Niccolo Machiavelli
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Niccolo Machiavelli (kwa Kiitalia: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Macchiavelli) (3 Mei 1469 – 21 Juni 1527) alikuwa mwanasiasa, mwandishi na mwanafalsafa nchini Italia.
Machiavelli anajulikana duniani kwa maandishi yake ambamo alieleza siasa kama mbinu ya kutafuta na kutetea utawala bila kujali maadili au tofauti kati ya mema na mabaya.
Maisha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Machiavelli alizaliwa mjini Firenze akaendelea kuishi huko.
Alijiunga na utumishi wa serikali ya jamhuri ya Firenze wakati watemi wa ukoo wa Medici walipofukuzwa mjini. Akawa katibu wa serikali na balozi wake katika safari mbalimbali za kutembelea watawala wa nje.
Maandishi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kitabu chake ambacho kimekuwa maarufu kinaitwa "Il Principe" (tamka: il prin-chi-pe) au "Mtawala". Humo alieleza masharti ya utawala kwa kiongozi wa kisiasa.
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Aliandika ya kwamba kuna vipindi vigumu katika maisha ya mataifa na madola ambapo anahitajika kiongozi wa kisiasa atakayeshika utawala na kutengeneza upya misingi ya dola. Katika utekelezaji wa kazi hiyo anapaswa kushinda kwa namna yoyote akiondoa vizuizi na kila upinzani. Hatakiwi kubanwa na masharti wala sheria za maadili.
Machiavelli aliandika ya kwamba ni afadhali kama mtawala anapendwa na kuhofiwa na wananchi kwa wakati uleule. Ila, kama anapaswa kuchagua kati ya kupendwa au kuhofiwa kwa sababu haiwezekani kuwa na pande zote mbili wakati mmoja, ni heri akihofiwa.
Pia ni ushauri wa Machiavelli kwamba matendo ya kinyama yatekelezwe haraka na vikali kwa sababu yatasahauliwa; lakini mema yatolewe polepole na kidogokidogo ili yakumbukwe kwa muda mrefu. Mtawala anatakiwa kutetea kanuni za mema mbele ya watu hata kama yeye mwenyewe atatenda kinyume chake lakini ikiwezekana kwa siri.
Haya yote yanatakiwa machoni pa Machiavelli kwa shabaha ya juu ambayo ni heri ya umma. Utawala wa kiongozi mmoja uwe kipindi tu na shabaha iwe jamhuri inayofuata sheria zake. Ila tu katika vipindi vya matatizo uongozi mkali unapaswa kuwepo.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Machiavelli: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- full text books from the Liberty Fund, a conservative think tank Archived 20 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
- Site containing The Prince, slightly modified for easier reading
- Works by Machiavelli katika Project Gutenberg
- Machiavelli at the Marxists Internet Archive, including some of his works
- Works by Niccolò Machiavelli: text, concordances and frequency list
- Machiavelli on the Net Archived 12 Januari 2009 at the Wayback Machine., a Machiavelli webliography with a short introduction.
- Works of Machiavelli: Italian and English text
- Machiavelli and Power Politics Archived 1 Desemba 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- Machiavelli on the Online Library Of Liberty Archived 20 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- Digitized Italian Letter, Machiavelli, Karpeles Manuscript Library Archived 2 Machi 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- Machiavelli and the Italian City on the BBC's In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg Archived 23 Machi 2012 at the Wayback Machine.; with Quentin Skinner, Regius Professor of History at the University of Cambridge; Evelyn Welch, Professor of Renaissance Studies at Queen Mary, University of London; Lisa Jardine, Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London
- Wight, Martin. Four Seminal Thinkers in International Theory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and Mazzini (2005), ch. 1 online edition Archived 19 Juni 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
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