, Zăgreanu 2011, p. 76, no. I.2.15. pl. V, I.2.15. (drawing); Nemeti 2014, p. 116, no. 5–6 for both inscriptions of
the prefect Aelius Celer from Ilișua).
17
For a general presentation of the goddess see Kajanto 1981, p. 502–558.
18
See recently Pastor 2011, p. 88, for a brief review of the “syncretic” forms of Fortuna and Nemesis in the Balkan-Danubian
provinces of the Roman Empire, concluding that the two goddesses had similar cosmic attributes. See also Ciobanu 1989,
p. 275-281 for the cult of Nemesis and Fortuna in Dacia.
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RADU ZĂGREANU, DAN-AUGUSTIN DEAC, EMANOIL PRIPON
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Aquincum19. Furthermore, two votive inscriptions from the civilian amphitheater of Carnuntum depict
Fortuna, alongside Nemesis in at least one case20. Similarly, in the amphitheater of Sarmizegetusa
two reliefs of Dea Nemesis made by a certain Caecilius Antoninus and by one Hilarius for his brother
Alexander, respectively, depict the goddess with the iconographic motifs of Fortuna21. Finally, in the
present authors’ view, the statue under examination is a depiction of Fortuna, perceived by the local
inhabitants of Porolissum as a Nemesis-Fortuna22. The statue must have been a local variant of the cult
statue of the sanctuary of Nemesis attached to the amphitheater23, a sanctuary built in stone between the
years 157–161 AD as a fragmentary inscription proves24.
19
Kuzsinszky 1891, p. 121–122; Szirmai 2005, p. 288, no. 3.
20
Pastor 2011, p. 88 and also p. 94, cat. no. 10–11 (with previous bibliography).
21
Pastor 2011, p. 84, fig. 2–3 (photos), with the text of the inscriptions at p. 95–96, cat. no. 37 respectively 45.
22
Just like in the case of a monument now lost from Apulum, IDR III/5 294: Deae Neme/si sive For/tunae/ Pistorius /
Ragianus/ v (ir) c (larissimus) legat (us)/ leg (ionis) XIII G (eminae)/ Gord (ianae).
23
For the sanctuary dedicated to Nemesis see Bajusz 2003, p. 165–194 and for the amphitheater in general see Bajusz
2011. One may notice that the cultic statue was never found during the archaeological excavations, only an altar/statue
base which was recently reinterpreted in Piso 2014, p. 127, no. 5 (photo) with all previous bibliographic references. See
also Gudea 2003, p. 217–242 and Gudea,Tamba 2005, p. 471–483 for an analysis of the sanctuaries of Porolissum in
relationship with the military.
24
Piso et alii 2015, p. 215–217, no. 1, fig. 1 a-c (photos).
25
One can notice especially the helix, antihelix and tragus which are nicely made. Unfortunately the lobe is slightly damaged.
26
See for instance Ciobanu 2014, p. 491–526, especially p. 520, fig. 6–8 (photos) for an exquisit marble statue depicting
Hercules found in the colonia Aurelia Apulensis.
27
Diaconescu 2005, vol. II p. 171, no. 46, with the older bibliographical references and pl. LI, 1 (photo).
28
Diaconescu 2005, vol. II p. 171.
29
The finds were later introduced in the inventory registers in 1999 consisting of common Roman era archaeological
artifacts. The documentation is still however unpublished.
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NEW DATA ON THE ROMAN ART AND SCULPTURE FROM POROLISSUM (II)
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in the recent digitization of LIDAR results30. It seems that the location where the head of the statue was
found was part of the Roman civilian settlement of Porolissum. Due to the circumstances of the discov‑
ery, we cannot be sure if the statue was originally erected in this area of the site, or if the head was found
in a secondary context. Nevertheless, this sculptural fragment of Hercules adds to the number of similar
iconographic finds in Porolissum, which include a small marble statuette31 and a high-relief panel found
in the barracks of the praetentura of the Pomăt hill fort, once again emphasizing the role of Hercules in
the military milieu32.
30
Opreanu, Lăzărescu 2016, p. 63, fig 16.
31
Bărbulescu 1977, p. 182, no. 23, fig. 10.
32
Zăgreanu, Deac 2014, p. 211–213, no. 2 pl. II, fig. 2 a-e (photo) together with a larger discussion on the presence of
Hercules in Dacia.
33
For instance, a votive relief of the Danubian Rider made out of Thassos marble (Müller et alii 2012, p. 75–76, PR 1, (photo
and previous bibliographical references); a bust of Venus from the Nemesis sanctuary (Bajusz 2003, p. 167, no. 8; pl. X
b (drawing); Bajusz 2011, pl. LXXXI, b (drawing)); a cultic small relief depicting Silvanus and three Silvanae? (Bajusz
2003, p. 167, nr. 5, Pl. VIII; pl. X b (drawing); Bajusz 2011, pl. LXXXIII (drawing)); a statuary group depicting Venus
recently re-published by Antal 2016, p. 214, no. 149 (photo) with the older bibliography, the marble statuette of Hercules
(see note 31) or part of the discoveries made in the sanctuary dedicated to Iupiter Dolichenus (Gudea 2001, p. 161–187).
34
Bodor 1963, p. 219, Abb. 6.
35
Bărbulescu 1977, p. 177, 183, no. 1/37 and no. 11/38, fig. VII/4; Bărbulescu 2015, p. 55–56, fig. 49.
36
Diaconescu 2011, p. 140–141 for the historicity of the identification of this Liber Pater sanctuary with the one of Bel. It
is now clear that there were two separate sacred buildings dedicated respectively to Bel and to Liber Pater (together with
Libera?) as Al. Diaconescu observed.
37
Following S. Nemeti, we agree that the term vicus should be used carefully as a designation of civilian settlements adjacent
to forts (for further detalils, see Nemeti 2014, p. 79–90); for further details of the debate of the evolution of the civilian
settlement, see Opreanu, Lăzărescu 2016a, p. 107–120, especially p. 116–118.
38
Gudea, Lucăcel 1975, p. 14, no. 12, fig. 12; Gudea 1989, p. 767, no. 32; Diaconescu 2011, p. 142, no. 2. The monument is
raised by a soldier named Titus Flavius Valentianus, beneficiarius consularis.
39
Gudea, Lucăcel 1975, p. 46, no. 158, fig. 158.
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whether this new fragment was discovered in the “Terrace of the Sanctuaries”, it yields further evidence
of the cult of Liber Pater in Porolissum.
40
See Gudea, Tamba 2001 for further details of the materiality of this sanctuary of Iupiter Dolichenus found in Porolissum.
41
Gudea, Tamba 2001, p. 30, no. 13 and p. 102–103, fig. 37–38, with a hypothetical reconstruction for the analogy found in
the conventionally called room a.
42
Marinescu, Pop 2000, p. 106–107, no. 127, pl. 66 (photo).
43
Gudea, Tamba 2001, p. 25–42, no. 1–44; Nemeti 2005, p. 356–261, no. 205–226 for the other published artifacts found
in the temple.
44
Gudea, Tamba 2001, p. 54–55; Nemeti 2005, p. 228 and also p. 233–235 for the chronology of this cult in Roman Dacia.
45
We shall not insist at this point in regard of the importance of Victoria in the dolichenian religion see Gudea, Tamba 2001,
p. 59 for a short review and for previous important bibliographical references.
46
For other similar dated statuettes depicting Victoria found in sanctuaries of Iupiter Dolichenus from Vetus Salina see
Hörig, Schwertheim 1987, p. 127–129, no. 191–192 (including previous bibliographic references), Taf. XXXVII-
XXXVIII (photos).
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ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA
In the previous paper on the new information on the art and sculpture from Porolissum, among
other finds, a decorated bronze armor garniture was republished49. After closer examination and further
restoration work, we observed that in the lower register there is a depiction of a hippocampus50.
A BBRE V I ATIONS
47
We would like to express our gratitude towards I. Bajusz (Babeș-Bolyai University) who discovered the bronze sheet and
who also gave us permission to publish the artifact.
48
Bishop, Coulston 2009, p. 165, fig. 97, especially no. 1, 2, 4, 5, for the depictions of Mars.
49
Zăgreanu, Deac 2014, p. 209–211, no. 1 (pl. I, 1 a-b).
50
For a recent reinterpretation of a bronze strap holder with the depiction of a hippocampus found near Porolissum see Gui
2015, p. 253–265. Also see Zăgreanu 2014, p. 372, no. Por. Ae24 (pl.CLVI, Por.Ae24) and Zăgreanu, Petruț 2014, p. 149,
Ae22 and p. 159, pl. III, Ae22 for a graphic reconstruction of a “Syrian” arch of a funerary aedicula possibly rendering
hippocamps on each side.
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RADU ZĂGREANU, DAN-AUGUSTIN DEAC, EMANOIL PRIPON
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BI BLIO GRA P H Y
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NEW DATA ON THE ROMAN ART AND SCULPTURE FROM POROLISSUM (II)
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Opreanu et alii 2013 C. H. Opreanu, V.-A. Lăzărescu, D. Ștefan, Noi cercetări la Porolissum, in Analele Banatului
XXI, 2013, p. 83–106.
Opreanu, Lăzărescu 2016 C. H. Opreanu, V.-A. Lăzărescu, Landscape Archaeology on the Northern Frontier of the
Roman Empire at Porolissvm. An Interdisciplinary Approach, Cluj-Napoca, 2016.
Opreanu, Lăzărescu 2016a C. H. Opreanu, V.-A. Lăzărescu (eds.), The Evolution of the Civilian Settlement at Porolissum in
the Light of the New Research, in Ephemeris Napocensis XXVI, 2016, p. 107–120.
Pastor 2011 S. Pastor, The Divinities of the World of the Amphitheater in the Balkan-Danubian Provinces:
Archaeological, Epigraphic, and Iconographic Evidences of the Cult of Nemesis, in Acta
Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62, 2011, p. 75–89.
Piso 2014 I. Piso, Studia Porolissensia (V), in Revista Bistriței XXVIII, 2014, p. 124–130.
Piso et alii 2015 I. Piso, D. A. Deac, R. Zăgreanu, Epigraphica Porolissensia I, in ActaMP XXXVII, 2015,
p. 215–229.
Rüpke 2016 J. Rüpke, On Roman Religion. Lived Religion and the Individual in Ancient Rome, Ithaca,
London, 2016.
Szirmai 2005 K. Szirmai, Fortuna-Nemesis Statues in Aquincum, in M. Sanader, A. Rendič-Miočević,
Religion and Myth as an Impetus for the Roman Provincial Sculpture. The Proceedings of the 8th
International Colloquium on Problems of Roman Provincial Art, Zagreb 5.–8. V. 2003, Zagreb
2005, p. 287–291.
Zăgreanu 2014 R. Zăgreanu, Arta Sculpturală în Dacia Porolissensis (Unpublished PhD thesis), Cluj-
Napoca 2014.
Zăgreanu 2016 R. Zăgreanu, Votive Statue Bases and Votive Altars from Porolissum, in ActaMN 52/1, 2016,
forthcoming.
Zăgreanu, Deac 2014 R. Zăgreanu, D. Deac, New data on roman art and sculpture in Porolissum, in Ephemeris
Napocesis, XXIV, 2014, p. 209–220.
Zăgreanu, Petruț 2014 R. Zăgreanu, D. Petruț, The funerary aediculae of Porolissum, in ActaMN, 51/1, 2014,
p. 155–160.
All photos of the published artifacts were made by N. Gozman while the drawings were created by A. Tulbure both staff
members of the History and Art County Museum of Zalău. The proposed reconstructions were made by the authors of this
paper.
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Plate I. Map of Porolissum and approximate places of discovery for the items: 1. Fragmentary statue
of Nemesis-Fortuna; 2. Head of the life-size statue of Hercules; 4. Statuette representing Victoria; 5.
Inlaid decoration with the rendering of Mars (redrawn after Opreanu et alii 2013, p. 93, fig. 1).
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NEW DATA ON THE ROMAN ART AND SCULPTURE FROM POROLISSUM (II)
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Plate II. 1. Nemesis-Fortuna fragmentary statue. a) details of the area of the chest including the
brooches (photo); b) details of the necklace and upper part of the body (photo); c) frontal view
(photo); d) the back of the statue (photo); e) reconstruction of the statue. No scale.
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RADU ZĂGREANU, DAN-AUGUSTIN DEAC, EMANOIL PRIPON
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Plate III. 1. Head of the statue of Hercules. a) Frontal view (photo); b) the left side seen from the front with the preserved
anatomical features (photo); c) the bottom revealing the fixation hole (photo); d) the damaged central left side seen from
the front (photo). No scale. 2. Fragment of the alto-relief depicting Liber Pater. a) Frontal view (photo); b) the back of the
preserved monument (photo); c) proposed reconstruction. No scale.
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Plate IV. 1. Bronze statuette depicting Victoria. a) Frontal view (photo); b) Frontal view (drawing); c) the back of the
statuette (photo); d) the back of the statuette (drawing); e) reconstruction of the statuette on a triagular bronze plate.
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Plate V. 1. Bronze inlaid decoration on blades depicting Mars. a) Frontal view (photo);
b) Frontal view (drawing); c) back side (photo); d) reconstruction.
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